Skip to main content
PMC home page
The EMBO Journal logoLink to The EMBO Journal
. 1995 Jun 15;14(12):2745–2759. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07275.x

The role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae type 2A phosphatase in the actin cytoskeleton and in entry into mitosis.

F C Lin 1, K T Arndt 1
PMCID: PMC398393  PMID: 7796803

Abstract

We have prepared a temperature-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae type 2A phosphatase (PP2A) mutant, pph21-102. At the restrictive temperature, the pph21-102 cells arrested predominantly with small or aberrant buds, and their actin cytoskeleton and chitin deposition were abnormal. The involvement of PP2A in bud growth may be due to the role of PP2A in actin distribution during the cell cycle. Moreover, after a shift to the non-permissive temperature, the pph21-102 cells were blocked in G2 and had low activity of Clb2-Cdc28 kinase. Expression of Clb2 from the S.cerevisiae ADH promoter in pph21-102 cells was able to partially bypass the G2 arrest in the first cell cycle, but was not able to stimulate passage through a second mitosis. These cells had higher total amounts of Clb2-Cdc28 kinase activity, but the Clb2-normalized specific activity was lower in the pph21-102 cells compared with wild-type cells. Unlike wild-type strains, a PP2A-deficient strain was sensitive to the loss of MIH1, which is a homolog of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe mitotic inducer cdc25+. Furthermore, the cdc28F19 mutation cured the synthetic defects of a PP2A-deficient strain containing a deletion of MIH1. These results suggest that PP2A is required during G2 for the activation of Clb-Cdc28 kinase complexes for progression into mitosis.

Full text

PDF
2756

Images in this article

2746Image
on p.2746
2747Image
on p.2747
2748Image
on p.2748
2749Image
on p.2749
2751Image
on p.2751
2752Image
on p.2752
2754Image
on p.2754

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adams A. E., Pringle J. R. Relationship of actin and tubulin distribution to bud growth in wild-type and morphogenetic-mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol. 1984 Mar;98(3):934–945. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.3.934. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Amon A., Surana U., Muroff I., Nasmyth K. Regulation of p34CDC28 tyrosine phosphorylation is not required for entry into mitosis in S. cerevisiae. Nature. 1992 Jan 23;355(6358):368–371. doi: 10.1038/355368a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Amon A., Tyers M., Futcher B., Nasmyth K. Mechanisms that help the yeast cell cycle clock tick: G2 cyclins transcriptionally activate G2 cyclins and repress G1 cyclins. Cell. 1993 Sep 24;74(6):993–1007. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90722-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bender A., Pringle J. R. Use of a screen for synthetic lethal and multicopy suppressee mutants to identify two new genes involved in morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Mar;11(3):1295–1305. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.3.1295. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Boeke J. D., LaCroute F., Fink G. R. A positive selection for mutants lacking orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase activity in yeast: 5-fluoro-orotic acid resistance. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;197(2):345–346. doi: 10.1007/BF00330984. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Booher R. N., Deshaies R. J., Kirschner M. W. Properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wee1 and its differential regulation of p34CDC28 in response to G1 and G2 cyclins. EMBO J. 1993 Sep;12(9):3417–3426. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06016.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Brizuela L., Draetta G., Beach D. p13suc1 acts in the fission yeast cell division cycle as a component of the p34cdc2 protein kinase. EMBO J. 1987 Nov;6(11):3507–3514. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02676.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chant J., Pringle J. R. Budding and cell polarity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1991 Oct;1(3):342–350. doi: 10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80298-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cohen P., Alemany S., Hemmings B. A., Resink T. J., Strålfors P., Tung H. Y. Protein phosphatase-1 and protein phosphatase-2A from rabbit skeletal muscle. Methods Enzymol. 1988;159:390–408. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(88)59039-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Cohen P., Schelling D. L., Stark M. J. Remarkable similarities between yeast and mammalian protein phosphatases. FEBS Lett. 1989 Jul 3;250(2):601–606. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80804-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Drubin D. G. Development of cell polarity in budding yeast. Cell. 1991 Jun 28;65(7):1093–1096. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90001-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Drubin D. G., Jones H. D., Wertman K. F. Actin structure and function: roles in mitochondrial organization and morphogenesis in budding yeast and identification of the phalloidin-binding site. Mol Biol Cell. 1993 Dec;4(12):1277–1294. doi: 10.1091/mbc.4.12.1277. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ducommun B., Brambilla P., Félix M. A., Franza B. R., Jr, Karsenti E., Draetta G. cdc2 phosphorylation is required for its interaction with cyclin. EMBO J. 1991 Nov;10(11):3311–3319. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04895.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Dunphy W. G., Kumagai A. The cdc25 protein contains an intrinsic phosphatase activity. Cell. 1991 Oct 4;67(1):189–196. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90582-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Dunphy W. G., Newport J. W. Fission yeast p13 blocks mitotic activation and tyrosine dephosphorylation of the Xenopus cdc2 protein kinase. Cell. 1989 Jul 14;58(1):181–191. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90414-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Farkas V., Kovarík J., Kosinová A., Bauer S. Autoradiographic study of mannan incorporation into the growing cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol. 1974 Jan;117(1):265–269. doi: 10.1128/jb.117.1.265-269.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Fernandez-Sarabia M. J., Sutton A., Zhong T., Arndt K. T. SIT4 protein phosphatase is required for the normal accumulation of SWI4, CLN1, CLN2, and HCS26 RNAs during late G1. Genes Dev. 1992 Dec;6(12A):2417–2428. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.12a.2417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Field J., Nikawa J., Broek D., MacDonald B., Rodgers L., Wilson I. A., Lerner R. A., Wigler M. Purification of a RAS-responsive adenylyl cyclase complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by use of an epitope addition method. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 May;8(5):2159–2165. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.5.2159. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Fisher R. P., Morgan D. O. A novel cyclin associates with MO15/CDK7 to form the CDK-activating kinase. Cell. 1994 Aug 26;78(4):713–724. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90535-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Fitch I., Dahmann C., Surana U., Amon A., Nasmyth K., Goetsch L., Byers B., Futcher B. Characterization of four B-type cyclin genes of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell. 1992 Jul;3(7):805–818. doi: 10.1091/mbc.3.7.805. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Flint A. J., Gebbink M. F., Franza B. R., Jr, Hill D. E., Tonks N. K. Multi-site phosphorylation of the protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP1B: identification of cell cycle regulated and phorbol ester stimulated sites of phosphorylation. EMBO J. 1993 May;12(5):1937–1946. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05843.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Gautier J., Solomon M. J., Booher R. N., Bazan J. F., Kirschner M. W. cdc25 is a specific tyrosine phosphatase that directly activates p34cdc2. Cell. 1991 Oct 4;67(1):197–211. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90583-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Ghiara J. B., Richardson H. E., Sugimoto K., Henze M., Lew D. J., Wittenberg C., Reed S. I. A cyclin B homolog in S. cerevisiae: chronic activation of the Cdc28 protein kinase by cyclin prevents exit from mitosis. Cell. 1991 Apr 5;65(1):163–174. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90417-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gould K. L., Moreno S., Owen D. J., Sazer S., Nurse P. Phosphorylation at Thr167 is required for Schizosaccharomyces pombe p34cdc2 function. EMBO J. 1991 Nov;10(11):3297–3309. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04894.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Gould K. L., Nurse P. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the fission yeast cdc2+ protein kinase regulates entry into mitosis. Nature. 1989 Nov 2;342(6245):39–45. doi: 10.1038/342039a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Healy A. M., Zolnierowicz S., Stapleton A. E., Goebl M., DePaoli-Roach A. A., Pringle J. R. CDC55, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene involved in cellular morphogenesis: identification, characterization, and homology to the B subunit of mammalian type 2A protein phosphatase. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Nov;11(11):5767–5780. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.11.5767. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Helps N. R., Street A. J., Elledge S. J., Cohen P. T. Cloning of the complete coding region for human protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 using the two hybrid system and expression of inhibitor 2 in E. coli. FEBS Lett. 1994 Feb 28;340(1-2):93–98. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80179-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Kilmartin J. V., Adams A. E. Structural rearrangements of tubulin and actin during the cell cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces. J Cell Biol. 1984 Mar;98(3):922–933. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.3.922. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Kinoshita N., Yamano H., Niwa H., Yoshida T., Yanagida M. Negative regulation of mitosis by the fission yeast protein phosphatase ppa2. Genes Dev. 1993 Jun;7(6):1059–1071. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.6.1059. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Kumagai A., Dunphy W. G. Regulation of the cdc25 protein during the cell cycle in Xenopus extracts. Cell. 1992 Jul 10;70(1):139–151. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90540-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Kunkel T. A. Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jan;82(2):488–492. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.2.488. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680–685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Lee T. H., Solomon M. J., Mumby M. C., Kirschner M. W. INH, a negative regulator of MPF, is a form of protein phosphatase 2A. Cell. 1991 Jan 25;64(2):415–423. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90649-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Lee T. H., Turck C., Kirschner M. W. Inhibition of cdc2 activation by INH/PP2A. Mol Biol Cell. 1994 Mar;5(3):323–338. doi: 10.1091/mbc.5.3.323. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Lew D. J., Reed S. I. Morphogenesis in the yeast cell cycle: regulation by Cdc28 and cyclins. J Cell Biol. 1993 Mar;120(6):1305–1320. doi: 10.1083/jcb.120.6.1305. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Lundgren K., Walworth N., Booher R., Dembski M., Kirschner M., Beach D. mik1 and wee1 cooperate in the inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of cdc2. Cell. 1991 Mar 22;64(6):1111–1122. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90266-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Mendenhall M. D. An inhibitor of p34CDC28 protein kinase activity from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science. 1993 Jan 8;259(5092):216–219. doi: 10.1126/science.8421781. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Mäkelä T. P., Tassan J. P., Nigg E. A., Frutiger S., Hughes G. J., Weinberg R. A. A cyclin associated with the CDK-activating kinase MO15. Nature. 1994 Sep 15;371(6494):254–257. doi: 10.1038/371254a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Nugroho T. T., Mendenhall M. D. An inhibitor of yeast cyclin-dependent protein kinase plays an important role in ensuring the genomic integrity of daughter cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 May;14(5):3320–3328. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.5.3320. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Nurse P. Universal control mechanism regulating onset of M-phase. Nature. 1990 Apr 5;344(6266):503–508. doi: 10.1038/344503a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Pringle J. R., Adams A. E., Drubin D. G., Haarer B. K. Immunofluorescence methods for yeast. Methods Enzymol. 1991;194:565–602. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(91)94043-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Pringle J. R. Staining of bud scars and other cell wall chitin with calcofluor. Methods Enzymol. 1991;194:732–735. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(91)94055-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Reed S. I., Wittenberg C. Mitotic role for the Cdc28 protein kinase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Aug;87(15):5697–5701. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.15.5697. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Richardson H., Lew D. J., Henze M., Sugimoto K., Reed S. I. Cyclin-B homologs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae function in S phase and in G2. Genes Dev. 1992 Nov;6(11):2021–2034. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.11.2021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Ronne H., Carlberg M., Hu G. Z., Nehlin J. O. Protein phosphatase 2A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: effects on cell growth and bud morphogenesis. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Oct;11(10):4876–4884. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.10.4876. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Rose M. D., Fink G. R. KAR1, a gene required for function of both intranuclear and extranuclear microtubules in yeast. Cell. 1987 Mar 27;48(6):1047–1060. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90712-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Rose M. D., Novick P., Thomas J. H., Botstein D., Fink G. R. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic plasmid bank based on a centromere-containing shuttle vector. Gene. 1987;60(2-3):237–243. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90232-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Russell P., Moreno S., Reed S. I. Conservation of mitotic controls in fission and budding yeasts. Cell. 1989 Apr 21;57(2):295–303. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90967-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Russell P., Nurse P. Negative regulation of mitosis by wee1+, a gene encoding a protein kinase homolog. Cell. 1987 May 22;49(4):559–567. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90458-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Sneddon A. A., Cohen P. T., Stark M. J. Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein phosphatase 2A performs an essential cellular function and is encoded by two genes. EMBO J. 1990 Dec;9(13):4339–4346. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07883.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Sola M. M., Langan T., Cohen P. p34cdc2 phosphorylation sites in histone H1 are dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2A1. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991 Sep 3;1094(2):211–216. doi: 10.1016/0167-4889(91)90011-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Solomon M. J. Activation of the various cyclin/cdc2 protein kinases. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1993 Apr;5(2):180–186. doi: 10.1016/0955-0674(93)90100-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Solomon M. J., Glotzer M., Lee T. H., Philippe M., Kirschner M. W. Cyclin activation of p34cdc2. Cell. 1990 Nov 30;63(5):1013–1024. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90504-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Solomon M. J., Lee T., Kirschner M. W. Role of phosphorylation in p34cdc2 activation: identification of an activating kinase. Mol Biol Cell. 1992 Jan;3(1):13–27. doi: 10.1091/mbc.3.1.13. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Sorger P. K., Murray A. W. S-phase feedback control in budding yeast independent of tyrosine phosphorylation of p34cdc28. Nature. 1992 Jan 23;355(6358):365–368. doi: 10.1038/355365a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Strausfeld U., Labbé J. C., Fesquet D., Cavadore J. C., Picard A., Sadhu K., Russell P., Dorée M. Dephosphorylation and activation of a p34cdc2/cyclin B complex in vitro by human CDC25 protein. Nature. 1991 May 16;351(6323):242–245. doi: 10.1038/351242a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Surana U., Robitsch H., Price C., Schuster T., Fitch I., Futcher A. B., Nasmyth K. The role of CDC28 and cyclins during mitosis in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae. Cell. 1991 Apr 5;65(1):145–161. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90416-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Sutton A., Immanuel D., Arndt K. T. The SIT4 protein phosphatase functions in late G1 for progression into S phase. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Apr;11(4):2133–2148. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.4.2133. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Tyers M., Tokiwa G., Futcher B. Comparison of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae G1 cyclins: Cln3 may be an upstream activator of Cln1, Cln2 and other cyclins. EMBO J. 1993 May;12(5):1955–1968. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05845.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Tyers M., Tokiwa G., Nash R., Futcher B. The Cln3-Cdc28 kinase complex of S. cerevisiae is regulated by proteolysis and phosphorylation. EMBO J. 1992 May;11(5):1773–1784. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05229.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Welch M. D., Holtzman D. A., Drubin D. G. The yeast actin cytoskeleton. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1994 Feb;6(1):110–119. doi: 10.1016/0955-0674(94)90124-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. van Zyl W., Huang W., Sneddon A. A., Stark M., Camier S., Werner M., Marck C., Sentenac A., Broach J. R. Inactivation of the protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit A results in morphological and transcriptional defects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Nov;12(11):4946–4959. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.11.4946. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The EMBO Journal are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES