Skip to main content
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1979 Dec;76(12):6023–6025. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.12.6023

Allometric morphogenesis of complex systems: Derivation of the basic equations from first principles*

Michael A Savageau 1
PMCID: PMC411791  PMID: 16592726

Abstract

Allometric morphogenesis is the generation of form or pattern as a result of differential growth according to power-law relationships among the elements of a complex system. This phenomenon has been noted in a variety of fields for many years, in some cases for centuries, and yet it has never been related to the underlying determinants of the systems. By starting with fundamental properties of the component mechanisms in such systems, one can derive a basic growth equation from which the well-known law of allometric morphogenesis follows naturally.

Keywords: organismal biology, population biology, social systems, economics, organization

Full text

PDF
6023

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adolph E. F. Quantitative Relations in the Physiological Constitutions of Mammals. Science. 1949 Jun 10;109(2841):579–585. doi: 10.1126/science.109.2841.579. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Butcher R. W., Ho R. J., Meng H. C., Sutherland E. W. Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in biological materials. II. The measurement of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in tissues and the role of the cyclic nucleotide in the lipolytic response of fat to epinephrine. J Biol Chem. 1965 Nov;240(11):4515–4523. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ciferri O., Sora S., Tiboni O. Effect of gene dosage on tryptophan synthetase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1969 Mar;61(3):567–576. doi: 10.1093/genetics/61.3.567. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Derome J. R. Biological similarity and group theory. J Theor Biol. 1977 Mar 21;65(2):369–378. doi: 10.1016/0022-5193(77)90331-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Gould S. J. Allometry and size in ontogeny and phylogeny. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 1966 Nov;41(4):587–640. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1966.tb01624.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Grahame-Smith D. G., Butcher R. W., Ney R. L., Sutherland E. W. Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate as the intracellular mediator of the action of adrenocorticotropic hormone on the adrenal cortex. J Biol Chem. 1967 Dec 10;242(23):5535–5541. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Günther B. Dimensional analysis and theory of biological similarity. Physiol Rev. 1975 Oct;55(4):659–699. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1975.55.4.659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. KEYS A., TAYLOR H. L., BLACKBURN H., BROZEK J., ANDERSON J. T., SIMONSON E. CORONARY HEART DISEASE AMONG MINNESOTA BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL MEN FOLLOWED FIFTEEN YEARS. Circulation. 1963 Sep;28:381–395. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.28.3.381. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Kohen E., Thorell B., Kohen C., Salmon J. M. Studies on metabolic events in localized compartments of the living cell by rapid microspectrofluorometry. Adv Biol Med Phys. 1974 Jun;15(0):271–297. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-005215-8.50013-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. NELSON N. M., DOUGLAS H. C. GENE DOSAGE AND GALACTOSE UTILIZATION BY SACCHAROMYCES TETRAPLOIDS. Genetics. 1963 Dec;48:1585–1591. doi: 10.1093/genetics/48.12.1585. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. STAHL W. R. Similarity and dimensional methods in biology. Science. 1962 Jul 20;137(3525):205–212. doi: 10.1126/science.137.3525.205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Savageau M. A. Biochemical systems analysis. 3. Dynamic solutions using a power-law approximation. J Theor Biol. 1970 Feb;26(2):215–226. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5193(70)80013-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Savageau M. A. Concepts relating the behavior of biochemical systems to their underlying molecular properties. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1971 Aug;145(2):612–621. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9861(71)80021-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Savageau M. A. Growth of complex systems can be related to the properties of their underlying determinants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Nov;76(11):5413–5417. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.11.5413. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES