Abstract
Objective To assess the current international representation of members of editorial and advisory boards and authors in the leading peer reviewed literature on tropical medicine.
Design Systematic review.
Main outcome measures Country affiliations, as classified by the human development index, of editorial and advisory board members of all tropical medicine journals referenced by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) as of late 2003 and of all contributing authors of full articles published in the six leading journals on tropical medicine in 2000-2.
Results Sixteen (5.1%) of the 315 editorial and advisory board members from the 12 ISI referenced journals on tropical medicine are affiliated to countries with a low human development index and 223 (70.8%) to countries with a high index. Examination of the 2384 full articles published in 2000-2 in the six highest ranking tropical medicine journals showed that 48.1% of contributing authors are affiliated to countries with a high human development index, whereas the percentage of authors from countries with a low index was 13.7%. Articles written exclusively by authors from low ranked countries accounted for 5.0%. Our data indicate that research collaborations between a country with a high human development index and one that has either a medium or a low index are common and account for 26.5% and 16.1% of all full articles, respectively.
Conclusion Current collaborations should be transformed into research partnerships, with the goals of mutual learning and institutional capacity strengthening in the developing world.
Introduction
Serious under-representation of editorial and advisory board members from countries with a low human development index in general medical and psychiatry journals has been documented recently.1,2 In addition, very low proportions of published articles from authors from low income countries have been found in many research fields, including psychiatry,3 cardiovascular disease,4 and epidemiology and HIV/AIDS.5
The current global burden of infectious and parasitic diseases is heavily concentrated in the developing world.6 Major national and international initiatives have been launched to improve research capacities in developing countries.7 It is therefore interesting to investigate whether scientists affiliated to countries with low or medium human development indexes have more dominant roles in the research and control of tropical diseases than in other fields and hence share their experiences and disseminate their findings in the peer reviewed international literature. We systematically reviewed and discussed the current geographical composition of editorial and advisory boards and of contributing authors in the literature on tropical medicine as classified by the human development index.
Material and methods
In July 2003 we systematically analysed the geographical composition of the editorial and advisory boards of all 12 journals indexed under the category “tropical medicine” in the journal citation reports of the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI), by visiting the journals' electronic homepages and studying the latest print issues. We noted board members' country affiliations as classified by the human development index 2002. This is a cumulative measure of the achievements of an individual country in terms of their residents' life expectancy, educational attainment, and adjusted real income. Countries have been classified by high, medium, and low human development (http://hdr.undp.org/). We also recorded the geographical location of the editorial office (town and country) of the same 12 journals.
We then selected the six leading journals on the basis of their impact factors for 2002, namely the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (impact factor 2.063), Tropical Medicine and International Health (1.796), Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (1.742), Acta Tropica (1.332), Leprosy Review (1.017), and Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology (0.978). We carried out a retrospective analysis for 2000-2 with particular consideration of the country affiliation of all contributing authors (hereafter “author countries”). We included all full articles but excluded editorials, letters to the editor, conference proceedings or reports, special reports, teaching materials, reviews of books and CDs, and news announcements. We noted author countries of all, first, and last contributors according to a low, medium, and high human development index. We omitted articles that lacked authors' address details for unambiguous linkage (< 0.5%, n = 11). Authors with double or triple addresses that resulted in different rankings were accounted for as half or one third under the index category.
Results
Editorial boards
Table 1 summarises the current geographical affiliations, ranked by human development index, of all 315 members of editorial and advisory boards from the 12 tropical medicine journals currently referenced by the ISI. Overall, 223 (70.8%) of all board members are from countries with a high human development index. Only 16 (5.1%) board members are affiliated with countries with a low index; eight of them are on the boards of only two journals (Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, n = 4; Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, n = 4). Five of the journals do not have any representatives from a country with a low human development index on their boards, and three have only one representative. With the exception of the Brazil based Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (n = 35), only 41 members of the remaining journals have affiliations to countries with a medium index, most notably on International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (n = 9), Tropical Doctor (n = 7), and Annals of Tropical Paediatrics (n = 7). For journals that not only have an editorial but also an advisory board (table 1) the composition of the boards is more geographically balanced than for journals with only an editorial board (such as Annals of Tropical Paediatrics). Except for the editorial office of the Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, all other ISI referenced tropical medicine journals are based in the United States (n = 2) or in Europe (n = 9), particularly in the United Kingdom (n = 7).
Table 1.
Characteristics of all 12 tropical medicine journals that are referenced by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI)
|
Impact factor in 2002*
|
No of members of editorial and advisory board
|
No (%) of members of editorial and advisory board stratified by ranking of countries of current affiliation on human development index
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Journal | High | Medium | Low | Location of head office | ||
| American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | 2.063 | 17† | 15 (88.2) | 2 (11.8) | 0 (0) | Ohio, United States |
| Tropical Medicine and International Health | 1.796 | 29† | 24 (82.8) | 3 (10.3) | 2 (6.9) | London, United Kingdom |
| Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | 1.742 | 23† | 23 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | London, United Kingdom |
| Acta Tropica | 1.332 | 27† | 22 (81.5) | 4 (14.8) | 1 (3.7) | Stockholm, Sweden |
| Leprosy Review | 1.017 | 11† | 11 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | Colchester, United Kingdom |
| Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology | 0.978 | 47‡ | 38 (80.9) | 5 (10.6) | 4 (8.5) | Liverpool, United Kingdom |
| International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases | 0.963 | 21† | 11 (52.3) | 9 (42.9) | 1 (4.8) | Baton Rouge, United States |
| Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz | 0.635 | 68‡ | 33 (48.5) | 35 (51.5) | 0 (0) | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Annals of Tropical Paediatrics | 0.429 | 23‡ | 12 (52.2) | 7 (30.4) | 4 (17.4) | Liverpool, United Kingdom |
| Journal of Tropical Pediatrics | 0.413 | 7§ | 4 (57.1) | 3 (42.9) | 0 (0) | Oxford, United Kingdom |
| Tropical Doctor | 0.330 | 19‡ | 9 (47.3) | 7 (36.8) | 3 (15.8) | London, United Kingdom |
| Bulletin de la Societé de Pathologie Exotique | 0.236 | 23† | 21 (91.3) | 1 (4.3) | 1 (4.3) | Paris, France |
| Total | 315 | 223 (70.8) | 76 (24.1) | 16 (5.1) | ||
Source ISI Web of Science.
Editorial boards.
Editorial and advisory boards.
Editors and associate regional editors.
Author representation according to human development index
We examined 2384 articles published in the six highest ranking journals on tropical medicine in 2000-2. Single authored publications were rare (6.8%, n = 162). The median number of authors per article is five, and the maximum number of coauthors on a single paper was 35.
Table 2 presents the geographical affiliations of authors according to the human development index. Overall the proportion of authors affiliated with countries with a high human development index is 48.1% (range 38.6% (Leprosy Review) to 55.9% (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)). The proportions of first and last authors from countries with a high index are even higher, namely 50.6% (range 40.2-59.8%) and 58.8% (range 46.9-66.5%), respectively. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology had the lowest percentages of first and last authors from countries with a high index, and the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene had the highest percentages. We observed a positive trend between the percentages of first, last, and all authors from countries with a high human development index with the impact factor of a journal.
Table 2.
Country affiliations as classified by the human development index of all, first, and last authors of all full articles published in 2000-2 in the six leading tropical medicine journals. Source ISI Web of Science
|
No of contributing authors
|
All authors†
|
First authors‡
|
Last authors‡
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Journal | No of articles analysed* | High (%) | Medium (%) | Low (%) | High (%) | Medium (%) | Low (%) | High (%) | Medium (%) | Low (%) | |
| American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | 638 | 4197 | 55.9 | 38.0 | 6.1 | 59.8 | 35.7 | 4.5 | 66.5 | 29.4 | 4.1 |
| Tropical Medicine and International Health | 398 | 2041 | 47.6 | 26.4 | 26.0 | 53.9 | 24.1 | 22.0 | 65.4 | 20.3 | 14.3 |
| Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | 538 | 2840 | 45.6 | 38.5 | 15.9 | 47.5 | 38.6 | 13.9 | 58.3 | 32.2 | 9.5 |
| Acta Tropica | 349 | 1654 | 42.5 | 48.5 | 9.0 | 46.3 | 44.3 | 9.4 | 53.0 | 39.1 | 7.9 |
| Leprosy Review | 155 | 519 | 38.6 | 46.2 | 15.2 | 45.5 | 38.4 | 16.1 | 47.4 | 37.4 | 15.2 |
| Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology | 306 | 1486 | 40.6 | 40.6 | 18.8 | 40.2 | 44.1 | 15.7 | 46.9 | 40.4 | 12.7 |
| Total | 2384 | 12 737 | 48.1 | 38.2 | 13.7 | 50.6 | 36.9 | 12.5 | 58.8 | 31.8 | 9.4 |
For inclusion criteria see materials and methods section.
Based on the number of all authors in each journal.
Based on the number of all articles in each journal.
The percentages of authors from countries with a low human development index range from as low as 6.1% (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene) to a maximum of 26.0% (Tropical Medicine and International Health). They decrease to 4.5% and 22.0% for these two journals respectively if only the first authors, and to 4.1% (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene) and 15.2% (Leprosy Review) if only the last authors are considered.
Table 3 shows the current extent of research collaborations between countries with different rankings on the human development index and the number and percentage of articles from countries with the same rankings. The percentage of articles published exclusively by authors from countries with a low index ranges from 1.7% (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene) to 7.7% (Leprosy Review). In contrast, far higher proportions of authors from countries with a high index have published their work exclusively in leading tropical medicine journals, from 20.9% (Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology) at the low end of the scale to 35.9% (American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene) at the high end. Over the investigated period of three years we found a high percentage of articles originating exclusively from countries with a medium index (33.3% for Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and 33.5% for Leprosy Review).
Table 3.
Extent of research collaborations between countries with different rankings on the human development index. Values are numbers (%) of articles
|
Country's human development index
|
Total no of articles from research collaborations*
|
Exclusively from authors in countries with human development index ranking
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Journal | High and low | High and medium | Medium and low | High, medium, and low | High | Medium | Low | |
| American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | 54 (8.5) | 205 (32.1) | 0 (0) | 12 (1.9) | 271 (42.5) | 229 (35.9) | 127 (19.9) | 11 (1.7) |
| Tropical Medicine and International Health | 114 (28.6) | 113 (28.4) | 4 (1.0) | 9 (2.3) | 240 (60.3) | 88 (22.1) | 43 (10.8) | 27 (6.8) |
| Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | 116 (21.6) | 155 (28.8) | 1 (0.2) | 9 (1.7) | 281 (52.2) | 121 (22.5) | 110 (20.4) | 26 (4.8) |
| Acta Tropica | 30 (8.6) | 86 (24.6) | 0 (0) | 5 (1.4) | 121 (34.7) | 105 (30.1) | 102 (29.2) | 21 (6.0) |
| Leprosy Review | 24 (15.5) | 13 (8.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.3) | 39 (25.2) | 52 (33.5) | 52 (33.5) | 12 (7.7) |
| Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology | 45 (14.7) | 60 (19.6) | 4 (1.3) | 9 (2.9) | 118 (38.6) | 64 (20.9) | 102 (33.3) | 22 (7.2) |
| Total | 383 (16.1) | 632 (26.5) | 9 (0.4) | 46 (1.9) | 1070 (44.9) | 659 (27.6) | 536 (22.5) | 119 (5.0) |
Defined as articles including authors from countries with high and low human development index, high and medium index, medium and low index, or all three.
What is already known on this topic
Strengthening of research capacity from developing countries is essential to reduce inequities in health
Few scientists from countries with a low human development index serve on editorial and advisory boards of leading international journals
Authors from countries with a low development index are under-represented in numerous research fields (for example, general medicine)
What this study adds
An imbalance of international representation exists among editorial and advisory boards of the ISI referenced journals on tropical medicine
Only 1.7-7.7% of the articles published in the six leading tropical medicine journals in 2000-2 were generated exclusively by scientists from countries with a low human development index
International research collaborations (mainly between a country with a low or medium human development index and Europe or the United States) are common in tropical medicine
Collaborations should be transformed into research partnerships to enhance mutual learning and institutional capacity building
The total proportion of research collaborations between countries with different human development indexes ranges from 25.2% (Leprosy Review) to 60.3% (Tropical Medicine and International Health) of all full articles. Research collaborations between authors from countries with a high and medium index were more common (26.5%) than between authors from countries with high and low indexes (16.1%). Research collaborations between authors either from countries with all three rankings or from countries with medium and low indexes were uncommon, at 1.9% and 0.4%, respectively.
The way forward
Our analyses extend recent findings of imbalanced editorial and advisory boards of general medical and psychiatry journals1,2 to the literature on tropical medicine. As potential remedies the establishment of regional offices, the inclusion of internationally representative members in advisory boards, or the creation of virtual platforms of exchange—for example, facilitated through enhanced internet access or video conferencing—should be considered. “Twinning” arrangements, as recently established between editors of five Western (including the BMJ) and four African medical journals to establish mentoring relationships, will help in the training of editors from countries with a low human development index.
Our quantitative assessment of author representations on published full articles in 2000-2 in the six highest ranking tropical medicine journals shows that the number of articles generated exclusively by scientists from countries with a low human development index is marginal (1.7-7.7%). We were surprised that authors from these countries were so drastically under-represented in tropical medicine. However, 16.1% of all full articles originated from international research collaborations between a country with a low human development index and a country with a high index, another 26.5% between a country with a medium index and one with a high index, and 1.9% among countries with all three rankings. Although the research agenda in the developing world may be dictated to some extent by the richer countries (also indicated by the high percentage of first and last authors as geographically ranked by high human development index), genuine research partnerships are an important mechanism for creating a conducive and stimulating environment for sound research in developing countries. Sustainable research partnerships that are built on mutual trust, shared information, and joint responsibilities enable exchange and transfer of technology and capacity building of local scientists.8 Such partnerships may also make it possible for researchers in countries with a low human development index to be helped in analysing, presenting, and discussing the data. In addition to the promotion of partnerships between developed and developing countries, the results of a poll on the BMJ website found the allocation of 2-5% of the health budget to research, the cutting of links between donor aid and decisions about research priorities, and the improvement of telecommunications to be the four most important strategies to improve research in poor countries.9
With adequate support—including sufficient funding—and sustained commitment the structure and emphasis of tropical medicine research can be transformed so that researchers from developing countries are leading the programmes in response to their local needs. This in turn might be a key factor in reducing the intolerable burden of infectious and parasitic diseases that continue to affect poor people worldwide disproportionately and might consequently be an important strategy towards alleviating poverty.
This article was posted on bmj.com on 1 April 2004: http://bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/bmj.38069.518137.F6
We thank Elana Broch and Mary Waltman for useful discussions, Giovanna Raso for her help in obtaining copies of the published articles, and Keith Wallbanks for his constructive external peer review.
Contributors: JK and JU had the idea for this study and designed the protocols for data collection. JK analysed the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. JU contributed to the analysis and writing of the paper. MT and BHS participated in structuring and revising the manuscript. JK is the guarantor.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: None declared.
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