First Nuclear DNA Amounts in more than 300 Angiosperms

Abstract

• Background and Aims Genome size (DNA C-value) data are key biodiversity characters of fundamental significance used in a wide variety of biological fields. Since 1976, Bennett and colleagues have made scattered published and unpublished genome size data more widely accessible by assembling them into user-friendly compilations. Initially these were published as hard copy lists, but since 1997 they have also been made available electronically (see the Plant DNA C-values database www.kew.org/cval/homepage.html). Nevertheless, at the Second Plant Genome Size Meeting in 2003, Bennett noted that as many as 1000 DNA C-value estimates were still unpublished and hence unavailable. Scientists were strongly encouraged to communicate such unpublished data. The present work combines the databasing experience of the Kew-based authors with the unpublished C-values produced by Zonneveld to make a large body of valuable genome size data available to the scientific community.

• Methods C-values for angiosperm species, selected primarily for their horticultural interest, were estimated by flow cytometry using the fluorochrome propidium iodide. The data were compiled into a table whose form is similar to previously published lists of DNA amounts by Bennett and colleagues.

• Key Results and Conclusions The present work contains C-values for 411 taxa including first values for 308 species not listed previously by Bennett and colleagues. Based on a recent estimate of the global published output of angiosperm DNA C-value data (i.e. 200 first C-value estimates per annum) the present work equals 1·5 years of average global published output; and constitutes over 12 % of the latest 5-year global target set by the Second Plant Genome Size Workshop (see www.kew.org/cval/workshopreport.html). Hopefully, the present example will encourage others to unveil further valuable data which otherwise may lie forever unpublished and unavailable for comparative analyses.

INTRODUCTION

The DNA amount in the unreplicated gametic nuclear chromosome complement (1C-value) is highly characteristic for taxa and varies over 1000-fold between plant species. Species' DNA amounts [C-value and genome size (1Cx)] are key diversity characters of fundamental significance with many important uses (Bennett and Leitch, 2005a). However, it is often difficult to know if a genome size measurement exists for a taxon, or where to find it, as such values are widely scattered in the literature or unpublished. Consequently, since 1976, lists of DNA amounts in angiosperm species, compiled for reference purposes, have been published (e.g. Bennett and Smith, 1976), and the data have been pooled and released in electronic form since 1997 (e.g. the Angiosperm DNA C-values database). To extend the coverage to include other plant groups, databases for gymnosperms, pteridophytes and bryophytes were added in 2001 to create the Plant DNA C-values database (release 1·0) with C-values for 3864 land plants. In December 2004 the Plant DNA C-values database was further updated (release 3·0) and included, as a novel feature, C-values for 253 algal species. Release 3·0 has DNA amounts for almost 5000 species from over 500 original sources, including first values for 628 angiosperms not previously included (http://www.kew.org/genomesize/homepage). These lists and databases have been widely used for comparative studies (e.g. Knight et al., 2005; Leitch et al., 2005; Price et al., 2005) and are the main source of information on plant genome sizes cited in the literature. Published lists of angiosperm DNA amounts have been cited over 1500 times, whilst the electronic database has received over 60 000 hits since 2001.

Bennett et al. (2000) and Bennett and Leitch (2005a) noted that C-values for probably a surprisingly large number of plant species had been estimated but, for various reasons, not published and hence were unavailable. Indeed, this was suspected to apply to hundreds of species overall whose genome sizes together constitute an untapped pool of information of considerable potential value. Scientists have therefore been encouraged to communicate them for inclusion in the Plant DNA C-values database, thus making them accessible for comparative studies. The present work is proof of this hypothesis and provides a model example of collaboration to transfer a large body of previously invisible plant genome size data firmly into the public domain.

Two of the present authors have worked together for the past decade to produce pooled lists of plant DNA C-values for reference purposes in both hard copy (Bennett and Leitch, 1995, 1997, 2005a; Bennett et al., 2000) and electronic versions (http://www.kew.org/genomesize/homepage). Meanwhile the present first author has made genome size estimates for angiosperm taxa in several genera, including Helleborus (Zonneveld, 2001), Hosta (Zonneveld and Van Iren, 2000, 2001), Galanthus (Zonneveld et al., 2003) and Agapanthus (Zonneveld and Duncan, 2003), some of which have subsequently been included in a recent compilation by Bennett and Leitch (2005a). While corresponding with Bennett and Leitch about these data and planned future publications, Zonneveld noted that he had also made C-value estimates for taxa in various genera that seemed most unlikely to be published. It emerged that this sample was substantial and included first estimates for hundreds of miscellaneous species, measured mostly out of curiosity.

Given their potential value, it was decided to combine the taxonomic and databasing experience of the Kew-based authors with information amassed in The Netherlands to produce a further reference list in a form similar to other recent plant C-value reference lists (e.g. Bennett and Leitch, 2005a; Kapraun, 2005). The present work is the product of that collaboration. Analysis of the completed Appendix table shows that it contains C-values for 411 angiosperm taxa, including first values for 308 species not listed in any previous compilation by Bennett and colleagues.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant materials

The present work examined angiosperm taxa available as seed or plants growing in The Netherlands selected primarily for their horticultural interest. The Netherlands has a long tradition of growing and breeding many angiosperm taxa for horticulture, consequently such plant materials are readily available for research purposes.

Estimation of DNA C-values

DNA 2C-values were estimated using flow cytometry with the fluorochrome propidium iodide (PI) as described by Zonneveld and Van Iren (2001). Briefly, somatic nuclei were isolated from leaves by co-chopping them with one of the internal calibration standards (Table 1) in nuclei isolation buffer. After adding 2 mL PI solution (50 mg PI/l in half-strength isolation buffer) the suspension was filtered. Nuclei fluorescence was measured 30 min after the addition of PI using a Partec CA-II flow cytometer. In most cases, several samples, each with at least 5000 nuclei, were measured. The 2C-value of the sample was calculated as follows: (mean of sample peak ÷ mean of standard peak) × 2C DNA amount (pg) of the standard species (see Table 1). Other peaks corresponding to higher C-values (i.e. 4C, 8C and 16C, etc.) were sometimes observed but their DNA amounts were not calculated.

Table 1.

Species used as calibration standards to estimate nuclear DNA C-values

Species	Assumed 2C DNA amount (pg)	Abbreviation used in column 13 of the Appendix
Agave stricta	7·8	A. stricta
Hordeum vulgare ‘Sultan’*	10·0	Hordeum
Agave americana	15·9	A. americana
Agave sisalana	20·2	A. sisalana
Clivia miniata	39·0	Clivia

^*The 2C value of 10 pg for Hordeum vulgare ‘Sultan’ was obtained using Agave americana (2C = 15·9 pg) as the calibration standard (see entry number 161q in the Appendix). This value is slightly lower than that given in Bennett and Smith (1991) of 2C = 11·12 pg. In the Appendix H. vulgare was used as a calibration standard for only one species Catharanthus roseus (2C = 1·4 pg; see entry number 82b in Appendix). If the higher value for H. vulgare given by Bennett and Smith (1991) is used then the 2C value of C. roseus would be 1·6 pg.

Internal calibration standards

Five calibration standards, differing in DNA amount, were used (Table 1). In most cases Agave americana was chosen, as previous work showed it to be a reliable and reproducible standard, giving clean peaks with low CVs (Zonneveld and Van Iren, 2001). If nuclear DNA content of a test species overlapped with that of A. americana, another calibration standard was used whose C-value fell close to that of the unknown. Species with 2C-values below 2·0 pg could usually not be measured with the Partec CA-II flow cytometer available for use, as the peaks tended to be lost in the debris fluorescence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Comparison of C-value data in the Appendix table with those previously reported

To assess the quality of C-value data in the Appendix two comparisons were made.

(1) C-values for 103 species in the Appendix were compared with ‘prime’ (see note (a) in ‘Notes on compiling the Appendix’) C-values for the same species listed in the Plant DNA C-values database (Bennett and Leitch, 2004). Figure 1A shows that generally the two data sets were in good agreement (R² = 0·9068). However, there were 18 species where previously published ‘prime’ C-values differed by >30 % from those given in the Appendix. These species are represented by open circles in Fig. 1A. The cause(s) of the discrepancies was not clear but possibilities include taxonomic errors or genuine intraspecific variation. For six of the species the different C-values reported were multiples of previous estimates, suggesting that polyploidy may be responsible. Nevertheless, as no chromosome counts were made for any species in the Appendix (except Hydrangea macrophylla), the role of polyploidy is unconfirmed.

Fig. 1.

Comparisons between C-values for species listed in the Appendix and ‘prime’ C-values for the same species listed in the Plant DNA C-values database (release 3·0, December 2004). (A) Comparison for all 103 species. Open circles correspond to the 18 species whose C-values in the Appendix differ by >30 % from the ‘prime’ C-values in the database. (B) Comparison between C-values for seven species listed in the Appendix and the accepted C-values for these calibration standards given in Bennett and Smith (1991).

(2) A comparison was made between the C-values for seven species in the Appendix and the C-values for these calibration standards given in Bennett and Smith (1991). These two datasets showed very close agreement (Fig. 1B) (R² = 0·9965). Overall, it was concluded that the Appendix C-value data are of high quality.

Representation of C-value data in Appendix

The present Appendix gives C-values for 411 species, of which 308 (75 %) are for species not included in any previous compilation by Bennett and colleagues (Bennett and Smith, 1976, 1991; Bennett et al., 1982, 2000; Bennett and Leitch, 1995, 1997, 2005a) or listed in the Plant DNA C-values database (release 3·0, December 2004). Bennett and Leitch (2005a) analysed the global output of DNA C-values for angiosperms during the past half century. They concluded that the 1997 Angiosperm Genome Size Workshop had stimulated a large increase from an average of about 100 per annum in the early 1990s to almost 200 per annum for 1998–2002. The total number of first C-values for species in the present work therefore equals 1·5 years of average global published output at the record levels achieved in recent years. By any measure, it is a significant contribution to knowledge of this important character. Indeed the present data sample (all from one source) increases the total sample of angiosperm species with genome size estimates by about 7·4 %. Moreover, it constitutes over 12 % of the global target set by the Second Plant Genome Size Workshop (namely to estimate first DNA C-values for about 2500 angiosperm species within a quinquennium; see http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/workshopreport.html). Clearly, one worker can still make a significant contribution to the global pool of information on genome sizes. Failing to make such information visible could seriously impair the scope of the available database and limit the scope of comparative studies.

Table 2 shows how many of the C-values in the Appendix are first values at the species, generic and family level for the three major angiosperm groups (i.e. basal angiosperms, monocots and eudicots). Although monocots constitute only approx. 20 % of all angiosperm species, most of the new C-values in the Appendix are for monocots (i.e. 64 and 65 % of first C-values are for monocot species and genera, respectively).

Table 2.

Representation of C-value data in the Appendix at various taxonomic levels

	No. listed in Appendix table	No. of first C-values
Species	411	308
Basal angiosperm	8	5
Monocots	253	196
Eudicots	150	107
Genera	187	85
Basal angiosperm	6	2
Monocots	117	56
Eudicots	64	27
Family	67	1
Basal angiosperm	5	0
Monocots	21	0
Eudicots	41	1

Nevertheless, while the present data make a significant contribution to knowledge of C-values at the species level, there has been no significant improvement in representation at the family level. The 1997 Angiosperm Genome Size Workshop recommended a goal of complete familial representation by 2002, as a first C-value was available for only about 30 % of families. Bennett et al. (2000) noted that in a sixth supplementary list of C-values for 691 species only 12 were also first estimates for families. Later they concluded that significant progress to improve familial representation of angiosperm families was unlikely without careful targeting and the present data for a large sample of untargeted taxa confirm this expectation. Thus, while the Appendix includes 308 first C-values for species, only one of these is also the first value for a family (i.e. Tamaricaceae).

Also as expected, given the lack of specific targeting, the present sample does not make major contributions to filling gaps for any other groups identified as significantly under-represented in the database (e.g. for taxa from bog, fen, tundra, alpine and desert environments, or for halophytic, insectivorous, parasitic, saprophytic and endophytic species; Bennett and Leitch, 2005a). Nevertheless, the present sample does include first values for a few taxa of such interest including two parasitic species Orobanche hederae and Rhinanthus glabra (both in Orobanchaceae) with 1C values of 2·65 and 3·05 pg, respectively. The table also includes two desert species Opuntia microdasys (1C = 2·24 pg) and Rebutia albiflora (1C = 1·91 pg), both in the Cactaceae, and a number of succulents from the families Asparagaceae (Agave, Ledebouria), Bromeliaceae (Tillandsia), Crassulaceae (Aeonium, Graptopetalum, Sedum), Apocynaceae (Ceropegia, Hoodia, Hoya, Catharanthus, Stapelia), Xanthorrhoeaceae (Aloe) and Asteraceae (Senecio) in which the C-values ranged from 1·11 to 16·85 pg.

The range of C-values in the Appendix compared with existing data

Table 3 compares the minimum, maximum, mean, median, mode and range of DNA amounts for all 411 species listed in the Appendix, with the 4119 species listed in the Plant DNA C-values database (release 3·0, December 2004).

Table 3.

The minimum, maximum, mean, median, mode, and range of 1C DNA values for 411 species in the Appendix compared with the corresponding statistics for 4119 species in the Plant DNA C-values database (release 3·0, December 2004)

	Appendix	Plant DNA C-values database (release 3·0, December 2004)
Minimum 1C-value (pg)	0·6	0·1
Maximum 1C-value (pg)	95·0	127·4
Mean 1C-value (pg)	11·7	6·1
Median 1C-value (pg)	6·6	2·7
Mode 1C-value (pg)	5·0	0·6
Range (max/min)	94·4	1274·0

The range of C-values in the present sample (1C = 0·6–95·5 pg) falls within that reported for the Plant DNA C-values database (1C = 0·1–127·4 pg), although it is somewhat enriched in species with larger genomes, leading to higher mean and modal values compared with the larger sample in the database (Table 3); thus the minimum C-value in the Appendix is the same as the modal value for species in the database. This probably reflects the greater proportion of monocots in the present sample with large genomes. Indeed the 43 species (approx. 10 %) with the largest genomes in the Appendix are all monocots from the orders Asparagales, Commelinales or Liliales; these groups have previously been shown to contain species with the largest recorded angiosperm genomes (Leitch et al., 1998; Soltis et al., 2003). (NB The presence of only eight species with 2C-values <2·0 pg is, in large part, due to technical difficulties encountered in estimating C-values in species with smaller genomes, as noted in Materials and methods.)

Analysis at the family level showed that in half of the 66 families already represented in the Plant DNA C-values database, the new data did not increase the range of C-values previously reported for a family. In only eight families was the minimum C-value decreased as a result of new data, whereas in 25 families the maximum C-value increased, sometimes greatly. For example, in Garryaceae and Escalloniaceae, which both previously had a C-value for just one species, the addition of an estimate for one new species increased the range of C-values for each family over 8- and 15-fold, respectively.

Future plans

Participants at the 2003 Plant Genome Size Workshop formalized their international collaboration as the Genome Size Initiative (GSI; Bennett and Leitch, 2005b), whose aims are to improve the availability, quality and understanding of genome size data, and to provide a focus for monitoring progress and facilitating discussions in a holistic genomic context. Further, in a keynote address opening the 2003 Plant Genome Size Discussion Meeting, Bennett reiterated the potential value of unpublished genome size data, and the need to make it visible as follows: ‘There are probably over 1000 prime C-value estimates for plant species, equal to 4 years of known global output, unlocated in publications or unpublished. Such genome size data are almost valueless if potential users cannot easily access and assess them. It is impossible to over-emphasise the importance of publishing C-value data or linking them to the database by informing the co-ordinators of its existence, so that others can assess its quality and use it’. The present work supports this sentiment and the aims of GSI. Hopefully, it will encourage others to emulate this example and unveil further useful data which otherwise may lie forever unpublished.

APPENDIX

Notes on compiling the Appendix

C-value data were compiled into the Appendix table whose form is similar to that of previous lists of DNA amounts by Bennett and colleagues (i.e. Bennett and Smith, 1976, 1991; Bennett et al., 1982; Bennett and Leitch, 1995, 1997; Bennett et al., 2000). Additional information on compiling the Appendix is given below.

(a) Assignment of entry numbers and ‘prime’ entries. The numbering of the Appendix table generally follows that for previous lists of DNA amounts (see above). Taxa are arranged alphabetically by genus and species with a new number usually being assigned for each new species.

For 42 species in the Appendix more than one estimate was made for the same species (e.g. for different cultivars, varieties, etc.). In most cases, the C-values were very similar and the different accessions were assigned the same entry number but were distinguished by letters, sorted here by increasing DNA amounts. For example, C-values are reported for two cultivars of Crocus chrysanthus, a species not included previously in any of the lists mentioned above. The smaller of the two values, for ‘Dorothy’, is listed as entry number 113a, while the larger, for ‘Blue Pearl’, is 113b. Where several estimates are available for the same species, the ‘a’ value is automatically chosen in any arithmetical or statistical calculations. In this context, a single estimate for a species and ‘a’ values are referred to as ‘prime entries’.

For 18 species the C-values between accessions differed by >10 %. Taxonomic heterogeneity, polyploidy and/or intraspecific variation are the most likely explanations (especially where a range of chromosome numbers has previously been reported for the species), yet until chromosome counts are made, the cause(s) of the differences remains unknown and the different accessions of a species were usually assigned the same entry number. In six Senecio species (S. herreianus, S. kleiniiformis, S. mweroensis, S. nyikensis, S. pendulus and S. radicans), however, the different C-values so strongly suggested the presence of polyploidy that they were given separate entry numbers in accordance with previous practice (e.g. Bennett and Leitch, 2005a).

For 103 species, where one or more C-value had previously been listed by Bennett and colleagues, the estimate in the Appendix was given a number and the next available letter in the alphabet. For example, three previous C-values have been reported for Allium ampeloprasum, thus the entry for this species in the Appendix was assigned the letter ‘d’.

(b) Taxonomic authorities. Taxonomic authorities of the species studied were taken from the International Plant Names Index (IPNI) (http://www.ipni.org/index.html). A superscript ‘b’ following a species name indicates that the taxonomic authority was unknown or unclear (i.e. more than one entry in IPNI).

(c) Family and higher order group. The family, order and higher group given for each species in Appendix columns 3, 4 and 5, respectively, follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system (APG II, 2003). The following abbreviations were used: BA = basal angiosperm; M = monocot; E = eudicot.

(d) Chromosome number, ploidy and voucher information. The sentiment of the Convention on Biological Diversity (United Nations Environment Programme, 1992), which noted the need to make biodiversity data available despite imperfections, merits support. Thus, while the species listed in the Appendix generally lack a voucher and information on chromosome number and ploidy level, they can make a valuable contribution to knowledge of plant C-values.

Chromosome numbers and/or ploidy information were entered for 90 taxa where previous C-value reports also included this information and the C-values agreed closely with those reported here. For example, a C-value of 2·9 pg for Achillea filipendulina was previously estimated by Dabrowska (1992), who also reported that the accession studied had 2n = 2x = 18. As the 1C-value of 2·88 pg for the same species in the Appendix was very similar to that of Dabrowska (1992), the chromosome number and ploidy data were also entered.

(e) Life cycle types. Information on the type of life cycle for species in the Appendix was either taken from the literature or internet. The following abbreviations were used: A = annual; B = biennial; AP = annual–perennial; P = perennial. A superscript ‘e’ indicates that life cycle information was either unknown or unclear to the present authors.

(f) DNA amounts and conversion factor. 1C and 4C values listed in the Appendix were determined by appropriate calculation of the 2C-value. For 1C-values in megabase pairs (Mbp) the conversion factor of 1 pg = 980 Mb (Cavalier-Smith, 1985; Bennett et al., 2000) was used.

(g) Standard species. The abbreviation used to indicate which of the five calibration standards was used to estimate the 2C-value for each species in the Appendix is given in Table 1.

(h) Chromosome numbers in Hyacinthus. Brandham and West (1993) reported chromosome numbers in 13 Hyacinthus orientalis cultivars and noted that aneuploidy was common. Two of the cultivars studied (‘Pink Pearl’ and ‘Delft Blue’) were the same as those listed in the Appendix. Since the cultivars are clonal the chromosome numbers given in Brandham and West can be assumed to be the same as those studied here. Thus ‘Pink Pearl’ is listed as a diploid with 2n = 16, while ‘Delft Blue’ is an aneuploid tetraploid with 2n = 4x – 2 = 30. Based on similar C-values in cultivars ‘Pink Pearl’ and ‘White Pearl’ (28·4 and 27·3 pg, respectively), the latter is also entered as diploid. Further, as the DNA amounts for cultivars ‘Delft Blue’ and ‘Anna Marie’ are similar (43·4 and 42·4 pg, respectively), the latter is entered as circa tetraploid, although the exact chromosome number is unknown. The higher C-value cultivar ‘L’Innocence' (51·60 pg) suggests it is pentaploid.

(i) Sanseveria tricasciata ploidy chimeras. The leaves of Sanseveria trifasciata ‘Laurentii’ and ‘Forescate’ are ploidy chimeras (Zonneveld and Van Iren, 2000). Most plant leaves are built up from three layers, L1, L2 and L3, which develop from the apical meristem. In the variegated S. trifasciata ‘Laurentii’ the yellow leaf edge corresponds to cells derived from L1 and the green cells in the leaf centre from L3. Between L1 and L3 is a single layer of cells which comprise L2, from which the floral meristem and hence the gametes will arise. Measurements of 2C values from leaf tissue taken from the yellow edge gave a 2C value of 5·2 pg whereas nuclei isolated from the green central tissue (L3) were 2C = 2·6 pg. As it was difficult to be sure of obtaining cells from L2, the 1C value of the gametes is unclear. Thus this value has been omitted from the Appendix, and just the 2C and 4C values from the layer with the lowest DNA amount (i.e. from L3) are entered. In S. trifasciata ‘Forescate’ cells in the green central tissue had a 2C value of 7·8 pg (L3) whereas those at the yellow edge (L1) were 2C=5·2 pg. Again, the 1C value was omitted and just the 2C and 4C values for the layer with the lowest DNA amount (i.e. from L1) were entered.

Appendix.

Chromosome number, ploidy level, life-cycle type, and nuclear DNA content in 411 angiosperm species (the superscript letters refer to notes preceding this table)

								DNA amountf
Entry numbera	Speciesb	Familyc	Orderc	Higher groupc	2nd	Ploidy level (x)d	Life cycle typee	1C (Mbp)	1C (pg)	2C (pg)	4C (pg)	Standard speciesg
1b	Achillea filipendulina Lam.	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	18	2	P	2,818	2·9	5·8	11·5	A. americana
2d	Achillea millefolium L.	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	54	6	P	7,914	8·1	16·2	32·3	A. americana
3a	Achillea montana Schleich. ex DC	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	2,058	2·1	4·2	8·4	A. americana
4a	Achillea vulgarisb	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	2,205	2·3	4·5	9·0	A. americana
5b	Adansonia digitata L.	Malvaceae	Malvales	E	—d	—d	P	1,436	1·5	2·9	5·9	A. americana
6a	Adonis annua L.	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	A	16,513	16·9	33·7	67·4	A. americana
7a	Adonis vernalis L.	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	13,867	14·2	28·3	56·6	A. americana
8a	Aeluropus littoralis Parl.	Poaceae	Poales	M	—d	—d	AP	8,232	8·4	16·8	33·6	Clivia
9a	Aeonium nobile (Praeger) Praeger	Crassulaceae	Saxifragales	E	—d	—d	P	4,165	4·3	8·5	17·0	A. americana
10a	Aeonium simsii (Sweet) Stearn	Crassulaceae	Saxifragales	E	—d	—d	P	2,122	2·2	4·3	8·7	A. americana
11a	Agave hartmannii S.Watson	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,773	3·9	7·7	15·4	A. americana
12a	Agave portoricensis Trel. ex A.Berger	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,724	3·8	7·6	15·2	A. americana
13b	Alisma lanceolatum With.	Alismataceae	Alismatales	M	26	—d	P	5,586	5·7	11·4	22·8	A. americana
14d	Allium aflatuense B.Fedtsch. cv. Purple Sensation	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	16	2	P	21,658	22·1	44·2	88·4	A. americana
15d	Allium ampeloprasumb	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	32	4	P	28,420	29·0	58·0	116·0	Clivia
16l	Allium cepa var. ascalonium L.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	16	2	P	17,052	17·4	34·8	69·6	A. americana
17e	Allium karataviense Regel	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	18	2	P	20,433	20·9	41·7	83·4	A. americana
18e	Allium molyb	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	14	2	P	22,834	23·3	46·6	93·2	A. americana
19a	Allium narcissiflorum Vill.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	21,168	21·6	43·2	86·4	A. americana
20g	Allium porrumb	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	32	4	P	28,371	29·0	57·9	115·8	Clivia
21e	Allium sativum L.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	16	2	P	17,101	17·5	34·9	69·8	A. americana
22b	Allium schoenoprasumb	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	32	4	P	16,023	16·4	32·7	65·4	A. americana
23c	Allium schubertii Zucc.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	16	—d	P	31,801	32·5	64·9	129·8	A. americana
24f	Allium sphaerocephalon L.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	16	2	P	13,867	14·2	28·3	56·6	A. americana
25e	Allium ursinum L.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	14	2	P	31,213	31·9	63·7	127·4	A. americana
26b	Allium vinealeb	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	30,625	31·3	62·5	125·0	A. americana
27a	Alocasia longiloba Miq.	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	9,163	9·4	18·7	37·4	A. stricta
28a	Alocasia lowii var. grandis Hook	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	8,673	8·9	17·7	35·4	A. stricta
28b	Alocasia lowii var. veitchei Hook	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	10,927	11·2	22·3	44·6	A. americana
29a	Alocasia reginula A.Hay	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	4,851	5·0	9·9	19·8	A. americana
30a	Alocasia sanderiana Hort. ex Bull	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	4,949	5·1	10·1	20·2	A. americana
31a	Alocasia sp.b	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	9,947	10·2	20·3	40·6	A. americana
32a	Alocasia × amazonicab	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	4,900	5·0	10·0	20·0	A. americana
33a	Alocasia zebrina K.Koch & Veitch var. tigrina cv. Superba	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	5,488	5·6	11·2	22·4	A. americana
33b	Alocasia zebrina K.Koch & Veitch var. reticulata	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	5,684	5·8	11·6	23·2	A. americana
34a	Aloe claviflora Burch. & Reynolds	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	16,513	16·9	33·7	67·4	A. americana
35a	Aloe ecklonis Salm-Dyck	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	13,524	13·8	27·6	55·2	A. americana
36b	Aloe gariepensis Pillans	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asparagales	M	14	2	P	16,121	16·5	32·9	65·8	A. americana
37a	Aloe micracantha Haw.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	13,916	14·2	28·4	56·8	A. americana
38a	Amelanchier canadensis Medik.	Rosaceae	Rosales	E	—d	—d	P	1,127	1·2	2·3	4·6	A. americana
39b	Ammophila arenaria Link	Poaceae	Poales	M	—d	—d	P	5,635	5·8	11·5	23·0	A. americana
40a	Amorphophallus lewallei F.Malaisse & P.Bamps	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	13,622	13·9	27·8	55·6	A. americana
41c	Anemone blanda Schott & Kotschy	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	16	2	P	15,092	15·4	30·8	61·6	A. americana
41d	Anemone blanda Schott & Kotschy	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	20,923	21·4	42·7	85·4	A. americana
42b	Anemone coronaria L.	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	16	2	P	15,729	16·1	32·1	64·2	A. americana
43c	Anemone nemorosa L.	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	19,061	19·5	38·9	77·8	A. americana
44b	Anemone pavonina Lam.	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	16	2	P	13,284	13·6	27·1	54·2	A. americana
45a	Anemone ranunculoidesb	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	19,551	20·0	39·9	79·8	A. americana
46a	Anemone trifoliab	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	20,090	20·5	41·0	82·0	A. americana
47a	Anthericum liliago L.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	14,161	14·5	28·9	57·8	A. americana
48a	Anubias barteri var. nana Schott	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	2,009	2·1	4·1	8·2	A. americana
48b	Anubias barteri Schott	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	2,989	3·1	6·1	12·2	A. americana
49a	Ardisia crenatab	Myrsinaceae	Ericales	E	—d	—d	P	2,597	2·7	5·3	10·6	A. americana
50a	Arisaema ciliatum H.Li	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	4,792	4·9	9·8	19·6	A. americana
51a	Arisarum vulgare Targ.Toz.	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	17,199	17·6	35·1	70·2	A. americana
52a	Arthropodium cirrhatumb	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	2,401	2·5	4·9	9·8	A. americana
53a	Arundo donaxb	Poaceae	Poales	M	—d	—d	P	2,744	2·8	5·6	11·2	A. americana
54b	Asarum europaeum L.	Aristolochiaceae	Piperales	BA	—d	—d	P	6,762	6·9	13·8	27·6	A. sisalana
55a	Asarum splendens (Maekawa) C.Y.Cheng & C.S.Yang	Aristolochiaceae	Piperales	BA	—d	—d	P	8,771	9·0	17·9	35·8	A. stricta
56a	Asphodeline lutea Reichb.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	5,145	5·3	10·5	21·0	A. americana
57b	Aspidistra elatiorb (variegated)	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	18,032	18·4	36·8	73·6	A. americana
58a	Aucuba japonica Thunb.	Garryaceae	Garryales	E	—d	—d	P	12,593	12·9	25·7	51·4	A. americana
58b	Aucuba japonica Thunb. cv. Rozannie	Garryaceae	Garryales	E	—d	—d	P	12,201	12·5	24·9	49·8	A. americana
59f	Avena sativa L.	Poaceae	Poales	M	42	6	A	12,961	13·2	26·5	52·9	A. americana
60c	Berberis thunbergii DC. cv. Atropurpurea Nana	Berberidaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	1,519	1·6	3·1	6·2	A. americana
61b	Berberis vulgarisb	Berberidaceae	Ranunculales	E	28	2	P	1,421	1·5	2·9	5·8	A. americana
62a	Biarum tenuifoliumb	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	3,038	3·1	6·2	12·4	A. americana
63a	Bletilla striata Rchb.f.	Orchidaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	2,891	3·0	5·9	11·8	A. americana
64a	Brighamia insignis A.Gray	Campanulaceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	1,029	1·1	2·1	4·2	A. americana
65a	Brimeura amethystinab	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	8,232	8·4	16·8	33·6	A. stricta
66a	Bromus mollisb	Poaceae	Poales	M	—d	—d	AP	10,388	10·6	21·2	42·4	A. americana
67a	Buddleja davidii Franch.	Scrophulariaceae	Lamiales	E	—d	—d	P	1,421	1·5	2·9	5·8	A. americana
68a	Bulbine asphodeloides Spreng.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	14,504	14·8	29·6	59·2	A. americana
69b	Bulbine bulbosa (R.Br.) Haw.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asparagales	M	72	6	P	34,202	34·9	69·8	139·6	A. americana
70b	Bulbine fallax Poelln.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asparagales	M	14	2	P	11,515	11·8	23·5	47·0	A. americana
71a	Bulbine frutescens Willd.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	14,651	15·0	29·9	59·8	A. americana
72a	Bulbine hookeri Kunth	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	17,689	18·1	36·1	72·2	A. americana
73a	Bulbine margarethae L.I.Hall	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	8,036	8·2	16·4	32·8	A. stricta
74a	Bulbinella latifolia Kunth	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	12,152	12·4	24·8	49·6	A. americana
75c	Butomus umbellatus L.	Butomaceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	7,399	7·6	15·1	30·2	Clivia
76a	Calamagrostis epigeiosb	Poaceae	Poales	M	—d	—d	P	2,156	2·2	4·4	8·8	A. americana
77a	Calibanus hookerii Trel. ex A.Berger	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	8,869	9·1	18·1	36·2	A. americana
78a	Calla palustris L.	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	1,058	1·1	2·2	4·3	A. americana
79c	Caltha palustris L.	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	56	7	P	15,239	15·6	31·1	62·2	A. americana
80b	Camassia cusickii S.Watson	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	30	2	P	2,254	2·3	4·6	9·2	A. americana
81b	Camellia sinensis Kuntze var. assamica	Theaceae	Ericales	E	30	2	P	3,038	3·1	6·2	12·4	A. americana
81c	Camellia sinensis Kuntze	Theaceae	Ericales	E	30	2	P	3,283	3·4	6·7	13·4	A. americana
82b	Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don	Apocynaceae	Gentianales	E	—d	—d	P	696	0·7	1·4	2·8	Hordeum
83b	Ceropegia woodii Schltr.	Apocynaceae	Gentianales	E	44	4	P	1,862	1·9	3·8	7·6	A. americana
84a	Chlidanthus fragrans Herb.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	6,027	6·2	12·3	24·6	A. americana
85a	Chlorophytum comosumb	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	11,613	11·9	23·7	47·4	A. americana
86a	Chlorophytum hoffmannii Engl.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	14,504	14·8	29·6	59·2	A. americana
87a	Clematis armandii Franch. cv. Bowl of Beauty	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	9,457	9·7	19·3	38·6	Clivia
87b	Clematis armandii Franch. cv. Enham Star	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	9,506	9·7	19·4	38·8	Clivia
87c	Clematis armandii Franch. cv. Apple Blossom	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	9,555	9·8	19·5	39·0	Clivia
87d	Clematis armandii Franch. cv. Little White Charm	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	9,604	9·8	19·6	39·2	Clivia
87e	Clematis armandii Franch. cv. Snowdrift	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	9,604	9·8	19·6	39·2	Clivia
88a	Clematis flammula L.	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	14,847	15·2	30·3	60·6	A. americana
89a	Clematis forsteri J.F.Gmel.	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	15,484	15·8	31·6	63·2	A. americana
90a	Clematis montanab	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	9,947	10·2	20·3	40·6	A. americana
91b	Clematis vitalbab	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	16	2	P	9,898	10·1	20·2	40·4	A. americana
92c	Clivia miniata Regel	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	22	2	P	19,110	19·5	39·0	78·0	A. americana
93c	Cocos nucifera L.	Arecaceae	Arecales	M	32	2	P	2,744	2·8	5·6	11·2	A. americana
94a	Colchicum autumnale L.	Colchicaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	3,283	3·4	6·7	13·4	A. americana
95b	Commelina dianthifolia Delile	Commelinaceae	Commelinales	M	90	6	AP	7,546	7·7	15·4	30·8	A. stricta
96a	Cornus mas L.	Cornaceae	Cornales	E	—d	—d	P	3,332	3·4	6·8	13·6	A. americana
97a	Cortaderia argentea (Nees) Stapf	Poaceae	Poales	M	—d	—d	P	3,675	3·8	7·5	15·0	A. americana
98a	Cotinus coggygria Scop.	Anacardiaceae	Sapindales	E	—d	—d	P	9,163	9·4	18·7	37·4	A. americana
99a	Craterostigma plantagineum Hochst.	unplaced Lamiales	Lamiales	E	—d	—d	P	1,029	1·1	2·1	4·2	A. stricta
100a	Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum Baker	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	24,745	25·3	50·5	101·0	A. americana
100b	Crinum asiaticum var. sinicum Baker	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	25,284	25·8	51·6	103·2	A. americana
101a	Crinum bulbispermum Milne-Redh. & Schweickerdt	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	19,698	20·1	40·2	80·4	A. americana
102a	Crinum moorei Hook.f.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	20,335	20·8	41·5	83·0	A. americana
103a	Crinum natans var. calamistratum Baker	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	20,531	21·0	41·9	83·8	A. americana
104a	Crocosmia aurea (Hook.) Planch.	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	985	1·0	2·0	4·0	A. americana
105a	Crocosmia fucata (Herb.) M.P.de Vos	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	936	1·0	1·9	3·8	A. americana
105b	Crocosmia fucata (Herb.) M.P.de Vos (pleated form)	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	1,372	1·4	2·8	5·6	A. americana
106a	Crocosmia masonorum (L.Bolus) N.E.Br.	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	907	0·9	1·9	3·7	A. americana
107a	Crocosmia paniculata (Klatt) Goldblatt	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	975	1·0	2·0	4·0	A. americana
108a	Crocosmia pottsii (Baker) N.E.Br.	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	877	0·9	1·8	3·6	A. americana
109a	Crocosmia × crocosmiiflorab	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	1,098	1·1	2·2	4·5	A. americana
110a	Crocosmia × latifoliab	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	1,127	1·2	2·3	4·6	A. americana
111a	Crocosmia × paniculatab	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	872	0·9	1·8	3·6	A. americana
112a	Crocus angustifolius × flavus (large yellow)	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	6,419	6·6	13·1	26·2	A. americana
113a	Crocus chrysanthus Herb. cv. Dorothy	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,822	3·9	7·8	15·6	A. americana
113b	Crocus chrysanthus Herb. cv. Blue Pearl	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,969	4·1	8·1	16·2	A. americana
114b	Crocus vernusb (white form)	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	8	2	P	10,829	11·1	22·1	44·2	A. americana
115a	Cryptocoryne crispatula Engl.	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	872	0·9	1·8	3·6	A. americana
116a	Cyanotis somaliensis C.B.Clarke	Commelinaceae	Commelinales	M	—d	—d	P	5,096	5·2	10·4	20·8	A. americana
117b	Cyclamen hederifoliumb	Myrsinaceae	Ericales	E	—d	—d	P	5,047	5·2	10·3	20·6	A. americana
118a	Cyrtanthus elatus (Jacq.) Traub	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	14,455	14·8	29·5	59·0	A. americana
119a	Cyrtanthus montanus R.A.Dyer cv. Firebird	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	13,573	13·9	27·7	55·4	A. americana
120g	Dactylis glomerata L.	Poaceae	Poales	M	28	4	P	4,312	4·4	8·8	17·6	A. americana
121a	Dichelostemma ida-maia Greene	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	17,787	18·2	36·3	72·6	A. americana
122a	Dioscorea elephantipes Engl.	Dioscoreaceae	Dioscoreales	M	—d	—d	P	6,615	6·8	13·5	27·0	A. americana
123b	Doryanthes palmerib	Doryanthaceae	Asparagales	M	48	—d	P	3,283	3·4	6·7	13·4	A. americana
124a	Dracunculus canariensis Kunth	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	3,812	3·9	7·8	15·6	A. americana
125b	Dracunculus vulgaris Schott	Araceae	Alismatales	M	32		P	6,076	6·2	12·4	24·8	A. americana
126a	Drimiopsis maculata Lindl. & Paxt.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,675	3·8	7·5	15·0	Clivia
127b	Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms	Pontederiaceae	Commelinales	M	32	4	P	1,529	1·6	3·1	6·2	A. americana
128a	Elymus arenariusb	Poaceae	Poales	M	—d	—d	P	20,825	21·3	42·5	85·0	A. americana
129a	Elymus junceus Fisch. (= Elytrigia juncea)	Poaceae	Poales	M	—d	—d	P	12,985	13·3	26·5	53·0	A. americana
130a	Eranthis cilicica Schott & Kotschy	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	8,722	8·9	17·8	35·6	A. stricta
131b	Eranthis hyemalis Salisb.	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	16	2	P	11,711	12·0	23·9	47·8	A. americana
132a	Eranthis pinnatifida Maxim.	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	8,036	8·2	16·4	32·8	A. americana
133a	Erythronium hybrid cv. Nana	Liliaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	36,015	36·8	73·5	147·0	A. americana
134a	Erythronium hybrid cv. Pagoda	Liliaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	34,986	35·7	71·4	142·8	A. americana
135a	Erythronium californicumb cv. White Beauty	Liliaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	32,977	33·7	67·3	134·6	A. americana
136a	Erythronium dens-canisb	Liliaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	29,302	29·9	59·8	119·6	A. americana
137a	Erythronium japonicumb	Liliaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	31,115	31·8	63·5	127·0	A. americana
138a	Escallonia langleyensis Vilm. & Bois	Escalloniaceae	euasterids II	E	—d	—d	P	6,027	6·2	12·3	24·6	A. americana
139a	Eucharis grandiflora Planch. & Linden	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	15,974	16·3	32·6	65·2	A. americana
140b	Festuca ovina L. cv. Glauca	Poaceae	Poales	M	14	2	P	7,007	7·2	14·3	28·6	A. sisalana
141a	Furcraea selloa K.Koch (yellow edge)	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,724	3·8	7·6	15·2	A. americana
142a	Graptopetalum bellum Moran & J.Meyrán	Crassulaceae	Saxifragales	E	—d	—d	P	4,116	4·2	8·4	16·8	Clivia
143a	Graptopetalum macdougallii Alexander	Crassulaceae	Saxifragales	E	—d	—d	P	3,283	3·4	6·7	13·4	A. americana
144b	Gunnera manicata Linden ex André	Gunneraceae	Gunnerales	E	34	2	P	5,782	5·9	11·8	23·6	A. americana
145a	Haberlea rhodopensis Friv.	Gesneriaceae	Lamiales	E	—d	—d	P	1,372	1·4	2·8	5·6	A. americana
146a	Hedera algeriensisb cv. Gloire de Marengo	Araliaceae	Apiales	E	—d	—d	P	2,842	2·9	5·8	11·6	A. americana
147c	Hedera canariensisb	Araliaceae	Apiales	E	48	2	P	1,470	1·5	3·0	6·0	A. americana
148a	Hedera caucasigena Pojark. cv. Tanja	Araliaceae	Apiales	E	—d	—d	P	1,666	1·7	3·4	6·8	A. americana
149c	Hedera colchica K.Koch cv. Sulphur Heart	Araliaceae	Apiales	E	192	8	P	5,243	5·4	10·7	21·4	A. americana
149d	Hedera colchica K.Koch (yellow edge)	Araliaceae	Apiales	E	192	8	P	5,243	5·4	10·7	21·4	A. americana
150i	Hedera helix L cv. Erecta.	Araliaceae	Apiales	E	48	4	P	1,470	1·5	3·0	6·0	A. americana
150j	Hedera helix L cv. Gold Hertz.	Araliaceae	Apiales	E	48	4	P	1,470	1·5	3·0	6·0	A. americana
151a	Hedera hibernica Hort.	Araliaceae	Apiales	E	—d	—d	P	2,940	3·0	6·0	12·0	A. americana
152a	Heloniopsis orientalisb	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	2,622	2·7	5·4	10·7	A. americana
153a	Hermodactylus tuberosa Mill.	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	13,524	13·8	27·6	55·2	A. americana
154a	Hesperaloe parviflora (Torr.) J.M.Coult.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,920	4·0	8·0	16·0	A. americana
155a	Hippeastrum cybister Benth. & Hook.f.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	16,954	17·3	34·6	69·2	A. americana
156a	Hippeastrum elwesii C.H.Wright	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	10,388	10·6	21·2	42·4	A. americana
157a	Hippeastrum papilio (Ravenna) J.Van Scheepen cv. Butterfly	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	14,259	14·6	29·1	58·2	A. americana
158a	Hippeastrum reticulatum var. striatifolium Herb.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	14,063	14·4	28·7	57·4	A. americana
159a	Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne.	Apocynaceae	Gentianales	E	—d	—d	P	2,401	2·5	4·9	9·8	A. americana
160b	Hordeum murinum L.	Poaceae	Poales	M	28	4	A	9,604	9·8	19·6	39·2	A. americana
161q	Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Sultan	Poaceae	Poales	M	14	2	A	4,900	5·0	10·0	20·0	A. americana
162a	Howea forsteriana Becc.	Arecaceae	Arecales	M	—d	—d	P	3,357	3·4	6·9	13·7	A. americana
163a	Hoya carnosa (L.) R.Br.	Apocynaceae	Gentianales	E	—d	—d	P	2,107	2·2	4·3	8·6	A. americana
164a	Humulus japonica Siebold & Zucc.	Cannabaceae	Rosales	E	—d	—d	P	1,666	1·7	3·4	6·8	A. americana
165a	Humulus lupulusb var. cordifolia	Cannabaceae	Rosales	E	—d	—d	P	2,842	2·9	5·8	11·6	A. americana
165b	Humulus lupulusb cv. Brambling Cross	Cannabaceae	Rosales	E	—d	—d	P	2,989	3·1	6·1	12·2	A. americana
166d	Hyacinthus orientalis L. cv. White Pearl	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	16h	2h	P	26,705	27·3	54·5	109·0	A. americana
166e	Hyacinthus orientalis L. cv. Pink Pearl	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	16h	2h	P	27,832	28·4	56·8	113·6	A. americana
167c	Hyacinthus orientalis L. cv. Anna Marie	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	c. 4h	P	41,552	42·4	84·8	169·6	Clivia
167d	Hyacinthus orientalis L. cv. Delft Blue	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	4x-2h	P	42,532	43·4	86·8	173·6	Clivia
167e	Hyacinthus orientalis L. cv. L'Innocence	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	5?h	P	50,568	51·6	103·2	206·4	Clivia
168c	Hydrangea anomala ssp. petiolaris D.Don cv. Cordifolia	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	36	2	P	1,470	1·5	3·0	6·0	A. americana
168d	Hydrangea anomala ssp. petiolaris D.Don	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	36	2	P	1,499	1·5	3·1	6·1	A. americana
169b	Hydrangea arborescens L.	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	36	2	P	1,294	1·3	2·6	5·3	A. americana
170e	Hydrangea aspera ssp. sargentiana Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	34	2	P	1,646	1·7	3·4	6·7	A. americana
170f	Hydrangea aspera ssp. robusta Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	34	2	P	1,715	1·8	3·5	7·0	A. americana
170g	Hydrangea aspera ssp. strigosa Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	34	2	P	1,823	1·9	3·7	7·4	A. americana
170h	Hydrangea aspera Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don cv. Villosa	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	34	2	P	2,073	2·1	4·2	8·5	A. americana
170i	Hydrangea aspera? Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don (from Taiwan)	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	—d	—d	P	2,538	2·6	5·2	10·4	A. americana
171b	Hydrangea heteromalla D.Don	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	36	2	P	1,813	1·9	3·7	7·4	A. americana
171c	Hydrangea heteromalla Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don cv. Nepal Beauty	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	36	2	P	1,715	1·8	3·5	7·0	A. americana
172a	Hydrangea hirta Siebold	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	—d	—d	P	1,779	1·8	3·6	7·3	A. americana
173a	Hydrangea integrifolia Hayata	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	—d	—d	P	1,103	1·1	2·3	4·5	A. americana
174b	Hydrangea involucrata Siebold	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	30	2	P	2,626	2·7	5·4	10·7	A. americana
175a	Hydrangea macrophyllab (diploid)	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	36	2	P	2,234	2·3	4·6	9·1	A. americana
176a	Hydrangea macrophyllab (triploid)	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	54	3	P	3,263	3·3	6·7	13·3	A. americana
177b	Hydrangea paniculatab	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	36	2	P	3,430	3·5	7·0	14·0	A. americana
178b	Hydrangea quercifolia Bartram (Tennessee clone)	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	36	2	P	1,063	1·1	2·2	4·3	A. americana
179a	Hydrangea scandens var. liukinensisb	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	36	2	P	1,970	2·0	4·0	8·0	A. americana
179b	Hydrangea scandensb	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	36	2	P	2,038	2·1	4·2	8·3	A. americana
179c	Hydrangea scandens? cv. Angustata	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	—d	—d	P	2,332	2·4	4·8	9·5	A. americana
180a	Hydrangea serrata Ser.	Hydrangeaceae	Cornales	E	—d	—d	P	2,102	2·1	4·3	8·6	A. americana
181a	Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.	Hydrocharitaceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	2,156	2·2	4·4	8·8	A. americana
182a	Ipheion uniflorum (Lindl.) Raf.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	9,457	9·7	19·3	38·6	A. americana
183a	Iris danfordiae Boiss.	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	15,827	16·2	32·3	64·6	A. americana
184a	Iris germanicab	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	12,201	12·5	24·9	49·8	A. americana
185a	Iris lacustris Nutt.	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,116	4·2	8·4	16·8	A. americana
186b	Iris pseudacorus L.	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	c. 34	—d	P	5,488	5·6	11·2	22·4	A. americana
187a	Iris pumilab	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	12,936	13·2	26·4	52·8	A. americana
188a	Iris reticulata M.Bieb.	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	6,909	7·1	14·1	28·2	A. americana
188b	Iris reticulata M.Bieb. cv. Harmony	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	10,045	10·3	20·5	41·0	A. americana
189a	Iris sintenisii Janka	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,920	4·0	8·0	16·0	A. americana
190a	Kniphofia (hybrida Otto Mann ex Gumbleton cv. Little Maid	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	10,584	10·8	21·6	43·2	A. americana
191a	Lachenalia hybrid cv. Namaqua	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,626	3·7	7·4	14·8	A. americana
191b	Lachenalia hybrid cv. Romaud	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,724	3·8	7·6	15·2	A. americana
192d	Lactuca sativa L.cv. IJsberg	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	18	2	A	2,695	2·8	5·5	11·0	A. americana
193a	Laurus nobilisb	Lauraceae	Laurales	BA	—d	—d	P	2,989	3·1	6·1	12·2	A. americana
194a	Lavandula officinalis Chaix	Lamiaceae	Lamiales	E	—d	—d	P	5,537	5·7	11·3	22·6	A. americana
195a	Ledebouria cooperi var. adlamii (Hook.f.) Jessop	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	5,488	5·6	11·2	22·4	Clivia
196a	Ledebouria socialis (Baker) Jessop cv. Violacea	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	5,733	5·9	11·7	23·4	Clivia
197a	Lewisia cotyledon Robinson	Portulacaceae	Caryophyllales	E	—d	—d	P	2,499	2·6	5·1	10·2	A. americana
198a	Lewisia nevadensis (A.Gray) B.L.Rob.	Portulacaceae	Caryophyllales	E	—d	—d	P	4,361	4·5	8·9	17·8	A. americana
199a	Lewisia pygmaea (A.Gray) B.L.Rob.	Portulacaceae	Caryophyllales	E	—d	—d	P	4,655	4·8	9·5	19·0	A. americana
200a	Lilium amabile Palib.	Liliaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	13,426	13·7	27·4	54·8	A. americana
201a	Lilium canadenseb	Liliaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	46,942	47·9	95·8	191·6	A. americana
202a	Lilium candidumb	Liliaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	43,169	44·1	88·1	176·2	A. americana
203a	Lilium euxanthum (W.W.Sm. & W.E.Evans) Sealy	Liliaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	37,877	38·7	77·3	154·6	A. americana
204b	Lilium formosanum Wallace	Liliaceae	Liliales	M	24	2	P	41,405	42·3	84·5	169·0	A. americana
205a	Lilium martagonb	Liliaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	45,668	46·6	93·2	186·4	A. americana
206a	Limonium vulgare Mill.	Plumbaginaceae	Caryophyllales	E	—d	—d	P	2,597	2·7	5·3	10·6	A. americana
207b	Liriope muscari L.H.Bailey.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	108	6	P	10,339	10·6	21·1	42·2	A. americana
208a	Lonicera nitida E.H.Wilson	Caprifoliaceae	Dipsacales	E	—d	—d	P	931	1·0	1·9	3·8	A. americana
209b	Lonicera periclymenumb	Caprifoliaceae	Dipsacales	E	—d	—d	P	2,793	2·9	5·7	11·4	A. americana
210a	Lunaria biennis Moench	Brassicaceae	Brassicales	E	—d	—d	B	1,808	1·8	3·7	7·4	A. americana
211a	Lycoris aurea Herb.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	23,961	24·5	48·9	97·8	A. americana
212b	Magnolia kobus var. stellata Maxim.	Magnoliaceae	Magnoliales	BA	—d	—d	P	2,107	2·2	4·3	8·6	A. americana
213a	Magnolia liliiflora Desr.	Magnoliaceae	Magnoliales	BA	—d	—d	P	4,851	5·0	9·9	19·8	A. americana
214a	Maianthemum bifolium [DC.]	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	14,994	15·3	30·6	61·2	A. americana
215a	Maianthemum canadense Desf.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	17,003	17·4	34·7	69·4	A. americana
216a	Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	16,366	16·7	33·4	66·8	A. americana
217a	Maianthemum japonicum (A.Gray) J.V.La Frankie	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	20,139	20·6	41·1	82·2	A. americana
218a	Maianthemum racemosum Link	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	16,611	17·0	33·9	67·8	A. americana
219a	Manfreda (= Agave) maculosab	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,900	5·0	10·0	20·0	A. americana
220a	Manfreda (= Agave) sileri Verh.-Will.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,753	4·9	9·7	19·4	A. americana
221a	Manfreda (= Agave) undulata Rose	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,900	5·0	10·0	20·0	A. americana
222a	Manfreda (= Agave) variegata Rose	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,802	4·9	9·8	19·6	A. americana
222b	Manfreda (= Agave) variegata aff. Rose	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,655	4·8	9·5	19·0	A. americana
223b	Mangifera indicab	Anacardiaceae	Sapindales	E	40	4	P	1,107	1·1	2·3	4·5	A. americana
224a	Massonia depressab	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,293	3·4	6·7	13·4	A. americana
225a	Massonia pustulata Jacq.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,126	3·2	6·4	12·8	A. americana
226a	Massonia sp.b	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	2,989	3·1	6·1	12·2	A. americana
227a	Monstera deliciosa Liebm.	Araceae	Alismatales	M	50	—d	P	4,704	4·8	9·6	19·2	A. americana
228a	Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,214	4·3	8·6	17·2	A. americana
229a	Muscari aucheri Hoog ex Turrill cv. Blue Magic	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,969	4·1	8·1	16·2	A. americana
230b	Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. cv. Plumosum	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	18	2	P	4,165	4·3	8·5	17·0	A. americana
231a	Muscari latifolium J.Kirk.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,753	4·9	9·7	19·4	A. americana
232a	Myrmecodia echinatab	Rubiaceae	Gentianales	E	—d	—d	P	1,490	1·5	3·0	6·1	A. americana
233a	Nectaroscordum siculum Lindl.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	38,073	38·9	77·7	155·4	A. americana
234l	Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi	Solanaceae	Solanales	E	48	4	A	4,459	4·6	9·1	18·2	A. americana
235a	Nolina recurvata Hemsl.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	8,722	8·9	17·8	35·6	A. americana
236a	Nuphar luteum Sibth. & Sm.	Nymphaeaceae		BA	—d	—d	P	2,479	2·5	5·1	10·1	A. americana
237a	Nymphaea albab	Nymphaeaceae		BA	—d	—d	P	1,950	2·0	4·0	8·0	A. americana
238a	Oenothera lamarckiana Ser. in DC.	Onagraceae	Myrtales	E	—d	—d	A	1,166	1·2	2·4	4·8	A. americana
239b	Ophiopogon japonicusb	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	10,584	10·8	21·6	43·2	A. americana
240a	Ophiopogon planiscapus Nakai (white form)	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	5,929	6·1	12·1	24·2	A. americana
240b	Ophiopogon planiscapus Nakai cv. Nigrescens	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	5,929	6·1	12·1	24·2	A. americana
241a	Opuntia microdasys var. albispina (Lehm.) Pfeiff.	Cactaceae	Caryophyllales	E	—d	—d	P	2,190	2·2	4·5	8·9	A. americana
242a	Ornithogalum apertum (Verdoorn) Oberm.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	17,640	18·0	36·0	72·0	A. americana
243a	Ornithogalum arabicumb	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	17,983	18·4	36·7	73·4	A. americana
244a	Ornithogalum candicans (= Galtonia candicans) (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	6,909	7·1	14·1	28·2	Clivia
245a	Ornithogalum dubium Houtt.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	6,860	7·0	14·0	28·0	A. americana
246a	Ornithogalum exscapumb	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	30,037	30·7	61·3	122·6	A. americana
247b	Ornithogalum longebracteatum Jacq.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	c. 54	—d	P	7,399	7·6	15·1	30·2	A. americana
248a	Ornithogalum maculatumb	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,018	4·1	8·2	16·4	A. americana
249a	Ornithogalum magnumb	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	9,212	9·4	18·8	37·6	Clivia
250a	Ornithogalum montanum Tenore	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	30,478	31·1	62·2	124·4	A. americana
251a	Ornithogalum narbonensisb	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	32,781	33·5	66·9	133·8	A. americana
252a	Ornithogalum nutans L.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	21,511	22·0	43·9	87·8	A. americana
253a	Ornithogalum oligophyllum Clarke	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,361	4·5	8·9	17·8	A. americana
254a	Ornithogalum pyramidaleb	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	8,477	8·7	17·3	34·6	A. americana
255a	Ornithogalum pyrenaicumb	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	15,239	15·6	31·1	62·2	A. americana
256a	Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	6,223	6·4	12·7	25·4	A. americana
257a	Ornithogalum sigmoideum Freyn & Sint.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	17,297	17·7	35·3	70·6	A. americana
258a	Ornithogalum umbellatum L.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	24,353	24·9	49·7	99·4	A. americana
259a	Ornithogalum viridiflorum (= Galtonia viridiflora) (I.Verd.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	10,241	10·5	20·9	41·8	A. americana
260a	Orobanche hederae Duby	Orobanchaceae	Lamiales	E	—d	—d	P	2,597	2·7	5·3	10·6	A. americana
261b	Oxalis acetosellab	Oxalidaceae	Oxalidales	E	22	2	P	2,793	2·9	5·7	11·4	A. americana
262a	Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc.	Buxaceae	eudicots	E	—d	—d	P	1,691	1·7	3·5	6·9	A. americana
263a	Paeonia broteroi Boiss. & Reut.	Paeoniaceae	Saxifragales	E	—d	—d	P	20,580	21·0	42·0	84·0	A. americana
264a	Pancratium illyricumb	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	17,787	18·2	36·3	72·6	A. americana
265a	Pancratium maritimum L.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	29,449	30·1	60·1	120·2	A. americana
266a	Paradisea liliastrum Bertol.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,597	3·7	7·3	14·7	A. americana
267a	Paradisea lusitanica (Cout.) G.Sampaio	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,700	3·8	7·6	15·1	A. americana
268a	Paris polyphylla Sm.	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	60,466	61·7	123·4	246·8	Clivia
269a	Paris quadrifolia L.	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	58,898	60·1	120·2	240·4	A. americana
270a	Passiflora coerulea Killip	Passifloraceae	Malpighiales	E	—d	—d	—e	1,421	1·5	2·9	5·8	A. americana
271c	Phaius tankervilleaeb	Orchidaceae	Asparagales	M	c. 42	—d	P	19,747	20·2	40·3	80·6	A. americana
272a	Phaius wallichii Lindl.	Orchidaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	—e	10,094	10·3	20·6	41·2	A. americana
273a	Philodendron pinnatafidum Schott	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	2,391	2·4	4·9	9·8	A. americana
274b	Philodendron selloum K.Koch.	Araceae	Alismatales	M	36	2	P	1,793	1·8	3·7	7·3	A. americana
274c	Philodendron selloum K.Koch.	Araceae	Alismatales	M	36	2	P	2,269	2·3	4·6	9·3	A. americana
274d	Philodendron selloum K.Koch.	Araceae	Alismatales	M	36	2	P	2,636	2·7	5·4	10·8	A. americana
275c	Phoenix dactylifera L.	Arecaceae	Arecales	M	36	2	P	1,299	1·3	2·7	5·3	A. americana
276a	Phragmites communis Trin.	Poaceae	Poales	M	—d	—d	P	1,103	1·1	2·3	4·5	A. stricta
277n	Pisum sativum L. cv. Frison	Fabaceae	Fabales	E	14	2	A	4,263	4·4	8·7	17·4	A. americana
277o	Pisum sativum L. cv. Minerva Maple	Fabaceae	Fabales	E	14	2	A	4,263	4·4	8·7	17·4	A. americana
278a	Pleione bulbocodioides Rolfe (= formosana) cv. Orwell Glory	Orchidaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	5,243	5·4	10·7	21·4	A. americana
279a	Polianthes geminiflorab	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,116	4·2	8·4	16·8	A. americana
280a	Polianthes hybrid cv. Chirp	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,557	4·7	9·3	18·6	A. americana
281a	Polianthes hybrid cv. Sunset	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,655	4·8	9·5	19·0	A. americana
282a	Polianthes tuberosab	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,753	4·9	9·7	19·4	A. americana
283a	Polianthes x brundrantiib	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,361	4·5	8·9	17·8	A. americana
284a	Polygonatum multiflorumb	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	15,043	15·4	30·7	61·4	A. americana
285a	Polygonatum odoratum Druce	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	11,319	11·6	23·1	46·2	A. americana
286a	Prunus laurocerasus L. (large form)	Rosaceae	Rosales	E	—d	—d	P	3,577	3·7	7·3	14·6	A. americana
286b	Prunus laurocerasus L. (medium form)	Rosaceae	Rosales	E	—d	—d	P	3,577	3·7	7·3	14·6	A. americana
286c	Prunus laurocerasus L. cv. Otto Luyken	Rosaceae	Rosales	E	—d	—d	P	3,577	3·7	7·3	14·6	A. americana
287a	Pulmonaria longifolia Bast.	Boraginaceae	euasterids I	E	—d	—d	P	1,862	1·9	3·8	7·6	A. americana
288a	Pulmonaria officinalisb	Boraginaceae	euasterids I	E	—d	—d	P	1,558	1·6	3·2	6·4	A. americana
289a	Pulsatilla alpinab	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	12,642	12·9	25·8	51·6	A. americana
290a	Pulsatilla apiifoliab	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	4,459	4·6	9·1	18·2	A. americana
291a	Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill.	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	17,052	17·4	34·8	69·6	A. americana
292d	Puschkinia scilloidesb	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	10	2	P	6,860	7·0	14·0	28·0	A. americana
293a	Ramonda pyrenaicab	Gesneriaceae	Lamiales	E	—d	—d	P	1,274	1·3	2·6	5·2	A. stricta
294b	Ranunculus asiaticusb (double flower form)	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	16	2	P	8,085	8·3	16·5	33·0	A. americana
295b	Ranunculus ficariab cv. Brazen Hussy	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	16	2	P	10,584	10·8	21·6	43·2	A. americana
295c	Ranunculus ficariab f. flore-pleno	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	16	2	P	10,094	10·3	20·6	41·2	A. americana
296b	Ranunculus ficariab ssp. bulbosa	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	24	3	P	16,464	16·8	33·6	67·2	A. americana
297b	Ranunculus glacialis L.	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	16	2	P	3,724	3·8	7·6	15·2	A. americana
298a	Rebutia albiflora F.Ritter & Buining	Cactaceae	Caryophyllales	E	—d	—d	P	1,867	1·9	3·8	7·6	A. americana
299a	Rhinanthus glaber var. glaber Lam.	Orobanchaceae	Lamiales	E	—d	—d	A	2,989	3·1	6·1	12·2	A. americana
300a	Rhodohypoxis bauriib cv. Tetra White	Hypoxidaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	1,622	1·7	3·3	6·6	A. americana
300b	Rhodohypoxis bauriib	Hypoxidaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	1,715	1·8	3·5	7·0	A. americana
301a	Rhodohypoxis deflexab	Hypoxidaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	2,401	2·5	4·9	9·8	A. americana
302a	Rohdea japonica Roth (white edge)	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	52,430	53·5	107·0	214·0	A. americana
303a	Romulea bulbocodioides Eckl.	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,430	3·5	7·0	14·0	A. americana
304b	Ruscus hypophyllum L.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	40	—d	P	9,016	9·2	18·4	36·8	A. americana
305a	Sagittaria sagittifoliab	Alismataceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	20,825	21·3	42·5	85·0	A. americana
306a	Sansevieria trifasciata Hort. ex Prain cv. Forescate	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	—i	1·3	2·6	5·2	A. americana
306b	Sansevieria trifasciata Hort. ex Prain cv. Hahnii	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	1,274	1·3	2·6	5·2	A. americana
306c	Sansevieria trifasciata Hort. ex Prain cv. Laurentii	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	—i	1·3	2·6	5·2	A. americana
306d	Sansevieria trifasciata Hort. ex Prain cv. Moonshine	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	1,274	1·3	2·6	5·2	A. americana
307b	Saururus cernuusb	Saururaceae	Piperales	BA	22	2	P	588	0·6	1·2	2·4	A. americana
308a	Scadoxus multiflorus Raf.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	43,316	44·2	88·4	176·8	A. americana
309b	Scilla mischtschenkoana Grossheim	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	12	2	P	24,500	25·0	50·0	100·0	A. americana
310a	Scilla monophyllos Link	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	7,252	7·4	14·8	29·6	A. stricta
311b	Scilla peruviana L.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	16	2	P	17,346	17·7	35·4	70·8	A. americana
312a	Scilla peruviana L.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	26,705	27·3	54·5	109·0	A. americana
313g	Scilla siberica A.H.Haworth	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	12	2	P	36,946	37·7	75·4	150·8	A. americana
313h	Scilla siberica A.H.Haworth cv. Alba	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	12	2	P	36,946	37·7	75·4	150·8	A. americana
314m	Secale cereale L.cv. Petkus Spring	Poaceae	Poales	M	14	2	A	7,595	7·8	15·5	31·0	A. americana
315a	Sedum suaveolens Kimnach	Crassulaceae	Saxifragales	E	—d	—d	P	8,918	9·1	18·2	36·4	A. stricta
316a	Senecio ‘Kilimanjaro’	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	4,998	5·1	10·2	20·4	A. americana
317a	Senecio abbreviatus S.Moore	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	5,880	6·0	12·0	24·0	A. americana
318a	Senecio aloides DC.	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	9,898	10·1	20·2	40·4	A. americana
319a	Senecio articulatus Sch.Bip.	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	2,842	2·9	5·8	11·6	A. americana
320a	Senecio cedrorum Raynal	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	4,704	4·8	9·6	19·2	A. americana
321a	Senecio cephalophorus (Compton) Jacobsen	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	14,896	15·2	30·4	60·8	A. americana
322a	Senecio citriformis Rowley	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	2,675	2·7	5·5	10·9	A. americana
323a	Senecio crassissimus Humbert	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	4,018	4·1	8·2	16·4	A. americana
324a	Senecio crassulaefolius Sch.Bip.	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	5,635	5·8	11·5	23·0	A. americana
325a	Senecio decaryi Humbert	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	4,802	4·9	9·8	19·6	A. americana
326a	Senecio fulgensb (small form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	4,165	4·3	8·5	17·0	A. americana
326b	Senecio fulgensb (large form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	4,263	4·4	8·7	17·4	A. americana
327a	Senecio hallianus Rowley (large form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	6,468	6·6	13·2	26·4	A. americana
327b	Senecio hallianus Rowley (small form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	6,615	6·8	13·5	27·0	A. americana
328a	Senecio hebdingiib	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	12,642	12·9	25·8	51·6	A. americana
329a	Senecio herreianus Dinter (small form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	4,508	4·6	9·2	18·4	A. americana
330a	Senecio herreianus Dinter (large form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	7,889	8·1	16·1	32·2	Clivia
330b	Senecio herreianus Dinter (variegated)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	4,900	5·0	10·0	20·0	A. americana
331a	Senecio implexus Bally	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	4,459	4·6	9·1	18·2	A. americana
332a	Senecio jacobsenii Rowley (compact form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	12,005	12·3	24·5	49·0	A. americana
332b	Senecio jacobsenii Rowley	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	12,495	12·8	25·5	51·0	A. americana
333a	Senecio kleinia Less.	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	6,958	7·1	14·2	28·4	Clivia
334a	Senecio kleiniiformis Suesseng.	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	2,597	2·7	5·3	10·6	A. americana
335a	Senecio kleiniiformis Suesseng (small form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	9,457	9·7	19·3	38·6	A. americana
336a	Senecio macroglossus DC.	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	4,116	4·2	8·4	16·8	A. americana
337a	Senecio mweroensis ssp. leptophyllus Baker	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	9,751	10·0	19·9	39·8	A. americana
338a	Senecio mweroensis ssp. saginatus Baker	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	19,306	19·7	39·4	78·8	A. americana
339a	Senecio nyikensis var. hildebrandtii Baker	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	3,626	3·7	7·4	14·8	A. americana
340a	Senecio nyikensis var. nyikensis Baker	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	18,914	19·3	38·6	77·2	A. americana
341a	Senecio oxyriifoliusb	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	9,653	9·9	19·7	39·4	A. americana
342a	Senecio pendulusb	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	9,506	9·7	19·4	38·8	A. americana
343a	Senecio pendulusb(large form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	25,627	26·2	52·3	104·6	A. americana
344a	Senecio picticaulis Bally	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	11,074	11·3	22·6	45·2	A. americana
345a	Senecio radicans Sch.Bip. (large form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	2,744	2·8	5·6	11·2	A. americana
346a	Senecio radicans Sch.Bip. (small form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	4,900	5·0	10·0	20·0	A. americana
347a	Senecio rowleyanus var. variegata	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	2,646	2·7	5·4	10·8	A. americana
347b	Senecio rowleyanusb	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	2,793	2·9	5·7	11·4	A. americana
348a	Senecio sempervivus ssp. grantii Sch.Bip. (large form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	13,671	14·0	27·9	55·8	A. americana
348b	Senecio sempervivus ssp. grantii Sch.Bip. (small form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	14,406	14·7	29·4	58·8	A. americana
348c	Senecio sempervivus ssp. grantii Sch.Bip. (intermediate form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	14,749	15·1	30·1	60·2	A. americana
348d	Senecio sempervivus ssp. sempervivus Sch.Bip. (large form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	11,221	11·5	22·9	45·8	A. americana
348e	Senecio sempervivus ssp. sempervivus Sch.Bip. (small form)	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	11,123	11·4	22·7	45·4	A. americana
349a	Senecio stapeliaeformis Phillips	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	10,045	10·3	20·5	41·0	A. americana
349b	Senecio stapeliaeformis Phillips var. minor	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	10,192	10·4	20·8	41·6	A. americana
350a	Senecio stapeliaeformis × implexusb	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	12,642	12·9	25·8	51·6	A. americana
351d	Senecio vulgaris L.	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	40	4	A	1,715	1·8	3·5	7·0	A. stricta
352a	Senecio × abbreviatusb	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	6,566	6·7	13·4	26·8	A. americana
353a	Senecio × cephalophorusb	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	15,533	15·9	31·7	63·4	A. americana
354a	Senecio × peregrinusb	Asteraceae	Asterales	E	—d	—d	P	2,695	2·8	5·5	11·0	A. americana
355e	Silene latifoliab	Caryophyllaceae	Caryophyllales	E	24	2	AP	2,793	2·9	5·7	11·4	A. americana
356a	Silene rubrab	Caryophyllaceae	Caryophyllales	E	—d	—d	—e	2,793	2·9	5·7	11·4	A. americana
357b	Sisyrinchium bermudianum L.	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,141	3·2	6·4	12·8	A. americana
358b	Skimmia japonica (female)b	Rutaceae	Sapindales	E	30	—d	P	2,499	2·6	5·1	10·2	A. americana
358c	Skimmia japonica (male)b cv. Rubella	Rutaceae	Sapindales	E	31	—d	P	2,597	2·7	5·3	10·6	A. americana
359a	Skimmia reevesiana R.Fortune	Rutaceae	Sapindales	E	30	2	P	5,684	5·8	11·6	23·2	A. americana
360a	Spathiphyllum cv. Cupido	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	6,909	7·1	14·1	28·2	A. stricta
361a	Spathiphyllum cv. Macho	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	9,849	10·1	20·1	40·2	A. stricta
362a	Stapelia grandiflorab	Apocynaceae	Gentianales	E	—d	—d	P	2,259	2·3	4·6	9·2	A. americana
363a	Stratiotes aloides L.	Hydrocharitaceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	4,851	5·0	9·9	19·8	A. americana
364a	Tamarix tetrandrab	Tamaricaceae	Caryophyllales	E	—d	—d	P	1,519	1·6	3·1	6·2	A. americana
365a	Tecophilaea cyanocrocus var. violacea Leyb.	Tecophilaeaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	2,210	2·3	4·5	9·0	A. americana
366a	Tigridia pavonia?b	Iridaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	4,263	4·4	8·7	17·4	A. americana
366b	Tecophilaea cyanocrocus var. leichtlinii Leyb.	Tecophilaeaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	2,210	2·3	4·5	9·0	A. americana
367a	Tillandsia cyaneab	Bromeliaceae	Poales	M	—d	—d	P	1,083	1·1	2·2	4·4	A. stricta
368a	Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.	Bromeliaceae	Poales	M	—d	—d	P	1,235	1·3	2·5	5·0	A. stricta
369a	Tradescantia dracaenoides (C.B.Clarke ex DC.) Greenm.	Commelinaceae	Commelinales	M	—d	—d	P	11,613	11·9	23·7	47·4	A. americana
370b	Tradescantia fluminensis Vell cv. Maiden Blush.	Commelinaceae	Commelinales	M	—d	—d	P	9,408	9·6	19·2	38·4	A. stricta
371a	Tradescantia navicularis Ortgies	Commelinaceae	Commelinales	M	—d	—d	P	28,861	29·5	58·9	117·8	A. americana
372b	Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R.Hunt	Commelinaceae	Commelinales	M	24	4	P	24,892	25·4	50·8	101·6	A. americana
373b	Tradescantia sillamontana Matuda	Commelinaceae	Commelinales	M	24	4	P	17,052	17·4	34·8	69·6	A. americana
374a	Tradescantia spathacea Sw.	Commelinaceae	Commelinales	M	—d	—d	P	7,595	7·8	15·5	31·0	A. stricta
375e	Tradescantia virginiana L.	Commelinaceae	Commelinales	M	24	4	P	40,915	41·8	83·5	167·0	A. americana
376a	Tradescantia zebrina Hort. ex Loud.	Commelinaceae	Commelinales	M	—d	—d	P	17,689	18·1	36·1	72·2	A. americana
377a	Tricyrtis hirta Hook.f.	Liliaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	4,655	4·8	9·5	19·0	A. americana
378a	Trillium apetalon Makino	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	93,100	95·0	190·0	380·0	Clivia
379a	Trillium cernuumb	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	55,615	56·8	113·5	227·0	Clivia
380a	Trillium chloropetalum (Torr.) Howell	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	57,722	58·9	117·8	235·6	Clivia
381a	Trillium cuneatum Raf.	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	56,693	57·9	115·7	231·4	Clivia
382a	Trillium decipiens J.D.Freeman	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	57,575	58·8	117·5	235·0	Clivia
382b	Trillium decipiens J.D.Freeman	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	59,927	61·2	122·3	244·6	Clivia
383c	Trillium erectum L.	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	56,301	57·5	114·9	229·8	Clivia
384a	Trillium luteum Harbison	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	56,007	57·2	114·3	228·6	Clivia
385a	Trillium recurvatum Beck	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	56,252	57·4	114·8	229·6	Clivia
386a	Trillium reliquum J.D.Freeman	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	56,987	58·2	116·3	232·6	Clivia
386b	Trillium reliquum J.D.Freeman	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	60,613	61·9	123·7	247·4	Clivia
387a	Trillium rivale S.Watson	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	43,953	44·9	89·7	179·4	Clivia
388a	Trillium smallii Maxim.	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	83,741	85·5	170·9	341·8	Clivia
389a	Trillium underwoodii Small	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	56,154	57·3	114·6	229·2	Clivia
389b	Trillium underwoodii Small	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	58,065	59·3	118·5	237·0	Clivia
389c	Trillium underwoodii Small	Melanthiaceae	Liliales	M	—d	—d	P	59,094	60·3	120·6	241·2	Clivia
390a	Triteleia laxa Benth (= Brodiaea laxa).	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	11,466	11·7	23·4	46·8	A. americana
391q	Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring	Poaceae	Poales	M	42	6	A	17,101	17·5	34·9	69·8	A. americana
392a	Trollius europaeusb cv. Orange King	Ranunculaceae	Ranunculales	E	—d	—d	P	4,327	4·4	8·8	17·7	A. americana
393a	Tuberaria guttatab (from Kew, UK)	Cistaceae	Malvales	E	—d	—d	A	3,538	3·6	7·2	14·4	A. americana
393b	Tuberaria guttatab (from Ireland)	Cistaceae	Malvales	E	—d	—d	A	3,675	3·8	7·5	15·0	A. americana
393c	Tuberaria guttatab (from Utrecht, The Netherlands)	Cistaceae	Malvales	E	—d	—d	A	3,724	3·8	7·6	15·2	A. americana
393d	Tuberaria guttatab (from Spain)	Cistaceae	Malvales	E	—d	—d	A	3,778	3·9	7·7	15·4	A. americana
393e	Tuberaria guttatab (from Coimbra, Portugal)	Cistaceae	Malvales	E	—d	—d	A	4,606	4·7	9·4	18·8	A. americana
394a	Urginea maritima Baker (from Crete)	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	13,279	13·6	27·1	54·2	A. americana
394b	Urginea maritima Baker (from Benidorm, Spain)	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	60	6	P	19,747	20·2	40·3	80·6	A. americana
395a	Vanda coerulea Grif. ex Lindl.	Orchidaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	16,464	16·8	33·6	67·2	A. americana
396b	Vanilla planifoliab	Orchidaceae	Asparagales	M	32	2	P	7,595	7·8	15·5	31·0	A. americana
397a	Veltheimia bracteata Harv. ex Baker	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	9,996	10·2	20·4	40·8	A. americana
398a	Veltheimia capensis DC.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	10,731	11·0	21·9	43·8	A. americana
399u	Vicia faba L.	Fabaceae	Fabales	E	12	2	A	12,985	13·3	26·5	53·0	A. americana
400z	Vicia sativa var. nigra L.	Fabaceae	Fabales	E	12	2	A	1,911	2·0	3·9	7·8	A. americana
401a	Vinca majorb	Apocynaceae	Gentianales	E	—d	—d	P	2,058	2·1	4·2	8·4	A. americana
402a	Yucca elephantipesb	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	5,880	6·0	12·0	24·0	A. americana
403a	Yucca glaucab	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	2,597	2·7	5·3	10·6	A. americana
404a	Yucca gloriosa L.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	2,989	3·1	6·1	12·2	A. americana
405a	Yucca harrimaniae Trel. aff. nana	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	2,646	2·7	5·4	10·8	A. americana
405b	Yucca harrimaniae Trel.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	2,744	2·8	5·6	11·2	A. americana
406a	Yucca whipplei Torr.	Asparagaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	3,822	3·9	7·8	15·6	A. americana
407a	Zamioculcas zamiifolia Engl.	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	23,569	24·1	48·1	96·2	A. americana
408a	Zantedeschia aethiopica Spreng.	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	2,254	2·3	4·6	9·2	A. americana
409a	Zantedeschia albomaculata Baill.	Araceae	Alismatales	M	—d	—d	P	2,254	2·3	4·6	9·2	A. americana
410a	Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb.	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	18,620	19·0	38·0	76·0	A. americana
411a	Zephyranthes citrina Baker	Alliaceae	Asparagales	M	—d	—d	P	15,435	15·8	31·5	63·0	A. americana