Skip to main content
PMC home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1994 Mar 29;91(7):2384–2389. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.7.2384

Working parents: the impact of day care and breast-feeding on cytomegalovirus infections in offspring.

S Stagno 1, G A Cloud 1
PMCID: PMC43376  PMID: 8146127

Abstract

The increase in the popularity of breast feeding and utilization of child care arrangements are having a major effect on the epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infections. The impact is greater for women of upper socioeconomic background who send their toddlers to day-care centers and for day-care workers. If primary cytomegalovirus infections occur during pregnancy it is logical to anticipate more cases of severe congenital infections.

Full text

PDF
2385

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adler S. P. Cytomegalovirus and child day care. Evidence for an increased infection rate among day-care workers. N Engl J Med. 1989 Nov 9;321(19):1290–1296. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198911093211903. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Adler S. P. Cytomegalovirus transmission among children in day care, their mothers and caretakers. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988 Apr;7(4):279–285. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198804000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Adler S. P. Molecular epidemiology of cytomegalovirus: viral transmission among children attending a day care center, their parents, and caretakers. J Pediatr. 1988 Mar;112(3):366–372. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80314-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Adler S. P. The molecular epidemiology of cytomegalovirus transmission among children attending a day care center. J Infect Dis. 1985 Oct;152(4):760–768. doi: 10.1093/infdis/152.4.760. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Diosi P., Babusceac L., Nevinglovschi O., Kun-Stoicu G. Cytomegalovirus infection associated with pregnancy. Lancet. 1967 Nov 18;2(7525):1063–1066. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(67)90338-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dworsky M. E., Welch K., Cassady G., Stagno S. Occupational risk for primary cytomegalovirus infection among pediatric health-care workers. N Engl J Med. 1983 Oct 20;309(16):950–953. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198310203091604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dworsky M., Lakeman A., Stagno S. Cytomegalovirus transmission within a family. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1984 May-Jun;3(3):236–238. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198405000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dworsky M., Yow M., Stagno S., Pass R. F., Alford C. Cytomegalovirus infection of breast milk and transmission in infancy. Pediatrics. 1983 Sep;72(3):295–299. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Fowler K. B., Stagno S., Pass R. F., Britt W. J., Boll T. J., Alford C. A. The outcome of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in relation to maternal antibody status. N Engl J Med. 1992 Mar 5;326(10):663–667. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199203053261003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Grillner L., Strangert K. Restriction endonuclease analysis of cytomegalovirus DNA from strains isolated in day care centers. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1986 Mar-Apr;5(2):184–187. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198603000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hayes K., Danks D. M., Gibas H., Jack I. Cytomegalovirus in human milk. N Engl J Med. 1972 Jul 27;287(4):177–178. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197207272870407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hutto C., Little E. A., Ricks R., Lee J. D., Pass R. F. Isolation of cytomegalovirus from toys and hands in a day care center. J Infect Dis. 1986 Sep;154(3):527–530. doi: 10.1093/infdis/154.3.527. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Hutto C., Ricks R., Garvie M., Pass R. F. Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infections in young children: day care vs. home care. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985 Mar-Apr;4(2):149–152. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198503000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Jones L. A., Duke-Duncan P. M., Yeager A. S. Cytomegaloviral infections in infant-toddler centers: centers for the developmentally delayed versus regular day care. J Infect Dis. 1985 May;151(5):953–955. doi: 10.1093/infdis/151.5.953. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Lang D. J., Garruto R. M., Gajdusek D. C. Early acquisition of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus antibody in several isolated Melanesian populations. Am J Epidemiol. 1977 May;105(5):480–487. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Murph J. R., Bale J. F., Jr, Murray J. C., Stinski M. F., Perlman S. Cytomegalovirus transmission in a Midwest day care center: possible relationship to child care practices. J Pediatr. 1986 Jul;109(1):35–39. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(86)80568-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Pass R. F., August A. M., Dworsky M., Reynolds D. W. Cytomegalovirus infection in day-care center. N Engl J Med. 1982 Aug 19;307(8):477–479. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198208193070804. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Pass R. F., Hutto C. Group day care and cytomegaloviral infections of mothers and children. Rev Infect Dis. 1986 Jul-Aug;8(4):599–605. doi: 10.1093/clinids/8.4.599. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Pass R. F., Hutto C., Ricks R., Cloud G. A. Increased rate of cytomegalovirus infection among parents of children attending day-care centers. N Engl J Med. 1986 May 29;314(22):1414–1418. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198605293142204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Pass R. F., Little E. A., Stagno S., Britt W. J., Alford C. A. Young children as a probable source of maternal and congenital cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med. 1987 May 28;316(22):1366–1370. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198705283162203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Sarov B., Naggan L., Rosenzveig R., Katz S., Haikin H., Sarov I. Prevalence of antibodies to human cytomegalovirus in urban, kibbutz, and Bedouin children in southern Israel. J Med Virol. 1982;10(3):195–201. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890100305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Schupfer P. C., Murph J. R., Bale J. F., Jr Survival of cytomegalovirus in paper diapers and saliva. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1986 Nov-Dec;5(6):677–679. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198611000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Spector S. A., Spector D. H. Molecular epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infections in premature twin infants and their mother. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1982 Nov-Dec;1(6):405–409. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198211000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Stagno S., Reynolds D. W., Pass R. F., Alford C. A. Breast milk and the risk of cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med. 1980 May 8;302(19):1073–1076. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198005083021908. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Strangert K., Carlström G., Jeansson S., Nord C. E. Infections in preschool children in group day care. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1976 Jul;65(4):455–463. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1976.tb04914.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Taber L. H., Frank A. L., Yow M. D., Bagley A. Acquisition of cytomegaloviral infections in families with young children: a serological study. J Infect Dis. 1985 May;151(5):948–952. doi: 10.1093/infdis/151.5.948. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Weller T. H. The cytomegaloviruses: ubiquitous agents with protean clinical manifestations. I. N Engl J Med. 1971 Jul 22;285(4):203–214. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197107222850406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Yeager A. S. Transmission of cytomegalovirus to mothers by infected infants: another reason to prevent transfusion-acquired infections. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1983 Jul-Aug;2(4):295–297. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198307000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES