Skip to main content
PMC home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1994 Apr 12;91(8):3443–3447. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.8.3443

C3G, a guanine nucleotide-releasing protein expressed ubiquitously, binds to the Src homology 3 domains of CRK and GRB2/ASH proteins.

S Tanaka 1, T Morishita 1, Y Hashimoto 1, S Hattori 1, S Nakamura 1, M Shibuya 1, K Matuoka 1, T Takenawa 1, T Kurata 1, K Nagashima 1, et al.
PMCID: PMC43593  PMID: 7512734

Abstract

CRK protein, together with GRB2/ASH and Nck proteins, belongs to the adaptor-type Src homology (SH)2-containing molecules, which transduce signals from tyrosine kinases. Here another guanine nucleotide-releasing protein (GNRP), C3G, has been identified as a CRK SH3-binding protein. The nucleotide sequence of a 4.1-kb C3G cDNA contains a 3.2-kb open reading frame encoding a 121-kDa protein, and antibodies against C3G have been shown to detect a protein of 130-140 kDa. The carboxyl terminus of C3G has a peptide sequence homologous to GNRPs for Ras, and the expression of this carboxyl terminus region suppresses the loss of CDC25 function in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The C3G protein expressed in Escherichia coli binds to CRK and GRB2/ASH proteins. Mutational analysis of C3G assigns the SH3 binding region to a 50-amino acid region containing a proline-rich sequence. The mRNAs of both the C3G and CRK proteins are expressed ubiquitously in human adult and fetal tissues. The results of these studies suggest that the complex of CRK and C3G, or GRB2/ASH and C3G, may transduce the signals from tyrosine kinases to Ras in a number of different tissues.

Full text

PDF
3447

Images in this article

3445Image
on p.3445
3445Image
on p.3445
3445Image
on p.3445
3446Image
on p.3446
3446Image
on p.3446
3447Image
on p.3447

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Baltensperger K., Kozma L. M., Cherniack A. D., Klarlund J. K., Chawla A., Banerjee U., Czech M. P. Binding of the Ras activator son of sevenless to insulin receptor substrate-1 signaling complexes. Science. 1993 Jun 25;260(5116):1950–1952. doi: 10.1126/science.8391166. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bonfini L., Karlovich C. A., Dasgupta C., Banerjee U. The Son of sevenless gene product: a putative activator of Ras. Science. 1992 Jan 31;255(5044):603–606. doi: 10.1126/science.1736363. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bowtell D., Fu P., Simon M., Senior P. Identification of murine homologues of the Drosophila son of sevenless gene: potential activators of ras. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jul 15;89(14):6511–6515. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.14.6511. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Buday L., Downward J. Epidermal growth factor regulates p21ras through the formation of a complex of receptor, Grb2 adapter protein, and Sos nucleotide exchange factor. Cell. 1993 May 7;73(3):611–620. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90146-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Camonis J. H., Kalékine M., Gondré B., Garreau H., Boy-Marcotte E., Jacquet M. Characterization, cloning and sequence analysis of the CDC25 gene which controls the cyclic AMP level of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 1986 Feb;5(2):375–380. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04222.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Chardin P., Camonis J. H., Gale N. W., van Aelst L., Schlessinger J., Wigler M. H., Bar-Sagi D. Human Sos1: a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras that binds to GRB2. Science. 1993 May 28;260(5112):1338–1343. doi: 10.1126/science.8493579. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Chou M. M., Fajardo J. E., Hanafusa H. The SH2- and SH3-containing Nck protein transforms mammalian fibroblasts in the absence of elevated phosphotyrosine levels. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Dec;12(12):5834–5842. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.12.5834. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Clark S. G., Stern M. J., Horvitz H. R. C. elegans cell-signalling gene sem-5 encodes a protein with SH2 and SH3 domains. Nature. 1992 Mar 26;356(6367):340–344. doi: 10.1038/356340a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Créchet J. B., Poullet P., Mistou M. Y., Parmeggiani A., Camonis J., Boy-Marcotte E., Damak F., Jacquet M. Enhancement of the GDP-GTP exchange of RAS proteins by the carboxyl-terminal domain of SCD25. Science. 1990 May 18;248(4957):866–868. doi: 10.1126/science.2188363. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Downward J. Signal transduction. Exchange rate mechanisms. Nature. 1992 Jul 23;358(6384):282–283. doi: 10.1038/358282a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Egan S. E., Giddings B. W., Brooks M. W., Buday L., Sizeland A. M., Weinberg R. A. Association of Sos Ras exchange protein with Grb2 is implicated in tyrosine kinase signal transduction and transformation. Nature. 1993 May 6;363(6424):45–51. doi: 10.1038/363045a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Feig L. A. The many roads that lead to Ras. Science. 1993 May 7;260(5109):767–768. doi: 10.1126/science.8484117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gale N. W., Kaplan S., Lowenstein E. J., Schlessinger J., Bar-Sagi D. Grb2 mediates the EGF-dependent activation of guanine nucleotide exchange on Ras. Nature. 1993 May 6;363(6424):88–92. doi: 10.1038/363088a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Jones S., Vignais M. L., Broach J. R. The CDC25 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae promotes exchange of guanine nucleotides bound to ras. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 May;11(5):2641–2646. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.5.2641. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kozak M. An analysis of vertebrate mRNA sequences: intimations of translational control. J Cell Biol. 1991 Nov;115(4):887–903. doi: 10.1083/jcb.115.4.887. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Lai C. C., Boguski M., Broek D., Powers S. Influence of guanine nucleotides on complex formation between Ras and CDC25 proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Mar;13(3):1345–1352. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.3.1345. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Li N., Batzer A., Daly R., Yajnik V., Skolnik E., Chardin P., Bar-Sagi D., Margolis B., Schlessinger J. Guanine-nucleotide-releasing factor hSos1 binds to Grb2 and links receptor tyrosine kinases to Ras signalling. Nature. 1993 May 6;363(6424):85–88. doi: 10.1038/363085a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Lowenstein E. J., Daly R. J., Batzer A. G., Li W., Margolis B., Lammers R., Ullrich A., Skolnik E. Y., Bar-Sagi D., Schlessinger J. The SH2 and SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 links receptor tyrosine kinases to ras signaling. Cell. 1992 Aug 7;70(3):431–442. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90167-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Matsuda M., Tanaka S., Nagata S., Kojima A., Kurata T., Shibuya M. Two species of human CRK cDNA encode proteins with distinct biological activities. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Aug;12(8):3482–3489. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.8.3482. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Matuoka K., Shibata M., Yamakawa A., Takenawa T. Cloning of ASH, a ubiquitous protein composed of one Src homology region (SH) 2 and two SH3 domains, from human and rat cDNA libraries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Oct 1;89(19):9015–9019. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.19.9015. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Mayer B. J., Baltimore D. Signalling through SH2 and SH3 domains. Trends Cell Biol. 1993 Jan;3(1):8–13. doi: 10.1016/0962-8924(93)90194-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Mayer B. J., Hamaguchi M., Hanafusa H. A novel viral oncogene with structural similarity to phospholipase C. Nature. 1988 Mar 17;332(6161):272–275. doi: 10.1038/332272a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Mitsuzawa H., Uno I., Oshima T., Ishikawa T. Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive mutations in the RAS2 and CYR1 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1989 Dec;123(4):739–748. doi: 10.1093/genetics/123.4.739. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Olivier J. P., Raabe T., Henkemeyer M., Dickson B., Mbamalu G., Margolis B., Schlessinger J., Hafen E., Pawson T. A Drosophila SH2-SH3 adaptor protein implicated in coupling the sevenless tyrosine kinase to an activator of Ras guanine nucleotide exchange, Sos. Cell. 1993 Apr 9;73(1):179–191. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90170-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Pawson T., Gish G. D. SH2 and SH3 domains: from structure to function. Cell. 1992 Oct 30;71(3):359–362. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90504-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Reichman C. T., Mayer B. J., Keshav S., Hanafusa H. The product of the cellular crk gene consists primarily of SH2 and SH3 regions. Cell Growth Differ. 1992 Jul;3(7):451–460. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Ren R., Mayer B. J., Cicchetti P., Baltimore D. Identification of a ten-amino acid proline-rich SH3 binding site. Science. 1993 Feb 19;259(5098):1157–1161. doi: 10.1126/science.8438166. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Rozakis-Adcock M., Fernley R., Wade J., Pawson T., Bowtell D. The SH2 and SH3 domains of mammalian Grb2 couple the EGF receptor to the Ras activator mSos1. Nature. 1993 May 6;363(6424):83–85. doi: 10.1038/363083a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Simon M. A., Dodson G. S., Rubin G. M. An SH3-SH2-SH3 protein is required for p21Ras1 activation and binds to sevenless and Sos proteins in vitro. Cell. 1993 Apr 9;73(1):169–177. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90169-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Skolnik E. Y., Batzer A., Li N., Lee C. H., Lowenstein E., Mohammadi M., Margolis B., Schlessinger J. The function of GRB2 in linking the insulin receptor to Ras signaling pathways. Science. 1993 Jun 25;260(5116):1953–1955. doi: 10.1126/science.8316835. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Skolnik E. Y., Lee C. H., Batzer A., Vicentini L. M., Zhou M., Daly R., Myers M. J., Jr, Backer J. M., Ullrich A., White M. F. The SH2/SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 interacts with tyrosine-phosphorylated IRS1 and Shc: implications for insulin control of ras signalling. EMBO J. 1993 May;12(5):1929–1936. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05842.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Songyang Z., Shoelson S. E., Chaudhuri M., Gish G., Pawson T., Haser W. G., King F., Roberts T., Ratnofsky S., Lechleider R. J. SH2 domains recognize specific phosphopeptide sequences. Cell. 1993 Mar 12;72(5):767–778. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90404-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Tanaka K., Nakafuku M., Tamanoi F., Kaziro Y., Matsumoto K., Toh-e A. IRA2, a second gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encodes a protein with a domain homologous to mammalian ras GTPase-activating protein. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Aug;10(8):4303–4313. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.8.4303. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Tanaka K., Wood D. R., Lin B. K., Khalil M., Tamanoi F., Cannon J. F. A dominant activating mutation in the effector region of RAS abolishes IRA2 sensitivity. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Feb;12(2):631–637. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.2.631. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Tanaka S., Hattori S., Kurata T., Nagashima K., Fukui Y., Nakamura S., Matsuda M. Both the SH2 and SH3 domains of human CRK protein are required for neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jul;13(7):4409–4415. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.7.4409. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Ullrich A., Schlessinger J. Signal transduction by receptors with tyrosine kinase activity. Cell. 1990 Apr 20;61(2):203–212. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90801-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES