Abstract
[Purpose] This study applied proprioceptive circuit exercise to patients with degenerative knee osteoarthritis and examined its effects on knee joint muscle function and the level of pain. [Subjects] In this study, 14 patients with knee osteoarthritis in two groups, a proprioceptive circuit exercise group (n = 7) and control group (n = 7), were examined. [Methods] IsoMed 2000 (D&R Ferstl GmbH, Hemau, Germany) was used to assess knee joint muscle function, and a Visual Analog Scale was used to measure pain level. [Results] In the proprioceptive circuit exercise group, knee joint muscle function and pain levels improved significantly, whereas in the control group, no significant improvement was observed. [Conclusion] A proprioceptive circuit exercise may be an effective way to strengthen knee joint muscle function and reduce pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
Key words: Proprioceptive circuit exercise, Muscle function, Pain
INTRODUCTION
Osteoarthritis (OA), also known as degenerative arthritis, is most common in the knee joint and steadily advances the degradation of the joint cartilage. It is a chronic illness common to the joints of the low back, hip, and knee that mostly affects middle-aged people and the elderly1). For patients with knee osteoarthritis, exercise is the most common and effective therapy for enhancing knee function and reducing pain; it is also more cost-effective than other types of medical interventions. However, its mechanism is not fully understood2,3,4,5). A proprioceptive exercise is based on the notion that when a patient performs balance-keeping exercises on unstable surfaces, proprioception responses occur first among those generated by the somatic senses. These responses allow compensatory adjustments in the lengths of various muscles, their tension levels, and the position of the joints to facilitate joint movements6). Proprioceptive training improves knee functions in osteoarthritis patients, and quadriceps muscle strengthening is known to mitigate the symptoms of knee osteoarthritis and improve knee function7). Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation of the afflicted area is closely related to deteriorated mobility and pain, and restoring proprioceptive neuromuscular function is essential during the final stage of a rehabilitation program8). A circuit exercise applies the concept of circuit training to resistance exercise. The advantages of a circuit exercise are reduced muscle fatigue, which is generally observed during resistance exercise, and improved exercise efficiency by minimization of the recovery time between exercise sets9). Against this background, this study designed and applied a proprioceptive circuit exercise to patients with knee osteoarthritis to analyze the impact of the exercise program on knee muscle function and the associated pain.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
This study included 14 female patients, ≥60 years old, who demonstrated both clinical and radiological evidence of knee osteoarthritis, as described by the American Rheumatism Association10). The patients in the proprioceptive circuit exercise group (PCEG) were 65.7 ± 3.5 years old and had an average height of 152.4 ± 5.1 cm and an average weight of 64.7 ± 2.3 kg. In the control group (CONG: not the intervention group), the average age was 65.1 ± 2.9 years, with an average height and weight of 153.1 ± 4.5 cm and 60.6 ± 7.69 kg, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in physical characteristics between the two groups (p<0.05). The proprioceptive circuit exercise program (20 min/session) lasted for eight weeks. The subjects participated in the exercise program three times a week. Three sets (10 times/set) of the proprioceptive circuit exercise per session were performed. The detailed exercise program consisted of repetition of walking in place and four different types of proprioceptive circuit exercise, including half squat, straight lunge, side lunge, and one-legged balance exercise, on a Jumper (TOGU, Germany) and Aero-step (TOGU, Germany). For those participants who were unable to perform exercise properly due to loss of balance on the equipment, an exercise instructor held the participants’ hands until the end of each exercise. IseMed 2000 (D&R Ferstl GmbH, Hemau, Germany) was used to measure knee joint isokinetic strength. A Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to measure the extent of pain. The data was analyzed by using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM SPSS., Armonk, NY, USA), and the results from both groups were compared before and after the program. The comparisons were made using paired t-tests (p<0.05). All the subjects understood the purpose of this study and provided their written informed consent prior to participation in the study in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.
RESULTS
In the PCEG, knee joint muscle function showed significant improvement in all examined areas (p<0.05), whereas in the CONG, no significant improvement was observed (Table 1). As for changes in the level of pain, significant improvements were observed in the PCEG (p< 0.05) but not in the CONG (Table 2).
Table 1. Comparison of knee joint peak torque in each group.
| Group | Muscle strength | Before (mean ± SD) Nm | After (mean ± SD) Nm |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCEG | RKF* | 24.3 ± 8.6 | 37.7 ± 13.2 |
| RKE* | 57.1 ± 23.6 | 68.3 ± 26.0 | |
| LKF* | 21.9 ± 9.7 | 30.3 ± 8.8 | |
| LKE* | 63.3 ± 19.5 | 71.0 ± 24.0 | |
| CG | RKF | 28.0 ± 8.0 | 37.6 ± 12.4 |
| RKE | 51.1 ± 10.4 | 40.9 ± 18.4 | |
| LKF | 23.7 ± 7.6 | 29.4 ± 10.7 | |
| LKE | 44.7 ± 11.0 | 44.4 ± 17.0 |
*p < 0.05. PCEG: proprioceptive circuit exercise group; CG: control group; RKF: right knee flexion; RKE: right knee extension; LKF: left knee flexion; LKE: left knee extension
Table 2. Visual Analog Scale pain measurement in each group.
| Group | Before (mean ± SD) | After (mean ± SD) |
|---|---|---|
| PCEG* | 6.6 ± 1.6 | 3.1 ± 1.1 |
| CONG | 6.9 ± 1.6 | 7.1 ± 1.4 |
*p <0 .05. PCEG: proprioceptive circuit exercise group
DISCUSSION
Patients with degenerative knee osteoarthritis show reduced quadriceps strength and a decline in proprioception and balance2, 3). Reduced proprioception in patients with osteoarthritis weakens their thigh muscle strength and could limit their walking ability and dynamic balance11). Also, joint pain may have harmful effects on muscle function (muscle strength and activation) and senses (proprioception and balance)5). Therefore, an exercise program was designed to strengthen the thigh muscles, enhance proprioception, and reduce pain in patients with degenerative osteoarthritis. This study showed increased knee joint muscle function and decreased pain in the group that underwent proprioceptive circuit exercise training (p<0.05). A combined application of proprioceptive circuit muscle strengthening exercise and proprioceptive exercise is more effective than a single muscle strengthening training program in terms of improving joint stability11). The 8-week proprioceptive circuit exercise improved postural sway and isokinetic strength, leading to improved ankle joint stability12). Also, combining resistance and proprioceptive training resulted in greater muscle hypertrophy, supporting an improved knee joint muscle function outcome13). Diminished knee joint proprioception is highly correlated with the level of pain14), and the interaction between proprioception and muscle strength is closely related to functional body movements15). Also, exercise on an unstable surface might be helpful for improving the muscle strength and alignment of lower extremities as well as for improving physical function related to the knee joint16). This indicates that application of proprioceptive circuit exercise improves proprioception and knee joint muscle function, thereby reducing patient pain. Additionally, pain causes reflex arthrogenous muscle inhibition, reduces activation of the thigh quadriceps, and weakens the quadriceps5). Therefore, strengthening knee joint muscle function likely helps reduce pain. This study showed that proprioceptive circuit exercise in patients with degenerative knee osteoarthritis can be an effective way of strengthening knee joint muscle function and reducing pain. The results are expected to provide a useful basis for future efforts to enhance knee joint functions and improve pain control in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Namseoul University Research Grants in 2015.
REFERENCES
- 1.Bijlsma JW, Knahr K: Strategies for the prevention and management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 2007, 21: 59–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Latham N, Liu CJ: Strength training in older adults: the benefits for osteoarthritis. Clin Geriatr Med, 2010, 26: 445–459. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Korean Knee Society Subcommittee on Osteoarthritis Guidelines: guidelines for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. J Korean Knee Soc, 2010, 22: 69–74. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Burrows NJ, Booth J, Sturnieks DL, et al. : Acute resistance exercise and pressure pain sensitivity in knee osteoarthritis: a randomised crossover trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2014, 22: 407–414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Hassan BS, Doherty SA, Mockett S, et al. : Effect of pain reduction on postural sway, proprioception, and quadriceps strength in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2002, 61: 422–428. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Pinto D, Robertson MC, Abbott JH, et al. MOA Trial Team: Manual therapy, exercise therapy, or both, in addition to usual care, for osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. 2: economic evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2013, 21: 1504–1513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Horak FB, MacPherson JM: Postural orientation and equilibrium. In: J. Shepard & JL.Rowell (Eds.), Handbook of physiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp 252–292. [Google Scholar]
- 8.Knobloch K, Martin-Schmitt S, Gösling T, et al. : [Prospective proprioceptive and coordinative training for injury reduction in elite female soccer]. Sportverletz Sportschaden, 2005, 19: 123–129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Gordon NF, Kohi HW, Villegas JA: Effect of rest interval duration on cardiorespiratory responses to hydraulic resistance circuit training. J Cardiopulm Rehabil, 1989, 9: 325–330. [Google Scholar]
- 10.Altman R, Asch E, Bloch D, et al. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Association: Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum, 1986, 29: 1039–1049. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.van der Esch M, Steultjens M, Harlaar J, et al. : Joint proprioception, muscle strength, and functional ability in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum, 2007, 57: 787–793. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Kim KJ, Kim YE, Jun HJ, et al. : Which treatment is more effective for functional ankle instability: strengthening or combined muscle strengthening and proprioceptive exercises? J Phys Ther Sci, 2014, 26: 385–388. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Romero-Franco N, Martínez-Amat A, Hita-Contreras F, et al. : Short-term effects of a proprioceptive training session with unstable platforms on the monopodal stabilometry of athletes. J Phys Ther Sci, 2014, 26: 45–51. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Kramer M, Hohl K, Bockholt U, et al. : Training effects of combined resistance and proprioceptive neck muscle exercising. J Back Musculoskeletal Rehabil, 2013, 26: 189–197. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Felson DT, Gross KD, Nevitt MC, et al. : The effects of impaired joint position sense on the development and progression of pain and structural damage in knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum, 2009, 61: 1070–1076. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Nam CW, Kim K, Lee HY: The influence of exercise on an unstable surface on the physical function and muscle strength of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Phys Ther Sci, 2014, 26: 1609–1612. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]