Skip to main content
PMC home page
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
. 1971 Sep;26(5):493–533. doi: 10.1136/thx.26.5.493

Laryngotracheal obstruction complicating tracheostomy or endotracheal intubation with assisted respiration. A critical review.

H R Harley
PMCID: PMC472338  PMID: 4943954

Full text

PDF
496

Images in this article

493Image
on p.493
495Image
on p.495
496Image
on p.496
503Image
on p.503
503Image
on p.503
504Image
on p.504
504Image
on p.504
505Image
on p.505
505Image
on p.505
506Image
on p.506
513Image
on p.513

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ABBEY P. Laryngostomy in acute laryngeal obstruction. Lancet. 1960 Mar 12;1(7124):573–573. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(60)92778-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. ABOULKER P., LISSAC J., SAINT-PAUL O. [On several respiratory accidents due to stricture of the laryngotracheal lumen following tracheotomy]. Acta Chir Belg. 1960 Jun;59:553–562. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. AGERHOLM M., SALT R. H. TRACHEOSTOMY ADAPTERS FOR PATIENTS WITH SEVERE RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS WHO DEPEND ON INTERMITTENT POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION. Lancet. 1965 Feb 27;1(7383):468–469. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(65)91597-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. ARDRAN G. M., CAUST L. J. DELAYED DECANNULATION AFTER TRACHEOSTOMY IN INFANTS. J Laryngol Otol. 1963 Jul;77:555–566. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100061016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. ATKINS J. P. Current utilization of tracheotomy as a therapeutic measure. A review of the literature and an analysis of 526 cases. Laryngoscope. 1960 Dec;70:1672–1690. doi: 10.1288/00005537-196012000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Abbott T. R. Complications of prolonged nasotracheal intubation in children. Br J Anaesth. 1968 May;40(5):347–353. doi: 10.1093/bja/40.5.347. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Aberdeen E. Mechanical pulmonary ventilation in infants. Tracheostomy and tracheostomy care in infants. Proc R Soc Med. 1965 Nov;58(11 Pt 1):900–902. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Allen T. H., Steven I. M. Prolonged endotracheal intubation in infants and children. Br J Anaesth. 1965 Aug;37(8):566–573. doi: 10.1093/bja/37.8.566. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. BARCLAY R. S., McSWAN N., WELSH T. M. Tracheal reconstruction without the use of grafts. Thorax. 1957 Sep;12(3):177–180. doi: 10.1136/thx.12.3.177. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. BEAVER R. A. The design and application of positive pressure respirators. Postgrad Med J. 1961 Jan;37:22–25. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.37.423.22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. BEECKMANS J. M. THE DEPOSITION OF AEROSOLS IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT. I. MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1965 Jan;43:157–172. doi: 10.1139/y65-015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. BELSEY R. Resection and reconstruction of the intrathoracic trachea. Br J Surg. 1950 Oct;38(150):200–205. doi: 10.1002/bjs.18003815008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. BINNS P. M. TRACHEAL STENOSIS FOLLOWING TRACHEOTOMY. J Laryngol Otol. 1964 Mar;78:292–295. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100062101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. BISHOP C., ROPER W. A., WILLIAMS S. R. The use of an absolute filter to sterilize the inspiratory air during intermittent positive pressure respiration. Br J Anaesth. 1963 Jan;35:32–34. doi: 10.1093/bja/35.1.32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. BJORK V. O. Partial resection of the only remaining lung with the aid of respirator treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1960 Feb;39:179–188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. BORRIE J. Tracheal stenosis in infancy. Thorax. 1960 Mar;15:64–69. doi: 10.1136/thx.15.1.64. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. BRADLEY R. D., SPENCER G. T., SEMPLE S. J. TRACHEOSTOMY AND ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION IN THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE. A STUDY IN TWENTY-NINE PATIENTS. Lancet. 1964 Apr 18;1(7338):854–859. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(64)91579-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. BUCHMANN G., SANDBERG L. E. PRINCIPLES FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS. Acta Otolaryngol. 1964 Jun;57:531–538. doi: 10.3109/00016486409137115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bargh W., Slawson K. B. Experiences of an artificial ventilation unit. Br J Anaesth. 1965 Aug;37(8):574–584. doi: 10.1093/bja/37.8.574. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bryce D. P., Briant T. D., Pearson F. G. Laryngeal and tracheal complications of intubation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1968 Jun;77(3):442–461. doi: 10.1177/000348946807700307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Byrn F. M., Davies C. K., Harrison G. K. Tracheal stenosis following tracheostomy. A case report. Br J Anaesth. 1967 Feb;39(2):171–173. doi: 10.1093/bja/39.2.171. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. CHANCE D. P., DEVINE K. D., SCHMIDT H. W. Cicatricial tracheal stenosis after tracheotomy: report of case. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1954 Jun 30;29(13):388–392. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. CLARKE D. B. TRACHEOSTOMY IN A THORACIC SURGICAL UNIT. Thorax. 1965 Jan;20:87–92. doi: 10.1136/thx.20.1.87. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. COOPER E. A. Tracheostomy and controlled respiration. J Laryngol Otol. 1961 Feb;75:142–148. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100057583. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. COPLAND J. G., DAVIES C. T. A SIMPLE CLINICAL SKIN ELECTRODE. Lancet. 1964 Feb 22;1(7330):416–416. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(64)92794-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. COTTON B. H., HILLS B., PENIDO J. R. F. Resection of the trachea for carcinoma; report of two cases. J Thorac Surg. 1952 Sep;24(3):231–245. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. CROOKS J. Non-inflammatory laryngeal stridor in infants. Arch Dis Child. 1954 Feb;29(143):12–17. doi: 10.1136/adc.29.143.12. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. CROSBY W. M. AUTOMATIC INTERMITTENT INFLATION OF TRACHEOSTOMY-TUBE CUFF. Lancet. 1964 Sep 5;2(7358):509–509. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(64)90460-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Campbell D. Trauma to larynx and trachea following intubation and tracheostomy. J Laryngol Otol. 1968 Nov;82(11):981–986. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100069759. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Chamney A. R. Humidification requirements and techniques. Including a review of the performance of equipment in current use. Anaesthesia. 1969 Oct;24(4):602–617. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1969.tb02914.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Clement A. J., Hübsch S. K. Chest physiotherapy by the 'bag squeezing' method: a guide to technique. Physiotherapy. 1968 Oct;54(10):355–359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Colles C. J. I. On Stenosis of the Trachea After Tracheotomy for Croup and Diphtheria. Ann Surg. 1886 Jun;3(6):499–507. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Cooper J. D., Grillo H. C. The evolution of tracheal injury due to ventilatory assistance through cuffed tubes: a pathologic study. Ann Surg. 1969 Mar;169(3):334–348. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196903000-00007. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. DAVIS H. S., KRETCHMER H. E., BRYCESMITH R. Advantages and complications of tracheotomy. J Am Med Assoc. 1953 Nov 28;153(13):1156–1159. doi: 10.1001/jama.1953.02940300014004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Deverall P. B. Tracheal stricture following tracheostomy. Thorax. 1967 Nov;22(6):572–576. doi: 10.1136/thx.22.6.572. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Dolton E. G. Resection of tracheal strictures. Lancet. 1969 Sep 6;2(7619):544–544. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)90241-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Dukes H. M. Tracheostomy. Thorax. 1970 Sep;25(5):573–576. doi: 10.1136/thx.25.5.573. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. FALBE-HANSEN J. On the treatment of tracheal stenosis in tracheotomized polio patients. Acta Otolaryngol. 1955 Nov-Dec;45(6):498–508. doi: 10.3109/00016485509124308. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. FORSTER E., MOLE L., FROMES R. Sténose trachéale annulaire serrée apres trachéotomie; résection du segment sténosé; anastomose bout à bout; guérison. Mem Acad Chir (Paris) 1958 Feb 19;84(6-7):188–193. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. FRIEDMANN J. B., EMMA E. A consideration of anesthesia during carinal resection. Anesthesiology. 1951 Nov;12(6):740–744. doi: 10.1097/00000542-195111000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Feldman S. A., Deal C. W., Urquhart W. Disturbance of swallowing after tracheostomy. Lancet. 1966 Apr 30;1(7444):954–955. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(66)90951-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Flavell G. Resection of Tracheal Stricture following Tracheotomy, with Primary Anastomosis. Proc R Soc Med. 1959 Feb;52(2):143–145. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Flege J. B., Jr Tracheoesophageal fistula caused by cuffed tracheostomy tube. Ann Surg. 1967 Jul;166(1):153–156. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196707000-00020. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Florange W., Muller J., Forster E. Morphologie de la nécrose trachéale après trachéotomie et utilisation d'une prothèse respiratoire. Anesth Analg (Paris) 1965 Oct-Dec;22(4):693–703. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Fraser K., Bell P. R. Distal tracheal stenosis following tracheostomy. Br J Surg. 1967 Apr;54(4):302–303. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800540412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. GLAS W. W., KING O. J., Jr, LUI A. Complications of tracheostomy. Arch Surg. 1962 Jul;85:56–63. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1962.01310010060008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. GRAY L. P. Infant tracheostomy. J Laryngol Otol. 1960 Mar;74:145–154. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100056395. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. GREENE N. M. Fatal cardiovascular and respiratory failure associated with tracheotomy. N Engl J Med. 1959 Oct 22;261:846–848. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195910222611705. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. GRIGOR K. C., SHAW M. Anaesthesia for tracheo-bronchial reconstruction; report of two cases. Anaesthesia. 1958 Jul;13(3):299–305. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1958.tb08098.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. GRILLO H. C., BENDIXEN H. H., GEPHART T. RESECTION OF THE CARINA AND LOWER TRACHEA. Ann Surg. 1963 Nov;158:889–893. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196311000-00019. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Gibson P. Aetiology and repair of tracheal stenosis following tracheostomy and intermittent positive pressure respiration. Thorax. 1967 Jan;22(1):1–6. doi: 10.1136/thx.22.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Grillo H. C. Circumferential resection and reconstruction of the mediastinal and cervical trachea. Ann Surg. 1965 Sep;162(3):374–388. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196509000-00007. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Grillo H. C., Dignan E. F., Miura T. Experimental reconstruction of cervical trachea after circumferential resection. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1966 Apr;122(4):733–738. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Guess W. L., Stetson J. B. Tissue reactions to organotin-stabilized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) catheters. JAMA. 1968 May 13;204(7):580–584. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. HEAD J. M. Tracheostomy in the management of respiratory problems. N Engl J Med. 1961 Mar 23;264:587–591. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196103232641203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. HERZOG P., NORLANDER O. P., ENGSTROEM C. G. ULTRASONIC GENERATION OF AEROSOL FOR THE HUMIDIFICATION OF INSPIRED GAS DURING VOLUME-CONTROLLED VENTILATION. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1964;8:79–95. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1964.tb00235.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. HOFFMANN T. STENOSIERENDE NARBENBILDUNGEN NACH TRACHEOTOMIE BEI LUNGENINSUFFIZIENZ. Langenbecks Arch Klin Chir Ver Dtsch Z Chir. 1963 Nov 5;304:244–246. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. HOLINGER P. H., NOVAK F. J., JOHNSTON K. C. Tumors of the trachea. Laryngoscope. 1950 Nov;60(11):1086–1109. doi: 10.1288/00005537-195011000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. JACKSON B. MANAGEMENT OF THE TRACHEOSTOMY IN CASES OF TETANUS NEONATORUM TREATED WITH INTERMITTENT POSITIVE PRESSURE RESPIRATION. J Laryngol Otol. 1963 Jul;77:541–554. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100061004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. JACOBS H. J., AFFELDT J. E. Report on the use of a plastic tracheotomy plug in postpoliomyelitic patients. J Am Med Assoc. 1956 Jun 30;161(9):876–877. doi: 10.1001/jama.1956.62970090017017i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. James A. E., Jr, Macmillan A. S., Jr, Eaton S. B., Grillo H. C. Roentgenology of tracheal stenosis resulting from cuffed tracheostomy tubes. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1970 Jul;109(3):455–466. doi: 10.2214/ajr.109.3.455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Jewsbury P. Resection of tracheal stricture following tracheostomy. Lancet. 1969 Aug 23;2(7617):411–413. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)90115-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Johnston J. B., Wright J. S., Hercus V. Tracheal stenosis following tracheostomy. A conservative approach to treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1967 Feb;53(2):206–217. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. KILLEN D. A., COLLINS H. A. TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA RESULTING FROM NONPENETRATING TRAUMA TO THE CHEST. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1965 Jul;50:104–110. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. LAMBERT V. MODERN APPLICATION OF TRACHEOSTOMY. Br Med J. 1965 Jan 16;1(5428):143–147. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5428.143. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. LITTLE K., PARKHOUSE J. Tissue reactions to polymers. Lancet. 1962 Oct 27;2(7261):857–861. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(62)90632-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. LLOYD J. W., MCCLELLAND R. M. TRACHEAL DILATATION AN UNUSUAL COMPLICATION OF TRACHEOSTOMY. Lancet. 1964 Jan 11;1(7324):83–84. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(64)91396-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. LUEDERS H. W., STRANAHAN A., ALLEY R. D., KAUSEL H. W., PECK A. S. A simplified method for achieving intrarespiratory humidlfication in the tracheotomized patient. J Thorac Surg. 1958 Apr;35(4):461–463. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. LUNDING M. THE TRACHEOTOMY TUBE AND POSTOPERATIVE TRACHEOTOMY COMPLICATIONS. WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SEVERE ARTERIAL BLEEDING CAUSED BY ARROSION OF THE INNOMINATE ARTERY. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1964;8:181–190. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1964.tb00239.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Lord R. Review of 280 tracheostomies. Aust N Z J Surg. 1967 Feb;36(3):192–199. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1967.tb05518.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. MARTINEZ H. E. AN IMPROVED CUFFED TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE FOR USE WITH INTERMITTENT POSITIVE PRESSURE BREATHING. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1964 Mar;47:404–405. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. MATZKER J. Larynxschädigung durch Intubationsnarkose; vorschlag zur Verhütung derselben. Z Laryngol Rhinol Otol. 1953 Oct;32(10):563–568. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. MEADE J. W. Tracheotomy--its complications and their management. A study of 212 cases. N Engl J Med. 1961 Sep 14;265:519–523. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196109142651103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. MISCALL L., MCKITTRICK J. B., GIORDANO R. P., NOLAND R. B. STENOSIS OF TRACHEA RESECTION AND END-TO-END ANASTOMOSIS. REPORT OF TWO CASES. Arch Surg. 1963 Nov;87:726–731. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1963.01310170012004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Markham W. G., Blackwood M. J., Conn A. W. Prolonged nasotracheal intubation in infants and children. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1967 Jan;14(1):11–21. doi: 10.1007/BF03002102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Marshall R. D. A review of the management of 140 elective tracheostomies following open-heart surgery. Thorax. 1969 Jan;24(1):78–83. doi: 10.1136/thx.24.1.78. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Mathey J., Binet J. P., Galey J. J., Evrard C., Lemoine G., Denis B. Tracheal and tracheobronchial resections; technique and results in 20 cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1966 Jan;51(1):1–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. McClelland R. M. Complications of tracheostomy. Br Med J. 1965 Sep 4;2(5461):567–569. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5461.567. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Miura T., Grillo H. C. The contribution of the inferior thyroid artery to the blood supply of the human trachea. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1966 Jul;123(1):99–102. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Mulliken J. B., Grillo H. C. The limits of tracheal resection with primary anastomosis: further anatomical studies in man. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1968 Mar;55(3):418–421. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Murphy D. A., MacLean L. D., Dobell A. R. Tracheal stenosis as a complication of tracheostomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1966 Jan;2(1):44–51. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)66536-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. NARODICK B. G., WORMAN L. W., PEMBERTON A. H. RELAXATION TECHNIQUE FOR TRACHEAL RECONSTRUCTION. Ann Thorac Surg. 1965 Mar;1:190–196. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)66742-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. NELSON T. G. Tracheotomy: a clinical and experimental study. I. Am Surg. 1957 Jul;23(7):660–694. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Nicholls J. C. The use of tracheostomy following major open cardiac surgery: a review of 64 cases. Thorax. 1968 Nov;23(6):652–656. doi: 10.1136/thx.23.6.652. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. OLIVER P., RICHARDSON J. R., CLUBB R. W., FLAKE C. G. Tracheotomy in children. N Engl J Med. 1962 Sep 27;267:631–637. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196209272671301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. PALOSCHI G., LYNN R. B. OBSERVATIONS UPON ELECTIVE AND EMERGENCY TRACHEOSTOMY. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1965 Feb;120:356–358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. PEARCE D. J., WALSH R. S. Respiratory obstruction due to tracheal granuloma after tracheostomy. Lancet. 1961 Jul 15;2(7194):135–136. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(61)92651-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. PLUM F., DUNNING M. F. Technics for minimizing trauma to the tracheobronchial tree after tracheotomy. N Engl J Med. 1956 Feb 2;254(5):193–200. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195602022540501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. PUTNEY F. J. Complications and postoperative care after tracheotomy. AMA Arch Otolaryngol. 1955 Sep;62(3):272–276. doi: 10.1001/archotol.1955.03830030038006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Pearson F. G., Goldberg M., da Silva A. J. Tracheal stenosis complicating tracheostomy with cuffed tubes. Clinical experience and observations from a prospective study. Arch Surg. 1968 Sep;97(3):380–394. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1968.01340030040002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Phillips I., Spencer G. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cross-infection due to contaminated respiratory apparatus. Lancet. 1965 Dec 25;2(7426):1325–1327. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(65)92344-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. READING P. Some post-operative hazards in tracheostomy on infants. J Laryngol Otol. 1958 Oct;72(10):785–798. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100054657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. RINGROSE E. W. TRACHEAL DILATATION FOLLOWING PROLONGED USE OF A CUFFED ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE. Med J Aust. 1965 Apr 17;1(16):591–591. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1965.tb71960.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. ROBBIE D. S., FELDMAN S. A. EXPERIENCE WITH FIFTY PATIENTS TREATED WITH ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION. Br J Anaesth. 1963 Dec;35:771–782. doi: 10.1093/bja/35.12.771. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Rendell-Baker L. Hazards of prolonged intubation and trarcheotomy equipment. JAMA. 1968 May 13;204(7):624–625. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. SALT R. H., PARKHOUSE J., SIMPSON B. R. Improved material for Radcliffe tracheostomy tube. Lancet. 1960 Aug 20;2(7147):407–409. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(60)92845-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. SARA C. THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH A TRACHEOSTOMY. Med J Aust. 1965 Jan 23;1(4):99–103. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1965.tb71442.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. SHONYO E. S., JACKSON J. A. Massive resection of the small intestine; report of a case. Arch Surg. 1950 Jul;61(1):123–130. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1950.01250020126014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. SMYTHE P. M., BULL A. Treatment of tetanus neonatorum with intermittent positive-pressure respiration. Br Med J. 1959 Aug 1;2(5143):107–113. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5143.107. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. SMYTHE P. M. THE PROBLEM OF DETUBATING AN INFANT WITH A TRACHEOSTOMY. J Pediatr. 1964 Sep;65:446–453. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(64)80410-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. SPALDING J. M. Humidifier for patients breathing spontaneously. Lancet. 1956 Dec 1;271(6953):1140–1140. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(56)90156-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. STAMM S. J., DOCTER J. CLINICAL EVALUATION OF ACETYLCYSTEINE AS A MUCOLYTIC AGENT IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS. Dis Chest. 1965 Apr;47:414–420. doi: 10.1378/chest.47.4.414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. STEPHEN C. R., NOWILL W. K., SEALY W. C. Problems of anesthesia in tracheal reconstruction. Anesthesiology. 1954 Mar;15(2):206–208. doi: 10.1097/00000542-195403000-00018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. STEPHENS T. W. TRAUMATIC TRACHEO-OESOPHAGEAL FISTULA FOLLOWING STEERING-WHEEL TYPE OF INJURY. Br J Surg. 1965 May;52:370–372. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800520514. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Shelly W. M., Dawson R. B., May I. A. Cuffed tubes as a cause of tracheal stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1969 May;57(5):623–627. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Stiles P. J. Tracheal lesions after tracheostomy. Thorax. 1965 Nov;20(6):517–522. doi: 10.1136/thx.20.6.517. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Striker T. W., Stool S., Downes J. J. Prolonged nasotracheal intubation in infants and children. Arch Otolaryngol. 1967 Feb;85(2):210–213. doi: 10.1001/archotol.1967.00760040212015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. TOREMALM N. G. Postoperative care and complications after tracheotomy in infants and children. A clinical and experimental study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1960;4:105–124. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1960.tb00068.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Taylor T. H., Nightingale D. A., Simpson B. R. Subglottic stenosis after nasal endotracheal intubation. Br Med J. 1966 Aug 20;2(5511):451–452. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5511.451. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Trimble A. S., Yao J. Tracheostomy: surgical technique and sequelae in fifty cardiovascular patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1966 Apr;51(4):569–574. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. VENABLES A. W. Tracheostomy in childhood. Med J Aust. 1959 Aug 1;46(2):141–143. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1959.tb100512.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. VON SCHULTHESS TRACHEOTOMIE. KOMPLIKATIONEN UND SPAETFOLGEN. Fortschr Hals Nasen Ohrenheilkd. 1964;11:51–141. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. WATTS J. M. TRACHEOSTOMY IN MODERN PRACTICE. Br J Surg. 1963 Nov;50:954–975. doi: 10.1002/bjs.18005022709. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. WHITTARD B. R., THOMAS K. E. A "NEW" POLYVINYL-CHLORIDE CUFFED TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE. Lancet. 1964 Apr 11;1(7337):797–797. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(64)92986-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Wilson K. Respiratory units: intermittent positive pressure respiration: tracheostomy. Proc R Soc Med. 1966 Jan;59(1):32–36. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Worman L. W., Starr C., Narodick B. G. Tracheoplasty technics for reconstruction after extensive resection. Am J Surg. 1966 Jun;111(6):819–819. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(66)90179-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. YANAGISAWA E., KIRCHNER J. A. THE CUFFED TRACHEOTOMY TUBE: ITS USES AND ITS DANGERS. Arch Otolaryngol. 1964 Jan;79:80–87. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES