Skip to main content
PMC home page
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
. 1994 May;49(5):511–518. doi: 10.1136/thx.49.5.511

Tropical respiratory medicine. 2. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on tuberculosis in developing countries.

P P Nunn 1, A M Elliott 1, K P McAdam 1
PMCID: PMC474877  PMID: 8016777

Full text

PDF
515

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abouya Y. L., Beaumel A., Lucas S., Dago-Akribi A., Coulibaly G., N'Dhatz M., Konan J. B., Yapi A., De Cock K. M. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. An uncommon cause of death in African patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Mar;145(3):617–620. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/145.3.617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Allen S., Batungwanayo J., Kerlikowske K., Lifson A. R., Wolf W., Granich R., Taelman H., Van de Perre P., Serufilira A., Bogaerts J. Two-year incidence of tuberculosis in cohorts of HIV-infected and uninfected urban Rwandan women. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Dec;146(6):1439–1444. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/146.6.1439. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Aziz A., Siddiqi S. H., Aziz K., Ishaq M. Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from treated patients in Pakistan. Tubercle. 1989 Mar;70(1):45–51. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(89)90064-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Barnes P. F., Bloch A. B., Davidson P. T., Snider D. E., Jr Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jun 6;324(23):1644–1650. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199106063242307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Boudes P., Sobel A., Deforges L., Leblic E. Disseminated Mycobacterium bovis infection from BCG vaccination and HIV infection. JAMA. 1989 Nov 3;262(17):2386–2386. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Braun M. M., Badi N., Ryder R. W., Baende E., Mukadi Y., Nsuami M., Matela B., Willame J. C., Kaboto M., Heyward W. A retrospective cohort study of the risk of tuberculosis among women of childbearing age with HIV infection in Zaire. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Mar;143(3):501–504. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/143.3.501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Brindle R. J., Nunn P. P., Githui W., Allen B. W., Gathua S., Waiyaki P. Quantitative bacillary response to treatment in HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Apr;147(4):958–961. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/147.4.958. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Brudney K., Dobkin J. Resurgent tuberculosis in New York City. Human immunodeficiency virus, homelessness, and the decline of tuberculosis control programs. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Oct;144(4):745–749. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/144.4.745. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Chaisson R. E., Schecter G. F., Theuer C. P., Rutherford G. W., Echenberg D. F., Hopewell P. C. Tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinical features, response to therapy, and survival. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Sep;136(3):570–574. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.3.570. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Colebunders R. L., Ryder R. W., Nzilambi N., Dikilu K., Willame J. C., Kaboto M., Bagala N., Jeugmans J., Muepu K., Francis H. L. HIV infection in patients with tuberculosis in Kinshasa, Zaire. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 May;139(5):1082–1085. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/139.5.1082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Comstock G. W., Livesay V. T., Woolpert S. F. The prognosis of a positive tuberculin reaction in childhood and adolescence. Am J Epidemiol. 1974 Feb;99(2):131–138. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121593. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Daley C. L., Small P. M., Schecter G. F., Schoolnik G. K., McAdam R. A., Jacobs W. R., Jr, Hopewell P. C. An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. An analysis using restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jan 23;326(4):231–235. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199201233260404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. De Cock K. M., Gnaore E., Adjorlolo G., Braun M. M., Lafontaine M. F., Yesso G., Bretton G., Coulibaly I. M., Gershy-Damet G. M., Bretton R. Risk of tuberculosis in patients with HIV-I and HIV-II infections in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. BMJ. 1991 Mar 2;302(6775):496–499. doi: 10.1136/bmj.302.6775.496. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. De Meis C., De Vasconcellos A. C., Linhares D., Andrada-Serpa M. J. HIV-1 infection among prostitutes in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. AIDS. 1991 Feb;5(2):236–237. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199102000-00024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Di Perri G., Cruciani M., Danzi M. C., Luzzati R., De Checchi G., Malena M., Pizzighella S., Mazzi R., Solbiati M., Concia E. Nosocomial epidemic of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients. Lancet. 1989 Dec 23;2(8678-8679):1502–1504. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Elliott A. M., Hayes R. J., Halwiindi B., Luo N., Tembo G., Pobee J. O., Nunn P. P., McAdam K. P. The impact of HIV on infectiousness of pulmonary tuberculosis: a community study in Zambia. AIDS. 1993 Jul;7(7):981–987. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199307000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Elliott A. M., Luo N., Tembo G., Halwiindi B., Steenbergen G., Machiels L., Pobee J., Nunn P., Hayes R. J., McAdam K. P. Impact of HIV on tuberculosis in Zambia: a cross sectional study. BMJ. 1990 Sep 1;301(6749):412–415. doi: 10.1136/bmj.301.6749.412. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Eriki P. P., Okwera A., Aisu T., Morrissey A. B., Ellner J. J., Daniel T. M. The influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Jan;143(1):185–187. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/143.1.185. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Fauci A. S., Schnittman S. M., Poli G., Koenig S., Pantaleo G. NIH conference. Immunopathogenic mechanisms in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann Intern Med. 1991 Apr 15;114(8):678–693. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-114-8-678. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Fine P. E., Pönnighaus J. M., Maine N. P. The relationship between delayed type hypersensitivity and protective immunity induced by mycobacterial vaccines in man. Lepr Rev. 1986 Dec;57 (Suppl 2):275–283. doi: 10.5935/0305-7518.19860081. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Forte M., Maartens G., Rahelu M., Pasi J., Ellis C., Gaston H., Kumararatne D. Cytolytic T-cell activity against mycobacterial antigens in HIV. AIDS. 1992 Apr;6(4):407–411. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199204000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Gilks C. F., Brindle R. J., Otieno L. S., Bhatt S. M., Newnham R. S., Simani P. M., Lule G. N., Okelo G. B., Watkins W. M., Waiyaki P. G. Extrapulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis in HIV-1-seropositive patients presenting to the acute medical services in Nairobi. AIDS. 1990 Oct;4(10):981–985. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199010000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Githui W., Nunn P., Juma E., Karimi F., Brindle R., Kamunyi R., Gathua S., Gicheha C., Morris J., Omwega M. Cohort study of HIV-positive and HIV-negative tuberculosis, Nairobi, Kenya: comparison of bacteriological results. Tuber Lung Dis. 1992 Aug;73(4):203–209. doi: 10.1016/0962-8479(92)90087-Z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Grzybowski S. Tuberculosis in the Third World. Thorax. 1991 Oct;46(10):689–691. doi: 10.1136/thx.46.10.689. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Harries A. D. Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in developing countries. Lancet. 1990 Feb 17;335(8686):387–390. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90216-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hawken M., Nunn P., Gathua S., Brindle R., Godfrey-Faussett P., Githui W., Odhiambo J., Batchelor B., Gilks C., Morris J. Increased recurrence of tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected patients in Kenya. Lancet. 1993 Aug 7;342(8867):332–337. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91474-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Hawken M., Nunn P., Gathua S., Brindle R., Godfrey-Faussett P., Githui W., Odhiambo J., Batchelor B., Gilks C., Morris J. Increased recurrence of tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected patients in Kenya. Lancet. 1993 Aug 7;342(8867):332–337. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91474-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Hira S. K., Wadhawan D., Kamanga J., Kavindele D., Macuacua R., Patil P. S., Ansary M. A., Macher A. M., Perine P. L. Cutaneous manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus in Lusaka, Zambia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988 Sep;19(3):451–457. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(88)70197-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hopewell P. C. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the epidemiology, clinical features, management, and control of tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Sep;15(3):540–547. doi: 10.1093/clind/15.3.540. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Ivo-dos-Santos J., Couto-Fernandez J. C., Santana A. J., Luna T. M., Cunha G. C., Moreira L., Lemos A. C., Dutra M., Miranda C., Galvão-Castro B. Prevalence of HIV-1 antibodies in selected groups of a Brazilian city with African sociodemographic characteristics. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1991;4(4):448–449. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Kadende P., Standaert B., Niragira F., Kamamfu G., Laroche R. S.I.D.A. tropical et tuberculose. A propos d'une enquête menée à Bujumbura dans l'entourage direct de tuberculeux séropositifs et séronégatifs pour le virus HIV. Med Trop (Mars) 1988 Jan-Mar;48(1):19–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Kelly P., Burnham G., Radford C. HIV seropositivity and tuberculosis in a rural Malawi hospital. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990 Sep-Oct;84(5):725–727. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(90)90165-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Kim S. J., Hong Y. P. Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Korea. Tuber Lung Dis. 1992 Aug;73(4):219–224. doi: 10.1016/0962-8479(92)90090-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Kritski A., Barroso E. W., de Souza R. B., Andrade G. N., Pena M. L., Castilho E. A., Galvao-Castro B. Tuberculosis and HIV infection in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. AIDS. 1991 Jan;5(1):107–108. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199101000-00018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Li P. C., Yeoh E. K. Current epidemiological trends of HIV infection in Asia. AIDS Clin Rev. 1992:1–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Long R., Maycher B., Scalcini M., Manfreda J. The chest roentgenogram in pulmonary tuberculosis patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Chest. 1991 Jan;99(1):123–127. doi: 10.1378/chest.99.1.123. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Long R., Scalcini M., Manfreda J., Jean-Baptiste M., Hershfield E. The impact of HIV on the usefulness of sputum smears for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Am J Public Health. 1991 Oct;81(10):1326–1328. doi: 10.2105/ajph.81.10.1326. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Lévy-Frébault V., Pangon B., Buré A., Katlama C., Marche C., David H. L. Mycobacterium simiae and Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare mixed infection in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Jan;25(1):154–157. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.1.154-157.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Mann J., Snider D. E., Jr, Francis H., Quinn T. C., Colebunders R. L., Piot P., Curran J. W., Nzilambi N., Bosenge N., Malonga M. Association between HTLV-III/LAV infection and tuberculosis in Zaire. JAMA. 1986 Jul 18;256(3):346–346. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Murray C. J., Styblo K., Rouillon A. Tuberculosis in developing countries: burden, intervention and cost. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis. 1990 Mar;65(1):6–24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Murray H. W., Hillman J. K., Rubin B. Y., Kelly C. D., Jacobs J. L., Tyler L. W., Donelly D. M., Carriero S. M., Godbold J. H., Roberts R. B. Patients at risk for AIDS-related opportunistic infections. Clinical manifestations and impaired gamma interferon production. N Engl J Med. 1985 Dec 12;313(24):1504–1510. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198512123132403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Murray J. F. Cursed duet: HIV infection and tuberculosis. Respiration. 1990;57(3):210–220. doi: 10.1159/000195844. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Murray J. F. The white plague: down and out, or up and coming? J. Burns Amberson lecture. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Dec;140(6):1788–1795. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/140.6.1788. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Murray J. F. Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection during the 1990's. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis. 1991 Mar;66(1):21–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Nambuya A., Sewankambo N., Mugerwa J., Goodgame R., Lucas S. Tuberculous lymphadenitis associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Uganda. J Clin Pathol. 1988 Jan;41(1):93–96. doi: 10.1136/jcp.41.1.93. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Narain J. P., Raviglione M. C., Kochi A. HIV-associated tuberculosis in developing countries: epidemiology and strategies for prevention. Tuber Lung Dis. 1992 Dec;73(6):311–321. doi: 10.1016/0962-8479(92)90033-G. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Nkowane B. M. Prevalence and incidence of HIV infection in Africa: a review of data published in 1990. AIDS. 1991;5 (Suppl 1):S7–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Nunn P., Brindle R., Carpenter L., Odhiambo J., Wasunna K., Newnham R., Githui W., Gathua S., Omwega M., McAdam K. Cohort study of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients with tuberculosis in Nairobi, Kenya. Analysis of early (6-month) mortality. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Oct;146(4):849–854. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/146.4.849. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Nunn P., Gicheha C., Hayes R., Gathua S., Brindle R., Kibuga D., Mutie T., Kamunyi R., Omwega M., Were J. Cross-sectional survey of HIV infection among patients with tuberculosis in Nairobi, Kenya. Tuber Lung Dis. 1992 Feb;73(1):45–51. doi: 10.1016/0962-8479(92)90079-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Nunn P., Kibuga D., Elliott A., Gathua S. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on transmission and severity of tuberculosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84 (Suppl 1):9–13. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(90)90448-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Nunn P., Kibuga D., Gathua S., Brindle R., Imalingat A., Wasunna K., Lucas S., Gilks C., Omwega M., Were J. Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions due to thiacetazone in HIV-1 seropositive patients treated for tuberculosis. Lancet. 1991 Mar 16;337(8742):627–630. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92447-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Nunn P., Mungai M., Nyamwaya J., Gicheha C., Brindle R. J., Dunn D. T., Githui W., Were J. O., McAdam K. P. The effect of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 on the infectiousness of tuberculosis. Tuber Lung Dis. 1994 Feb;75(1):25–32. doi: 10.1016/0962-8479(94)90098-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Pantaleo G., Graziosi C., Fauci A. S. New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1993 Feb 4;328(5):327–335. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199302043280508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Pepin J., Morgan G., Dunn D., Gevao S., Mendy M., Gaye I., Scollen N., Tedder R., Whittle H. HIV-2-induced immunosuppression among asymptomatic West African prostitutes: evidence that HIV-2 is pathogenic, but less so than HIV-1. AIDS. 1991 Oct;5(10):1165–1172. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Perriëns J. H., Colebunders R. L., Karahunga C., Willame J. C., Jeugmans J., Kaboto M., Mukadi Y., Pauwels P., Ryder R. W., Prignot J. Increased mortality and tuberculosis treatment failure rate among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive compared with HIV seronegative patients with pulmonary tuberculosis treated with "standard" chemotherapy in Kinshasa, Zaire. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Oct;144(4):750–755. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/144.4.750. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Pitchenik A. E., Burr J., Suarez M., Fertel D., Gonzalez G., Moas C. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-III (HTLV-III) seropositivity and related disease among 71 consecutive patients in whom tuberculosis was diagnosed. A prospective study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Apr;135(4):875–879. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1987.135.4.875. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Pitchenik A. E., Rubinson H. A. The radiographic appearance of tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pre-AIDS. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985 Mar;131(3):393–396. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1985.131.3.393. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Pitchenik A. E., Russell B. W., Cleary T., Pejovic I., Cole C., Snider D. E., Jr The prevalence of tuberculosis and drug resistance among Haitians. N Engl J Med. 1982 Jul 15;307(3):162–165. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198207153070306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Pitchenik A. E. Tuberculosis control and the AIDS epidemic in developing countries. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Jul 15;113(2):89–91. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-113-2-89. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Plummer F. A., Nagelkerke N. J., Moses S., Ndinya-Achola J. O., Bwayo J., Ngugi E. The importance of core groups in the epidemiology and control of HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 1991;5 (Suppl 1):S169–S176. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Pönnighaus J. M., Fine P. E., Sterne J. A., Wilson R. J., Msosa E., Gruer P. J., Jenkins P. A., Lucas S. B., Liomba N. G., Bliss L. Efficacy of BCG vaccine against leprosy and tuberculosis in northern Malawi. Lancet. 1992 Mar 14;339(8794):636–639. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90794-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Reichman L. B., Felton C. P., Edsall J. R. Drug dependence, a possible new risk factor for tuberculosis disease. Arch Intern Med. 1979 Mar;139(3):337–339. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Reichman L. B. Why hasn't BCG proved dangerous in HIV-infected patients? JAMA. 1989 Jun 9;261(22):3246–3246. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Rook G. A., Steele J., Ainsworth M., Champion B. R. Activation of macrophages to inhibit proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: comparison of the effects of recombinant gamma-interferon on human monocytes and murine peritoneal macrophages. Immunology. 1986 Nov;59(3):333–338. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Schulzer M., Fitzgerald J. M., Enarson D. A., Grzybowski S. An estimate of the future size of the tuberculosis problem in sub-Saharan Africa resulting from HIV infection. Tuber Lung Dis. 1992 Feb;73(1):52–58. doi: 10.1016/0962-8479(92)90080-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Schurr E., Malo D., Radzioch D., Buschman E., Morgan K., Gros P., Skamene E. Genetic control of innate resistance to mycobacterial infections. Immunol Today. 1991 Mar;12(3):A42–A45. doi: 10.1016/S0167-5699(05)80012-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Selwyn P. A., Hartel D., Lewis V. A., Schoenbaum E. E., Vermund S. H., Klein R. S., Walker A. T., Friedland G. H. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1989 Mar 2;320(9):545–550. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198903023200901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Small P. M., Schecter G. F., Goodman P. C., Sande M. A., Chaisson R. E., Hopewell P. C. Treatment of tuberculosis in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jan 31;324(5):289–294. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199101313240503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Snider D. E., Jr, Roper W. L. The new tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 1992 Mar 5;326(10):703–705. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199203053261011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Soriano E., Mallolas J., Gatell J. M., Latorre X., Miró J. M., Pecchiar M., Mensa J., Trilla A., Moreno A. Characteristics of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a case-control study. AIDS. 1988 Dec;2(6):429–432. doi: 10.1097/00002030-198812000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Standaert B., Niragira F., Kadende P., Piot P. The association of tuberculosis and HIV infection in Burundi. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1989 Apr;5(2):247–251. doi: 10.1089/aid.1989.5.247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Stanford J. L. Koch's phenomenon: can it be corrected? Tubercle. 1991 Dec;72(4):241–249. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(91)90047-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Styblo K. Overview and epidemiologic assessment of the current global tuberculosis situation with an emphasis on control in developing countries. Rev Infect Dis. 1989 Mar-Apr;11 (Suppl 2):S339–S346. doi: 10.1093/clinids/11.supplement_2.s339. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Styblo K. The impact of HIV infection on the global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis. 1991 Mar;66(1):27–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Sudre P., ten Dam G., Kochi A. Tuberculosis: a global overview of the situation today. Bull World Health Organ. 1992;70(2):149–159. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Taelman H., Batungwanayo J., Clerinx J., Kagame A., Bogaerts J., Allen S., Van de Perre P. Risk of tuberculosis among women of childbearing age with HIV infection in Zaire. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Nov;144(5):1219–1220. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/144.5.1219a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Theuer C. P., Hopewell P. C., Elias D., Schecter G. F., Rutherford G. W., Chaisson R. E. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in tuberculosis patients. J Infect Dis. 1990 Jul;162(1):8–12. doi: 10.1093/infdis/162.1.8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Weniger B. G., Limpakarnjanarat K., Ungchusak K., Thanprasertsuk S., Choopanya K., Vanichseni S., Uneklabh T., Thongcharoen P., Wasi C. The epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS in Thailand. AIDS. 1991;5 (Suppl 2):S71–S85. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199101001-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Wilkins A., Oelman B., Pepin J., Cham K., Corrah T., Hughes A., Manneh K., Manneh K., Njai R., Rolfe M. Trends in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in The Gambia. AIDS. 1991 Dec;5(12):1529–1530. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199112000-00018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Wirima J. J., Harries A. D. Stevens-Johnson syndrome during anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy in HIV-seropositive patients: report on six cases. East Afr Med J. 1991 Jan;68(1):64–66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. van der Werf T. S., Groothuis D. G., van Klingeren B. High initial drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis in Ghana. Tubercle. 1989 Dec;70(4):249–255. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(89)90019-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES