Controlled rehabilitative and supportive care intervention trials in patients with high-grade gliomas and their caregivers: a systematic review

Abstract

Background

Patients diagnosed with high-grade gliomas experience a varying and complex symptom burden, and face a high mortality rate. As a consequence, patients with high-grade gliomas and their caregivers have imminent and changing rehabilitative and supportive care needs.

Objectives

To give a detailed overview of non-pharmacological rehabilitative and supportive care interventions for patients with high-grade gliomas and/or their caregivers, and provide an appraisal of the methodological quality of these studies.

Method

PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Embase were searched for literature published from 1995 to May 2013. Data from eight studies were reviewed for substantive methods and results. Methodological quality was described and assessed using the scoring system for appraising mixed methods research and concomitantly appraising qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods primary studies in mixed study reviews.

Results

The search yielded 914 unique publications, of which 9 were classified eligible for this review. There is preliminary evidence that cognitive group therapy improves memory skills in patients with high-grade gliomas, early physical training improves functional outcome and massage therapy reduces stress. Patients and caregivers found that telephone follow-up and a specialist nurse function was an effective and useful way to achieve information and support. Finally, psycho-education increased feelings of mastery among caregivers.

Conclusions

As evidence is beginning to emerge, there is a need for well-designed longitudinal and randomised controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions in high-grade glioma patients and their caregivers in order to develop clinical guidelines for supportive and rehabilitative approaches in this unique population.

Introduction

High-grade glioma (HGG) is the most malignant type of brain tumour (BT) occurring most frequently in people aged 45–70.¹ Treated with optimal therapy, the median survival is 12–15 months with a 5-year survival of 10%.² Patients with HGG experience a high symptom burden related to the disease and the surgical procedures and medical treatments.^{3 4} Different types of cerebral symptoms and complications may occur, including global cerebral symptoms (fatigue, nausea, headache, confusion) focal symptoms (hemiparesis, seizures, speech difficulties), neurocognitive deficits (impaired attention, concentration difficulties, reduced short-term memory, personality changes) and emotional symptoms (depression, anxiety, stress).^5–9 As a consequence, patients with HGG and their caregivers have a number of rehabilitative and supportive care needs. The literature recommends that future intervention studies include individually tailored communication and specialist support^10–12 to relieve emotional distress in patients with gliomas¹³ and stress among caregivers.¹⁴ However, little attention has been paid to non-pharmacological rehabilitative and supportive care interventions targeted patients with HGG and/or their caregivers.¹⁵ A recent Cochrane literature review¹⁶ was unable to identify any randomised controlled trials (RCT) or controlled clinical trials of multidisciplinary rehabilitation interventions in adults after primary BT treatment.¹⁶ The majority of studies include participants with different subtypes of BT; however, tumour progression varies depending on tumour type. HGG is a rapidly progressive life-threatening disease, while other subgroups of BT progress more slowly. This is supported by investigators who underpin the importance of research on potential differences in needs among the heterogeneous population of patients with BT.^{17 18} Presently, there are no evidence-based rehabilitative and supportive care guidelines that aim to reduce loss of cognition, function and quality of life (QOL). To our knowledge, this is the first systematic literature review that gives a detailed overview of rehabilitative and supportive care intervention studies in patients with HGG and/or their caregivers with a systematic appraisal of the methodological quality of each publication.

Methods

This systematic literature search reviews non-pharmacological rehabilitative and supportive care interventions in patients with HGG and their caregivers. Data regarding population, study design, intervention and main results are extracted, synthesised and discussed. The selected publications are appraised for methodological quality. Lastly, implications for future research and conclusions are presented.

Literature search

The study population includes patients with HGG and/or their caregivers in non-pharmacological rehabilitative and supportive care intervention studies. Searches were performed in PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Embase. Combinations of the following ‘Medical Subject Heading’ (MeSH) terms and free text terms were used: ‘brain cancer’, ‘brain neoplasms’, ‘brain tumor’, ‘high-grade glioma’, ‘malignant glioma’, ‘rehabilitation’, ‘training’, ‘expectations’, ‘needs’, ‘quality of life’, ‘supportive care’, ‘intervention’, ‘program’, ‘intervention studies’, ‘caregiver’, ‘spouse’, ‘relative’ and ‘next of kin’. The search strategy is illustrated in figure 1. The full search strategy including search terms used for each database is available and may be requested by contacting the corresponding author (KP). Reference Manager Software program was used to identify duplicates. The search was limited to English-, Danish-, Norwegian- and Swedish-language publications published from 1995 to May 2013. The systematic literature search was guided by the PRISMA guidelines—preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses developed by Cochrane Collaboration.¹⁹

Figure 1.

PRISMA flow diagram.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Publications included are randomised and non-randomised controlled trials of unidisciplinary or multidisciplinary non-pharmacological rehabilitative and/or supportive care interventions in patients with HGG and/or their caregivers. Studies with different subtypes of BT are included only if statistical analysis was performed in the HGG population. Trials studying medical and pharmaceutical treatments are excluded from this review.

Data extraction and quality assessment

Information regarding the population (sample size, age and attrition), the study design (focus and time of enrolment), the intervention (context, type, mode, duration, frequency, length and adherence) and main results were extracted and systemised using NVivo software program (see online supplementary table S1).²⁰ Assessment of methodological quality and scoring of each publication was carried out independently by two researchers (KP and MJA). There was no discrepancy between the raters’ scores. The online supplementary table S2 shows an evaluation of the methodological quality of each publication. Methodological quality was assessed using the scoring system for appraising mixed methods research and concomitantly appraising qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods primary studies in mixed study reviews.²¹ Methodological quality for the qualitative studies was assessed for the presence or absence of the following criteria: a qualitative objective or question, appropriate qualitative approach or design or method, a description of the context, a description of participants and justification of sampling, a description of qualitative data and a discussion of researchers’ reflexivity collection and analysis. Methodological quality for the quantitative experimental studies was appraised for the presence or absence of the following criteria: an appropriate sequence generation and/or randomisation, allocation concealment and/or blinding, and presentation of complete outcome data and/or low withdrawal/dropout. For each criterion, the presence or absence is scored 1 or 0, respectively. The quality score is calculated as a percentage: (number of ‘presence’ responses divided by the number of relevant criteria)×100. A further descriptive and detailed critical appraisal of methodological quality is presented.

Ethics

This systematic review is part of a larger study, which is registered at the Research Ethics Committees at the Regional capital in Copenhagen, Denmark (33460), and the Danish Data Protection Agency (2007-58-0015/30-0758).

Results

A systematic search was carried out by an information specialist and the primary investigator (KP) in June 2013. The search resulted in 748 hits in PubMed, 114 hits in CINAHL and 52 hits in Embase and is schematically outlined in figure 1. No duplicates were identified, resulting in 914 unique titles. The titles and/or abstracts of the 914 publications were reviewed by the primary investigator (KP), and 894 publications were excluded. Two researchers (KP and MJA) reviewed 20 full manuscripts, which appeared potentially relevant, and 11 were excluded. Nine publications describing eight different interventions met the inclusion criteria.^22–30 Sardell et al's²⁶ mixed BT population study was included because all 45 patients (n=43 HGG; n=1 primitive neuroectodermal tumour; n=1 oligoastrocytoma) received primary therapy for high-grade malignancy.

Study characteristics

The online supplementary table S1 describes populations studied, interventions employed and main results.

The nine publications were published in seven different scientific journals between 2000 and 2012, the majority being published within the last 5 years. The time of patient and/or caregiver enrolment to the interventions varied in the studies, from time of diagnosis to late stages of the disease. Four studies were initiated at time of diagnosis,^{24 25 27 28 30} one after hospital discharge²³ and two studies 15–16 months after diagnosis.^{22 26} All interventions were supervised, seven were carried out individually^23–30 and one intervention was a group intervention.²² Six studies were unidisciplinary^{22 23 26–30} and two were multidisciplinary as they combined physical training with occupational and speech therapy, respectively.^{24 25}

Populations studied

The studies primarily included patients diagnosed with HGG. However, one publication included only caregivers,²⁹ and one included both patients and their caregivers.^{27 28} This was the only intervention that continued to intervene with caregivers after the patient died.^{27 28} The age of the patients ranged from 23 to 79 years (mean 55.8). The age of the caregivers was not reported. Sample sizes ranged from 11 to 121 participants (mean 50.8). The demographic characteristics of the participants were included in all but one study³⁰ and not outlined according to subgroup diagnoses in two studies.^{23 24}

Intervention and outcome characteristics

Nine publications (eight interventions) reported the results of non-pharmacological rehabilitative and/or supportive care interventions in patients with HGG and/or their caregivers^22–30 (see online supplementary table S1). Hassler et al²² examined the effect of supervised cognitive group training in patients with HGG, Pace et al,²³ Geler-Kulcu et al²⁴ and Bartolo et al²⁵ studied the effect of supervised physical training in patients with HGG and Sardell et al,²⁶ Spetz et al^{27 28} and Boele et al²⁹ (four publications) tested nurse-led telephone follow-up (NTF), a specialist nurse (SN) function in patients and caregivers and psycho-education in caregivers, respectively. Keir³⁰ examined the effect of massage therapy among HGG patients.

Five interventions were conducted in a hospital setting,^{22 24 25 29 30} one of the physical training programmes was carried out as a home programme²³ and two follow-up studies took place in a combination of a home and hospital setting.^26–28 The length of the interventions varied considerably, from 2 weeks to comprise the entire disease and treatment trajectory until post bereavement. The duration of the interventions was between 6 and 57 h (median 27.7);^{22 24 29 30} however, it was not specified for three supportive care interventions.^26–28

Hassler et al's²² cognitive group training programme found significant improvement in memory skills measured by verbal memory total learning (p=0.04) and no change in verbal memory delayed recall (p=0.11), psychomotor speed (p=0.22), sustained attention (p=0.17) and verbal fluency (p=0.29). Pace et al²³ introduced a home rehabilitation programme with individual physical training and reported clinical improvements for the BT group on KPS and The Bartel Index (BI) measuring Activities of Daily Living. Among these patients, a significant improvement in median BI (p=0.001) and median KPS (p=0.001) was reported. Subgroup data showed no difference between histological subgroups; however, a functional gain (not specified) was observed in 26% of the HGG population (N=62). Geler-Kulcu et al's²⁴ trial with physical and occupational therapy compared BT patients postoperatively and patients with stroke. Both groups improved in Motor Assessment Scale (MAS) (p=0.025/p=0.002), Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS) (p=0.002/p=0.002), Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (p=0.011/p=0.109) and Functional Impairment Measurement (FIM-mobility) (p=0.043/p=0.007). No statistical difference between BT subgroups or between the group of BT patients and stroke patients was observed in any measurement (MAS p=0.718, PASS p=0.817, BBS p=0.109, FIM-mobility p=0.660). Bartolo et al²⁵ found similar results in a physical training and speech therapy intervention in a BT group and a stroke group. All outcome measures improved at postintervention for both groups (p<0.001), though without statistical differences between groups. A subgroup analysis (meningioma, HGG and stroke) revealed that patients with meningioma achieved better independence in activities of daily living (p=0.02) and mobility (p=0.04) compared with the HGG and stroke group. However, the total FIM scores and other clinical scales revealed no differences between the subgroups. There were four different types of supportive care interventions.^26–29 Sardell et al²⁶ showed that a monthly and ongoing NTF of patients with HGG was an effective alternative to conventional clinic follow-up with face-to-face consultation. Patient satisfaction was high and the numbers of unscheduled clinic visits were minimised to include acute problems as the NTF assisted the patients with a variety of other problems by telephone. A qualitative study carried out by Spetz et al^{27 28} included both patients and caregivers and showed that an SN role was a useful way to provide information and support. The SN function increased the family's autonomy and facilitated decision making within the family. The SN was a resource for the patients, the caregivers and the entire family. Boele et al's²⁹ RCT found that a psycho-education intervention in caregivers during a 6-week period increased feelings of mastery (p=0.021). Keir's 4-week massage therapy intervention reduced stress between weeks 2 and 3 (p=0.010) and improved emotional well-being (p≤0.001), BT concerns (p≤0.013) and social/family well-being (p≤0.024) at post-testing. All participants were below their baseline stress score 1 week after the massage intervention was completed.³⁰

Description of study methodological quality

Systematic methodological ratings of all the included nine papers, with respect to each relevant criterion, are shown in the online supplementary table S2. Spetz et al's^{27 28} intervention study applied a qualitative approach to explore the effect of the SN function. It fulfilled the methodological quality criteria by 100%. The study formulated a qualitative objective, applied an appropriate qualitative method, described the context, the participants and made a justification of sampling. Further, appropriate qualitative data collection and analysis was carried out and the researcher’s reflexivity was described. Seven intervention studies applied quantitative experimental designs^{22–26 29 30}; the neurocognitive training study,²² the home rehabilitation programme,²³ the two physical training trials comparing BT patients and stroke patients,^{24 25} the evaluation of NTF,²⁶ the psycho-education study²⁹ and the massage study.³⁰ All fulfilled 33.3% of the quality criteria as they only presented a complete outcome data and/or low dropout rate, except for the psycho-education study that scored 33.3%, as it fulfilled the criteria of applying an appropriate randomisation.²⁹

Further details regarding the study design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, risk of bias, attrition rates and adverse events are described in the following. All studies were designed as controlled interventions trials. One study published in two papers applied a qualitative design (interview, observation).^{27 28} The remaining seven studies used quantitative designs (RCT, case–control, clinical controlled pilot trials, comparative trials).^{22–26 30} All interventions carried out pre-post measurements.

Three interventions were conducted during the early stage of the disease.^23–25

Statistical methods and p values were presented in all but two studies.^26–28 Validated measurement outcomes were applied in all studies, except the qualitative study.^{27 28} All interventions are described in detail in such a way that would allow duplication of the intervention design, except the home training study.²³

All nine papers defined an inclusion and exclusion criteria. Exclusions were often due to patients/caregivers speaking a language unfamiliar to the investigators or participants being unable to complete the questionnaires. Aside from these systematic exclusions, there was a range of other exclusion criteria related to the patient’s disease status and level of physical and cognitive function. The cognitive training study included only patients with a KPS between 80 and 100%, without aphasia and without evidence of tumour recurrence after having received standard oncological treatment.²² A high performance status was also a criterion for inclusion in the massage study and the SN follow-up.^{27 28 30} Patients with communication or cognitive problems were excluded from the NTF study,²⁶ and patient/caregiver groups were excluded if expected survival was less than 3 months.^{29 30} Three studies reduced risk of bias by applying a RCT design²⁹ or by including a control group with a one-to-one match.^{24 25} One of these studies excluded subtypes of BT in order to maintain a homogeneous group of participants.²⁵ The remaining six studies were conducted without a control group.^{22 23 26–28 30} Spetz et al^{27 28} concluded that a SN function relies on the person's experience and personal qualities and therefore the function could not be regarded as separate from the person performing it, and Sardell et al²⁶ concluded that the study participants only reflected a selected group of patients.

Attrition rate was low for all studies ranging from 0% to 12.5%, except Boele et al's psycho-education intervention reported 51.6% and 32% attrition in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Boele et al concluded that a six-session intervention with a psychologist and/or four questionnaires at five test points may have been too demanding for the caregivers. Attrition was not reported in the home training study.²³ An adverse event was reported in the massage study as one patient developed shingles during the intervention and dropped out.³⁰ An investigation revealed that this event was unrelated to the massage intervention. Sardell et al²⁶ argued that it was reasonable to assume that HGG patients can be followed up by telephone without adversely affective overall care or survival. Spetz et al²⁷ elaborated on the risk of the SN being too personally engaged in the relationship with the families that may negatively affect the relationship within the family. Moreover, the authors report that two caregivers abstained from participating in the last interview, which could reflect caregiver dissatisfaction with the intervention.²⁸ There were no contraindications to physical training reported.²⁵ The great diversity of age, gender and educational background in the small sample size enabled patients to avoid stressful comparisons and competition in the cognitive training programme, and no adverse events were reported from the cognitive training study.²² Three studies did not report adverse events.^{23 24 29}

Discussion

This systematic review identified the relatively few controlled trials of unidisciplinary or multidisciplinary non-pharmacological rehabilitative and/or supportive care interventions in patients with HGG and/or their caregivers. The eight studies were found to be diverse in purpose, study design and of low methodological quality. Methodological limitations of the reviewed studies include small sample sizes, biases in study design and few subgroup analyses. However, there is initial evidence that cognitive and physical training and psychosocial support benefit HGG patients and/or their caregivers.

Rehabilitative interventions

Cognitive training

Hassler et al²² found that a neurocognitive group training programme improved memory skills. Late-stage patients with a KPS of 80–100 were enrolled, and it is yet to be explored whether such a programme can be beneficial to HGG patients with a KPS ≤80. No control group or follow-up measurements after 12 weeks were conducted, leaving the longitudinal effects of cognitive training unknown among HGG patients.

Based on previous research, there is preliminary evidence to suggest that cognitive training among patients with low-grade gliomas (LGG) improves cognitive status.³¹ This RCT study among patients with LGG (N=140) provides initial evidence of a salutary effect on short-term cognitive complaints and on longer-term cognitive performance and mental fatique.³¹ Further, an internet-based cognitive rehabilitation programme in patients with BT proved to be a convenient and flexible alternative to in-clinic programmes.³²

Physical training

This systematic review found that early and individually tailored physical training (within weeks after surgery) resulted in significant functional gain for HGG patients. However, functional and neurological gains in the weeks after surgery may be explained by the neurosurgical intervention alone. Geler-Kulcu et al's²⁴ findings were inconclusive regarding the effect of physical training and occupational therapy in HGG patients as only nine patients with HGG were included.

No physical training studies reported adverse events as a direct result of testing or training. In two studies, functional outcomes were not significantly different in patients with benign tumours versus malignant tumours or primary versus metastatic BTs or BT patients compared with patients with stroke.^{23 24} However, in a third study, meningioma patients achieved a greater functional gain (independence in activities of daily living and mobility) compared with patients with HGG or stroke.²⁵ Evidence for the benefit of physical training among HGG patients is emerging. However, this evidence justifies physical training before the adjuvant therapy as two out of three studies included patients before radiotherapy and chemotherapy was administered.^{24 25} Three retrospective studies conclude that patients with BT achieve improved functional outcomes from inpatient rehabilitation.^33–35 Consistent with this, a comparative study of inpatient rehabilitation among patients with BT and patients with traumatic brain injury patients showed functional gains for both groups.³⁶ However, the absolute functional outcomes were smaller in the BT group.

Supportive care interventions

Psychosocial support

In this systematic review, patient and caregivers’ need for psychosocial support was met by applying different psychosocial approaches. Psychosocial support provided by a SN is of value for both patients and their families,^{27 28} and telephone follow-up is a useful strategy.²⁶ Repeated counselling with a psychologist improved QOL issues and mastery of caregivers.²⁹ However, high attrition indicates that the programme was too burdensome for the participants. Keir showed that massage therapy reduces the feeling of stress.³⁰ It is not possible to estimate the effect of the massage programme as there was no control group. It is imperative that researchers are familiar with the needs, preferences and interests of these patients and their caregivers in order to design interventions that would result in high adherence and low attrition. Two previous reviews explored the needs of patients with HGG and their family/caregivers,^{37 38} and presently more evidence is being established.³⁹

Methodological discussion

The strengths of the reviewed studies were that patients with HGG and/or their caregivers generally accept participation in interventions at various times during the disease and treatment trajectory. Interventions that aim to support the patient and/or caregiver, improve cognitive or functional status and reduce stress have high adherence. However, as participation can be experienced as burdensome and result in high attrition, careful ethical and methodological considerations are required. It has been reported that attrition rates are usually high for supportive care interventions in patients with HGG.⁴⁰ Reasons for attrition were death, medical decline of the patient or high caregiver burden.⁴¹ High attrition was noted in the RCT that required the participants to respond to four different questionnaires every second month, five times in total.²⁹ However, the reason for high attrition in this RCT was not confirmed by the participants. Two studies were matched case–control studies^{24 25} strengthening the evidence of multidisciplinary interventions (combined physical training with either occupational or speech therapy) on functional outcomes. Further, strengths of the reviewed studies include the use of validated measurement outcomes, except in the qualitative study.^{27 28} However, the use of different questionnaires and measurements makes it difficult to compare results.

The limitations of the reviewed studies are that they are heterogeneous in many respects, which makes them non-comparable. Sample sizes are small with some studies including as few as 11 participants.²² This questions the validity and reliability of the statistical analyses in the studies. Further study limitations include lack of control groups and longitudinal follow-up periods. Selection bias arises from the exclusion of patients with low-performance status^{22 27 28 30} or cognitive deficit and communication problems.²⁶

The scoring system applied for methodological quality needs to be further tested for reliability.²¹ However, a pilot study found it to be a promising appraisal tool⁴² and it is presently used internationally.⁴³ Moreover, it provides transparency in how the methodological quality was scored and readers can review the decisions. Finally, an additional descriptive methodological quality appraisal of the included studies supplemented this tool.

Clinical and research implications

Patients with HGG differ from other cancer diagnoses because of progressive neurological deterioration resulting in changing and complex symptoms along the disease and treatment trajectory. A multidisciplinary approach has the potential to meet the variety of needs emerged from this life-threatening situation. However, cognitive deficits, changes in personality, lack of insight and loss of empathy may impair HGG patients’ ability to participate actively in rehabilitative and supportive care programmes. Therefore, it is important that the interventions are tailored to the special needs of this group. New approaches, such as internet-based approaches, might have the potential to meet the needs of patients with HGG and their caregivers.⁴⁴ It is well known that decreased QOL is associated with depression among patients with HGG.⁴⁵ However, psychosocial support for patients with HGG has not been the subject of much research,⁴⁶ which is why future research should aim at maintaining QOL. Studies that enrol patients during and after oncological treatments are important as the adjuvant treatment has a negative impact on functional capacity among patients with HGG⁴⁷ and reduced cardiorespiratory fitness postoperatively.⁴⁸ Further, treatment with glucocorticoids causes muscle atrophy.⁴⁹ From non-cancer clinical populations, it has shown that resistance and endurance physical training can reverse muscle atrophy.⁵⁰ It is therefore interesting to explore whether a similar effect can be achieved for patients with HGG.

Conclusion

As evidence is beginning to emerge, there is a need for well-designed longitudinal and randomised controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions in patients with HGG and their caregivers. Despite the methodological limitations of the included studies, cognitive training, individual tailored physical training programmes, psychosocial support/education and massage therapy have positive outcomes for both patients and their caregivers, are feasible and so far, without risk for this group. Research is needed to sustain this beginning evidence. To provide stronger evidence, clinical controlled trials with longitudinal designs focusing on cognitive and physical training as well as supportive care are needed.