Abstract
Kluyvera cryocrescens infection has been considered rare; clinical features of K. cryocrescens bacteremia remain unclear because few reports have been published. We report a case of K. cryocrescens bacteremia in an adult male patient and review the literature.
Our case was one with nosocomial bacteremia in a patient with interstitial lung disease. The primary infection site was undetermined, although he had an indwelling peripheral intravenous catheter and a urinary catheter.
Piperacilin/tazobactam was administered for 2 weeks and the bacteremia resolved. Unfortunately, there was acute exacerbation of the interstitial lung disease, which was fatal. According to our review, including our case, K. cryocrescens bacteremia tends to occur in immunocompromised hosts, and indwelling catheters might be risk factors. Extended spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines are generally adequate agents for empiric therapy based on susceptibilities of K. cryocrescens clinical isolates.
Keywords: Kluyverea cryocrescens, Bacteremia, Clinical feature, Review
Introduction
Kluyvera spp. are Gram negative bacilli that had been initially thought to be benign saprophytes. This genus predominantly colonizes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts [1]. Water, sewage, soil, milk, hospital sinks, and cows have been reported as environmental sources, suggesting that Kluyvera spp. are widely distributed. The biochemical profile is similar to that of other Enterobacteriaceae. A member of the Enterobacteriaceae, although initially described in 1936, the genus Kluyvera was not well characterized until 1981 by Farmer et al. [1]. Previous to 1981, the organism has also been referred to as CDC enteric group 8 and as API group 1. Currently the genus Kluyvera has four species, K. cryocrescens, K. ascorbata, K. georgiana and K. cochleae. K. cryocrescens is known to be an opportunistic pathogen and its infection is considered to be rare [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. The overall clinical significance of the organsims, however, is uncertain. Here, we report K. cryocrescens bacteremia in an adult and review the literature in order to highlight the clinical features, antimicrobial susceptibilities and treatments used in recent clinical reports.
Case
An 81-year-old Japanese man with a history of interstitial lung disease and 3 years of home oxygen therapy made regular clinic visits and took a blood test every month. Anemia was detected and he was admitted to the hospital to treat the anemia. On admission, blood test findings included hemoglobin 6.6 g/dL, serum iron 16 μg/dL and serum ferritin 4.2 ng/mL. The fecal occult blood test was negative. He had no other significant clinical history including injection drug use, human immunodeficiency virus infection and treatment with immunosuppressive agents. A proton pump inhibitor and a blood transfusion were administered. On admission day 3, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was carried out and multiple superficial gastric ulcers without bleeding (Forrest classification: III) were found around cardia. Administration of the proton pump inhibitor was continued.
On admission day 4, fever of 39.3 °C developed, along with an altered level of consciousness and hypotension. Laboratory findings revealed elevated serum C-reactive protein and serum and urine white blood cell counts. Peripheral intravenous catheter was exchanged immediately. Two samples of blood and one sample of urine were cultured and K. cryocrescens was detected from the blood samples. Chest and abdominal computed tomography was carried out and there were no significant findings. Transthoracic echocardiography showed normal findings.
Piperacilin/tazobactam (4.5 g every 6 h) was initiated on hospital day 5. The fever and symptomatology decreased promptly after initiation of antimicrobial therapy. It was suspected that the K. cryocrescens bacteremia was related to the peripheral venous catheter because the urine culture was negative and there were no significant findings to suggest an alternative source, though peripheral catheter tip was not cultured. Gastric ulcer was less likely source of infection because of endoscopy findings. K. cryocrescens isolates from blood were susceptible to extended spectrum cephalosporins, ampicillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, and carbapenems, and resistant to ampicillin and 1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins.
On admission day 11, two blood samples were cultured and no microorganisms were detected. On admission day 16, administration of the antimicrobial agent was terminated. However, on admission day 19, there was an acute and fatal exacerbation of the interstitial pneumonia.
Discussion
We present a case of bacteremia due to K. cryocrescens in a patient with interstitial lung disease. Clinical features of K. cryocrescens bacteremia remain unclear because there are few pertinent published reports. We reviewed the previously published cases, and the results, along with those of the current case, are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients with Kluyvera cryocrescens bacteremia.
| No | Citation | Age/sex | Comorbidities | Primary infection site | Indwelling device | Community acquired/nosocomial | Antibiotics | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | [2] | 12 months/male | Congestive heart failure, Tetralogy of Fallot | CRBSI | Broviac catheter | Nosocomial | Ampicillin and gentamicin | Cured |
| 2 | [3] | 65 yo/female | Coronary artery disease, rheumatic heart disease | Unknown (outbreak case) | Peripheral intravenous catheter | Nosocomial | Cefazolin and gentamicin | Cured |
| 3 | [3] | 71 yo/female | Coronary artery disease | Unknown (outbreak case) | Peripheral intravenous catheter | Nosocomial | Cefazolin and gentamicin | Cured |
| 4 | [3] | 85 yo/female | Coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus | Unknown (outbreak case) | Peripheral intravenous catheter | Nosocomial | Cefazolin and gentamicin | Cured |
| 5 | [3] | 35 yo/male | Coronary artery disease | Unknown (outbreak case) | Peripheral intravenous catheter | Nosocomial | Cefazolin and gentamicin | Cured |
| 6 | [4] | 2 yo/male | Primary neuroectodermal tumor | CRBSI | Central venous catheter | Community-acquired | Cefepime and amikacin | Cured |
| 7 | [5] | 45 yo/female | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Nosocomial | Unknown | Unknown |
| 8 | [6] | 17th day/male | Premature | Unknown | Umbilical artery/vein catheter | Nosocomial | Teicoplanin and ciprofloxacin | Cured |
| 9 | Our case | 81 yo/male | Interstitial lung disease | Unknown | Peripheral intravenous catheter, urine catheter | Nosocomial | Piperacillin/tazobactam | Cured |
yo, years old; CRBSI, catheter related blood stream infection.
There were no significant sex or age similarities. In contrast, there were some similarities of clinical backgrounds: 8 of 9 patients had severe comorbidities and another was a premature infant, suggesting that K. cryocrescens can cause severe infections such as septicemia in immunosuppressed patients. In all, 8 of the 9 cases were nosocomial infections, consistent with previous descriptions of K. cryocrescens as an opportunistic microorganism.
Primary infection sites were determined in only 2 cases, which were both central catheter-related blood stream infections. Although primary infection sites were undetermined in the remaining 7 cases, all of these had peripheral and/or central intravenous catheters. Results of catheter tip culture or culture of blood drawn through the catheter were not described in any of those 7 cases, suggesting that catheter-related blood stream infections might have been present in some of these. Intravenous catheter use might be a major risk factor.
Through production of beta-lactamases, resistance to ampicillin and 1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins can be expected. Antibiotic susceptibilities of K. cryocrescens isolates from bacteremic cases are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Kluyvera cryocrescens in clinical isolates from bacteremic cases.
| No. 1 | No. 2–5 | No. 6 | No. 7 | No. 8 | No. 9 | Susceptibility | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ampicillin | R | R | R | R | 0.0% | ||
| Amoxicillin/clavlulanate | S | I | S | 66.7% | |||
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | S | R | S | 66.7% | |||
| 1st gen cepahlospoins (ex: cefazolin) | R | R | S | 33.3% | |||
| 2nd gen cephem (ex: cefotiam) | R | R | S | 33.3% | |||
| 3rd gen cephem (ex: ceftriaxone) | R | S | S/I | S | 60.0% | ||
| 4th gen cephem (ex: cefepime) | S | S | 100.0% | ||||
| Imipenem | S | S | S | S | 100.0% | ||
| Amikacin | R | S | S | S | 75.0% | ||
| Gentamicin | S | S | R | S | 75.0% | ||
| Ciprofloxacin | S | S | S | S | S | 100.0% | |
| Doxycycline | S | S | 100.0% |
S, sensitive; R, resistant; ex, example.
Conflicts of interest
None declared.
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