Skip to main content
PMC home page
Heart logoLink to Heart
. 1997 Aug;78(Suppl 1):2–6. doi: 10.1136/hrt.78.suppl_1.2

Echocardiography in stroke and transient ischaemic attack

John B Chambers 1,2,3, Mark A de Belder 1,2,3, David Moore 1,2,3
PMCID: PMC484838  PMID: 9301513

Full text

PDF
6

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bergeron G. A., Shah P. M. Echocardiography unwarranted in patients with cerebral ischemic events. N Engl J Med. 1981 Feb 19;304(8):489–489. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198102193040818. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Burnett P. J., Milne J. R., Greenwood R., Giles M. R., Camm J. The role of echocardiography in the investigation of focal cerebral ischaemia. Postgrad Med J. 1984 Feb;60(700):116–119. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.60.700.116. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Cabanes L., Mas J. L., Cohen A., Amarenco P., Cabanes P. A., Oubary P., Chedru F., Guérin F., Bousser M. G., de Recondo J. Atrial septal aneurysm and patent foramen ovale as risk factors for cryptogenic stroke in patients less than 55 years of age. A study using transesophageal echocardiography. Stroke. 1993 Dec;24(12):1865–1873. doi: 10.1161/01.str.24.12.1865. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Daniel W. G., Nellessen U., Schröder E., Nonnast-Daniel B., Bednarski P., Nikutta P., Lichtlen P. R. Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast in mitral valve disease: an indicator for an increased thromboembolic risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988 Jun;11(6):1204–1211. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(88)90283-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Hagen P. T., Scholz D. G., Edwards W. D. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clin Proc. 1984 Jan;59(1):17–20. doi: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)60336-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Hanna J. P., Sun J. P., Furlan A. J., Stewart W. J., Sila C. A., Tan M. Patent foramen ovale and brain infarct. Echocardiographic predictors, recurrence, and prevention. Stroke. 1994 Apr;25(4):782–786. doi: 10.1161/01.str.25.4.782. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Hart R. G., Miller V. T. Cerebral infarction in young adults: a practical approach. Stroke. 1983 Jan-Feb;14(1):110–114. doi: 10.1161/01.str.14.1.110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Homma S., Di Tullio M. R., Sacco R. L., Mihalatos D., Li Mandri G., Mohr J. P. Characteristics of patent foramen ovale associated with cryptogenic stroke. A biplane transesophageal echocardiographic study. Stroke. 1994 Mar;25(3):582–586. doi: 10.1161/01.str.25.3.582. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Jones E. F., Calafiore P., Donnan G. A., Tonkin A. M. Evidence that patent foramen ovale is not a risk factor for cerebral ischemia in the elderly. Am J Cardiol. 1994 Sep 15;74(6):596–599. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90750-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Jones E. F., Kalman J. M., Calafiore P., Tonkin A. M., Donnan G. A. Proximal aortic atheroma. An independent risk factor for cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1995 Feb;26(2):218–224. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Karalis D. G., Chandrasekaran K., Victor M. F., Ross J. J., Jr, Mintz G. S. Recognition and embolic potential of intraaortic atherosclerotic debris. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991 Jan;17(1):73–78. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90706-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Knopman D. S., Anderson D. C., Asinger R. W., Greenland P., Mikell F., Good D. C. Indications for echocardiography in patients with ischemic stroke. Neurology. 1982 Sep;32(9):1005–1011. doi: 10.1212/wnl.32.9.1005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Lee R. J., Bartzokis T., Yeoh T. K., Grogin H. R., Choi D., Schnittger I. Enhanced detection of intracardiac sources of cerebral emboli by transesophageal echocardiography. Stroke. 1991 Jun;22(6):734–739. doi: 10.1161/01.str.22.6.734. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Leung D. Y., Black I. W., Cranney G. B., Walsh W. F., Grimm R. A., Stewart W. J., Thomas J. D. Selection of patients for transesophageal echocardiography after stroke and systemic embolic events. Role of transthoracic echocardiography. Stroke. 1995 Oct;26(10):1820–1824. doi: 10.1161/01.str.26.10.1820. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Mas J. L., Zuber M. Recurrent cerebrovascular events in patients with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both and cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack. French Study Group on Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Aneurysm. Am Heart J. 1995 Nov;130(5):1083–1088. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(95)90212-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Mills P., Rose J., Hollingsworth J., Amara I., Craige E. Long-term prognosis of mitral-valve prolapse. N Engl J Med. 1977 Jul 7;297(1):13–18. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197707072970103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Nihoyannopoulos P., Joshi J., Athanasopoulos G., Oakley C. M. Detection of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta by transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 1993 May 15;71(13):1208–1212. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90647-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Nishimura R. A., McGoon M. D., Shub C., Miller F. A., Jr, Ilstrup D. M., Tajik A. J. Echocardiographically documented mitral-valve prolapse. Long-term follow-up of 237 patients. N Engl J Med. 1985 Nov 21;313(21):1305–1309. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198511213132101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Pearson A. C., Labovitz A. J., Tatineni S., Gomez C. R. Superiority of transesophageal echocardiography in detecting cardiac source of embolism in patients with cerebral ischemia of uncertain etiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991 Jan;17(1):66–72. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90705-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Pearson A. C., Nagelhout D., Castello R., Gomez C. R., Labovitz A. J. Atrial septal aneurysm and stroke: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991 Nov 1;18(5):1223–1229. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90539-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Pop G., Sutherland G. R., Koudstaal P. J., Sit T. W., de Jong G., Roelandt J. R. Transesophageal echocardiography in the detection of intracardiac embolic sources in patients with transient ischemic attacks. Stroke. 1990 Apr;21(4):560–565. doi: 10.1161/01.str.21.4.560. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Prakash A., Chambers J., Holt P. Images in cardiology. Near miss paradoxical embolism. Br Heart J. 1994 Sep;72(3):293–293. doi: 10.1136/hrt.72.3.293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Pruitt A. A., Rubin R. H., Karchmer A. W., Duncan G. W. Neurologic complications of bacterial endocarditis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1978 Jul;57(4):329–343. doi: 10.1097/00005792-197807000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Ramirez-Lassepas M., Cipolle R. J., Bjork R. J., Kowitz J., Snyder B. D., Weber J. C., Stein S. D. Can embolic stroke be diagnosed on the basis of neurologic clinical criteria? Arch Neurol. 1987 Jan;44(1):87–89. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1987.00520130067019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Ranoux D., Cohen A., Cabanes L., Amarenco P., Bousser M. G., Mas J. L. Patent foramen ovale: is stroke due to paradoxical embolism? Stroke. 1993 Jan;24(1):31–34. doi: 10.1161/01.str.24.1.31. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Rauh R., Fischereder M., Spengel F. A. Transesophageal echocardiography in patients with focal cerebral ischemia of unknown cause. Stroke. 1996 Apr;27(4):691–694. doi: 10.1161/01.str.27.4.691. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Robbins J. A., Sagar K. B., French M., Smith P. J. Influence of echocardiography on management of patients with systemic emboli. Stroke. 1983 Jul-Aug;14(4):546–549. doi: 10.1161/01.str.14.4.546. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Sandercock P., Bamford J., Dennis M., Burn J., Slattery J., Jones L., Boonyakarnkul S., Warlow C. Atrial fibrillation and stroke: prevalence in different types of stroke and influence on early and long term prognosis (Oxfordshire community stroke project) BMJ. 1992 Dec 12;305(6867):1460–1465. doi: 10.1136/bmj.305.6867.1460. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Shapiro L. M., Westgate C. J., Shine K., Donaldson R. Is cardiac ultrasound mandatory in patients with transient ischaemic attacks? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985 Sep 21;291(6498):786–787. doi: 10.1136/bmj.291.6498.786. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Stone D. A., Godard J., Corretti M. C., Kittner S. J., Sample C., Price T. R., Plotnick G. D. Patent foramen ovale: association between the degree of shunt by contrast transesophageal echocardiography and the risk of future ischemic neurologic events. Am Heart J. 1996 Jan;131(1):158–161. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8703(96)90065-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Taams M. A., Gussenhoven E. J., Bos E., de Jaegere P., Roelandt J. R., Sutherland G. R., Bom N. Enhanced morphological diagnosis in infective endocarditis by transoesophageal echocardiography. Br Heart J. 1990 Feb;63(2):109–113. doi: 10.1136/hrt.63.2.109. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Vandenbogaerde J., De Bleecker J., Decoo D., François K., Cambier B., Bergen J. M., Vandermersch C., De Reuck J., Clement D. L. Transoesophageal echo-Doppler in patients suspected of a cardiac source of peripheral emboli. Eur Heart J. 1992 Jan;13(1):88–94. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Wilmshurst P. T., de Belder M. A. Patent foramen ovale in adult life. Br Heart J. 1994 Mar;71(3):209–212. doi: 10.1136/hrt.71.3.209. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Wolf P. A., Dawber T. R., Thomas H. E., Jr, Kannel W. B. Epidemiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke: the Framingham study. Neurology. 1978 Oct;28(10):973–977. doi: 10.1212/wnl.28.10.973. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. de Belder M. A., Lovat L. B., Tourikis L., Leech G., Camm A. J. Limitations of transoesophageal echocardiography in patients with focal cerebral ischaemic events. Br Heart J. 1992 Apr;67(4):297–303. doi: 10.1136/hrt.67.4.297. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. de Belder M. A., Tourikis L., Leech G., Camm A. J. Risk of patent foramen ovale for thromboembolic events in all age groups. Am J Cardiol. 1992 May 15;69(16):1316–1320. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(92)91228-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Heart are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES