Abstract
Nucleolar organiser regions (NORs), which are important for regulating protein synthesis, were identified in 20 breast carcinomas by means of a silver (Ag) staining technique. Infiltrating neoplasms with metastases in four or more axillary lymph nodes possessed, on average, a greater number of AgNORs per cell nucleus compared with neoplasms without nodal disease, or with one to three positive lymph nodes. The size, morphology, and distribution of AgNORs within the nucleus were also different in the two study groups. Overall, these findings suggest that breast carcinomas with multiple, irregular, and widely dispersed AgNORs tend to be of high grade malignancy.
Full text
PDFSelected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Alexieva-Figusch J., Van Putten W. L., Blankenstein M. A., Blonk-Van Der Wijst J., Klijn J. G. The prognostic value and relationships of patient characteristics, estrogen and progestin receptors, and site of relapse in primary breast cancer. Cancer. 1988 Feb 15;61(4):758–768. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19880215)61:4<758::aid-cncr2820610421>3.0.co;2-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brown R. A., Beck J. S. Statistics on microcomputers: a non-algebraic guide to the appropriate use of statistical packages in biomedical research and pathology laboratory practice. 6. Statistical methods for diagnostic tests. J Clin Pathol. 1989 Mar;42(3):225–230. doi: 10.1136/jcp.42.3.225. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carter C. L., Allen C., Henson D. E. Relation of tumor size, lymph node status, and survival in 24,740 breast cancer cases. Cancer. 1989 Jan 1;63(1):181–187. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19890101)63:1<181::aid-cncr2820630129>3.0.co;2-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Crocker J., Macartney J. C., Smith P. J. Correlation between DNA flow cytometric and nucleolar organizer region data in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. J Pathol. 1988 Feb;154(2):151–156. doi: 10.1002/path.1711540207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Crocker J., Nar P. Nucleolar organizer regions in lymphomas. J Pathol. 1987 Feb;151(2):111–118. doi: 10.1002/path.1711510203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Derenzini M., Pession A., Farabegoli F., Trerè D., Badiali M., Dehan P. Relationship between interphasic nucleolar organizer regions and growth rate in two neuroblastoma cell lines. Am J Pathol. 1989 Apr;134(4):925–932. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Egan M. J., Crocker J. Nucleolar organizer regions in cutaneous tumours. J Pathol. 1988 Mar;154(3):247–253. doi: 10.1002/path.1711540307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Egan M. J., Raafat F., Crocker J., Smith K. Nucleolar organiser regions in fibrous proliferations of childhood and infantile fibrosarcoma. J Clin Pathol. 1988 Jan;41(1):31–33. doi: 10.1136/jcp.41.1.31. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Egan M., Raafat F., Crocker J., Williams D. Comparative study of the degree of differentiation of neuroblastoma and mean numbers of nucleolar organiser regions. J Clin Pathol. 1988 May;41(5):527–531. doi: 10.1136/jcp.41.5.527. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- FERGUSON-SMITH M. A., HANDMAKER S. D. Observations on the satellited human chromosomes. Lancet. 1961 Mar 25;1(7178):638–640. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(61)91655-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fakan S., Hernandez-Verdun D. The nucleolus and the nucleolar organizer regions. Biol Cell. 1986;56(3):189–205. doi: 10.1111/j.1768-322x.1986.tb00452.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fallowfield M. E., Dodson A. R., Cook M. G. Nucleolar organizer regions in melanocytic dysplasia and melanoma. Histopathology. 1988 Jul;13(1):95–99. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1988.tb02007.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fisher B., Bauer M., Wickerham D. L., Redmond C. K., Fisher E. R., Cruz A. B., Foster R., Gardner B., Lerner H., Margolese R. Relation of number of positive axillary nodes to the prognosis of patients with primary breast cancer. An NSABP update. Cancer. 1983 Nov 1;52(9):1551–1557. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19831101)52:9<1551::aid-cncr2820520902>3.0.co;2-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fisher B., Glass A., Redmond C., Fisher E. R., Barton B., Such E., Carbone P., Economou S., Foster R., Frelick R. L-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) in the management of primary breast cancer. An update of earlier findings and a comparison with those utilizing L-PAM plus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Cancer. 1977 Jun;39(6 Suppl):2883–2903. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197706)39:6<2883::aid-cncr2820390676>3.0.co;2-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fisher E. R., Gregorio R., Redmond C., Dekker A., Fisher B. Pathologic findings from the national surgical adjuvant breast project (protocol no. 4). II. The significance of regional node histology other than sinus histiocytosis in invasive mammary cancer. Am J Clin Pathol. 1976 Jan;65(1):21–30. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/65.1.21. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Giri D. D., Dundas S. A., Sanderson P. R., Howat A. J. Silver-binding nucleoli and nucleolar organizer regions in fine needle aspiration cytology of the breast. Acta Cytol. 1989 Mar-Apr;33(2):173–175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Giri D. D., Nottingham J. F., Lawry J., Dundas S. A., Underwood J. C. Silver-binding nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in benign and malignant breast lesions: correlations with ploidy and growth phase by DNA flow cytometry. J Pathol. 1989 Apr;157(4):307–313. doi: 10.1002/path.1711570407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Howat A. J., Giri D. D., Cotton D. W., Slater D. N. Nucleolar organizer regions in Spitz nevi and malignant melanomas. Cancer. 1989 Feb 1;63(3):474–478. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19890201)63:3<474::aid-cncr2820630314>3.0.co;2-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Howat A. J., Giri D. D., Wright A. L., Underwood J. C. Silver-stained nucleoli and nucleolar organizer region counts are of no prognostic value in thick cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Pathol. 1988 Nov;156(3):227–232. doi: 10.1002/path.1711560307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hubbell H. R., Rothblum L. I., Hsu T. C. Identification of a silver binding protein associated with the cytological silver staining of actively transcribing nucleolar regions. Cell Biol Int Rep. 1979 Oct;3(7):615–622. doi: 10.1016/0309-1651(79)90060-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lischwe M. A., Smetana K., Olson M. O., Busch H. Proteins C23 and B23 are the major nucleolar silver staining proteins. Life Sci. 1979 Aug 20;25(8):701–708. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(79)90512-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Martin S. A., Perez-Reyes N., Mendelsohn G. Angioinvasion in breast carcinoma. An immunohistochemical study of factor VIII-related antigen. Cancer. 1987 Jun 1;59(11):1918–1922. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19870601)59:11<1918::aid-cncr2820591113>3.0.co;2-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nairn E. R., Crocker J., McGovern J. Limited value of AgNOR enumeration in assessment of thyroid neoplasms. J Clin Pathol. 1988 Oct;41(10):1136–1136. doi: 10.1136/jcp.41.10.1136-a. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nemoto T., Vana J., Bedwani R. N., Baker H. W., McGregor F. H., Murphy G. P. Management and survival of female breast cancer: results of a national survey by the American College of Surgeons. Cancer. 1980 Jun 15;45(12):2917–2924. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19800615)45:12<2917::aid-cncr2820451203>3.0.co;2-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ochs R., Lischwe M., O'Leary P., Busch H. Localization of nucleolar phosphoproteins B23 and C23 during mitosis. Exp Cell Res. 1983 Jun;146(1):139–149. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(83)90332-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ploton D., Menager M., Jeannesson P., Himber G., Pigeon F., Adnet J. J. Improvement in the staining and in the visualization of the argyrophilic proteins of the nucleolar organizer region at the optical level. Histochem J. 1986 Jan;18(1):5–14. doi: 10.1007/BF01676192. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rank F., Dombernowsky P., Jespersen N. C., Pedersen B. V., Keiding N. Histologic malignancy grading of invasive ductal breast carcinoma. A regression analysis of prognostic factors in low-risk carcinomas from a multicenter trial. Cancer. 1987 Sep 15;60(6):1299–1305. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19870915)60:6<1299::aid-cncr2820600623>3.0.co;2-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Russo J., Frederick J., Ownby H. E., Fine G., Hussain M., Krickstein H. I., Robbins T. O., Rosenberg B. Predictors of recurrence and survival of patients with breast cancer. Am J Clin Pathol. 1987 Aug;88(2):123–131. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/88.2.123. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith R., Crocker J. Evaluation of nucleolar organizer region-associated proteins in breast malignancy. Histopathology. 1988 Feb;12(2):113–125. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1988.tb01923.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Trent J. M., Carlin D. A., Davis J. R. Expression of silver-stained nucleolar organizing regions (Ag-NORs) in human cancer. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1981;30(1):31–38. doi: 10.1159/000131585. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Williams M. A., Kleinschmidt J. A., Krohne G., Franke W. W. Argyrophilic nuclear and nucleolar proteins of Xenopus laevis oocytes identified by gel electrophoresis. Exp Cell Res. 1982 Feb;137(2):341–351. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(82)90035-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]