Abstract
The use of matching variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) profiles to link suspects with crimes is potentially very powerful, but it has been quite controversial. Initial debate over laboratory procedures has largely given way to debate over the statistical and population genetic issues involved in calculating the frequency of a profile for a random member of a population. This frequency is used to weight the evidence of a match between suspect and crime scene material when the suspect denies responsibility for that material. A recent report from the National Research Council, intended to put to rest some of the issues, has instead raised further debate by advocating a procedure based on maximum frequencies of profile components over several different populations.
Full text
PDFSelected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Anderson A. Genetic fingerprinting: forensic tests proved innocent. Nature. 1990 Aug 9;346(6284):499–499. doi: 10.1038/346499c0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Anderson C. DNA fingerprinting. FBI gives in on genetics. Nature. 1992 Feb 20;355(6362):663–663. doi: 10.1038/355663a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brookfield J. The effect of population subdivision on estimates of the likelihood ratio in criminal cases using single-locus DNA probes. Heredity (Edinb) 1992 Aug;69(Pt 2):97–100. doi: 10.1038/hdy.1992.101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Budowle B., Chakraborty R., Giusti A. M., Eisenberg A. J., Allen R. C. Analysis of the VNTR locus D1S80 by the PCR followed by high-resolution PAGE. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Jan;48(1):137–144. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Budowle B., Giusti A. M., Waye J. S., Baechtel F. S., Fourney R. M., Adams D. E., Presley L. A., Deadman H. A., Monson K. L. Fixed-bin analysis for statistical evaluation of continuous distributions of allelic data from VNTR loci, for use in forensic comparisons. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 May;48(5):841–855. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chakraborty R., De Andrade M., Daiger S. P., Budowle B. Apparent heterozygote deficiencies observed in DNA typing data and their implications in forensic applications. Ann Hum Genet. 1992 Jan;56(Pt 1):45–57. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1992.tb01128.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chakraborty R., Jin L. Heterozygote deficiency, population substructure and their implications in DNA fingerprinting. Hum Genet. 1992 Jan;88(3):267–272. doi: 10.1007/BF00197257. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chakraborty R., Kidd K. K. The utility of DNA typing in forensic work. Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1735–1739. doi: 10.1126/science.1763323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chakraborty R. Sample size requirements for addressing the population genetic issues of forensic use of DNA typing. Hum Biol. 1992 Apr;64(2):141–159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cohen J. E. DNA fingerprinting for forensic identification: potential effects on data interpretation of subpopulation heterogeneity and band number variability. Am J Hum Genet. 1990 Feb;46(2):358–368. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cohen J. E. The ceiling principle is not always conservative in assigning genotype frequencies for forensic DNA testing. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Nov;51(5):1165–1168. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- D'Eustachio P. Interpreting DNA fingerprints. Nature. 1992 Apr 9;356(6369):483–483. doi: 10.1038/356483a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Deka R., Chakroborty R., Ferrell R. E. A population genetic study of six VNTR loci in three ethnically defined populations. Genomics. 1991 Sep;11(1):83–92. doi: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90104-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Devlin B., Risch N. A note on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of VNTR data by using the Federal Bureau of Investigation's fixed-bin method. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Sep;51(3):549–553. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Devlin B., Risch N. Ethnic differentiation at VNTR loci, with special reference to forensic applications. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Sep;51(3):534–548. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Devlin B., Risch N., Roeder K. Estimation of allele frequencies for VNTR loci. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Apr;48(4):662–676. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Devlin B., Risch N., Roeder K. No excess of homozygosity at loci used for DNA fingerprinting. Science. 1990 Sep 21;249(4975):1416–1420. doi: 10.1126/science.2205919. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Devlin B., Risch N., Roeder K. Response. Science. 1991 Aug 30;253(5023):1039–1041. doi: 10.1126/science.253.5023.1039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Efron B., Tibshirani R. Statistical data analysis in the computer age. Science. 1991 Jul 26;253(5018):390–395. doi: 10.1126/science.253.5018.390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Evett I. W. Trivial error. Nature. 1991 Nov 14;354(6349):114–114. doi: 10.1038/354114d0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Forensic DNA tests and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Science. 1991 Aug 30;253(5023):1037–1041. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Green P. Population genetic issues in DNA fingerprinting. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Feb;50(2):440–443. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guo S. W., Thompson E. A. Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportion for multiple alleles. Biometrics. 1992 Jun;48(2):361–372. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hagerman P. J. DNA typing in the forensic arena. Am J Hum Genet. 1990 Nov;47(5):876–877. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Helmuth R., Fildes N., Blake E., Luce M. C., Chimera J., Madej R., Gorodezky C., Stoneking M., Schmill N., Klitz W. HLA-DQ alpha allele and genotype frequencies in various human populations, determined by using enzymatic amplification and oligonucleotide probes. Am J Hum Genet. 1990 Sep;47(3):515–523. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Higuchi R. Human error in forensic DNA typing. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Jun;48(6):1215–1216. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jeffreys A. J., Brookfield J. F., Semeonoff R. Positive identification of an immigration test-case using human DNA fingerprints. 1985 Oct 31-Nov 6Nature. 317(6040):818–819. doi: 10.1038/317818a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jeffreys A. J., MacLeod A., Tamaki K., Neil D. L., Monckton D. G. Minisatellite repeat coding as a digital approach to DNA typing. Nature. 1991 Nov 21;354(6350):204–209. doi: 10.1038/354204a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jeffreys A. J., Wilson V., Thein S. L. Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA. Nature. 1985 Mar 7;314(6006):67–73. doi: 10.1038/314067a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jeffreys A. J., Wilson V., Thein S. L. Individual-specific 'fingerprints' of human DNA. Nature. 1985 Jul 4;316(6023):76–79. doi: 10.1038/316076a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lander E. S. DNA fingerprinting on trial. Nature. 1989 Jun 15;339(6225):501–505. doi: 10.1038/339501a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lewontin R. C., Hartl D. L. Population genetics in forensic DNA typing. Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1745–1750. doi: 10.1126/science.1845040. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lewontin R. C., Hartl D. L. Response. Science. 1992 Feb 28;255(5048):1053–1054. doi: 10.1126/science.255.5048.1053. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morton N. E. Genetic structure of forensic populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Apr 1;89(7):2556–2560. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.7.2556. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Neufeld P. J., Colman N. When science takes the witness stand. Sci Am. 1990 May;262(5):46–53. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0590-46. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Odelberg S. J., Plaetke R., Eldridge J. R., Ballard L., O'Connell P., Nakamura Y., Leppert M., Lalouel J. M., White R. Characterization of eight VNTR loci by agarose gel electrophoresis. Genomics. 1989 Nov;5(4):915–924. doi: 10.1016/0888-7543(89)90134-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Risch N. J., Devlin B. On the probability of matching DNA fingerprints. Science. 1992 Feb 7;255(5045):717–720. doi: 10.1126/science.1738844. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roberts L. Fight erupts over DNA fingerprinting. Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1721–1723. doi: 10.1126/science.1763321. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shapiro M. M. Imprints on DNA fingerprints. Nature. 1991 Sep 12;353(6340):121–122. doi: 10.1038/353121b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Walsh K., Buckleton J. S. Calculating the frequency of occurrence of a blood type for a 'random man'. J Forensic Sci Soc. 1991 Jan-Mar;31(1):49–58. doi: 10.1016/s0015-7368(91)73117-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weir B. S., Evett I. W. Whose DNA? Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Apr;50(4):869–869. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weir B. S. Independence of VNTR alleles defined as fixed bins. Genetics. 1992 Apr;130(4):873–887. doi: 10.1093/genetics/130.4.873. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weir B. S. Independence of VNTR alleles defined as floating bins. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Nov;51(5):992–997. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]