Abstract
3dRPC is a computational method designed for three-dimensional RNA–protein complex structure prediction. Starting from a protein structure and a RNA structure, 3dRPC first generates presumptive complex structures by RPDOCK and then evaluates the structures by RPRANK. RPDOCK is an FFT-based docking algorithm that takes features of RNA–protein interactions into consideration, and RPRANK is a knowledge-based potential using root mean square deviation as a measure. Here we give a detailed description of the usage of 3dRPC. The source code is available at http://biophy.hust.edu.cn/3dRPC.html.
Keywords: RNA–protein complex, Tertiary structure, Computational prediction, Docking, Scoring function
Introduction
RNA–protein interactions have drawn much attention recently since they might play important roles in many biological processes (Chen and Varani 2005; Glisovic et al. 2008). It was found that most of the human genome could be transcribed into RNAs but only a small fraction of these RNAs was translated into proteins (Cheng et al. 2005), i.e., most RNAs did not undergo translation. These non-coding RNAs perform their biological functions mostly through RNA–protein interactions and forming RNA–protein complexes. As the protein–protein interactions, the three-dimensional structures of RNA–protein complexes are essential to understand the mechanism of RNA–protein interactions. However, experimental determination of three-dimensional structures of RNA–protein complexes is still difficult and time-consuming at present. To solve this problem, computational methods have been proposed to predict the RNA–protein complex structures.
Most algorithms for predicting complex structure consist of two stages: sampling and scoring. The first stage is sampling conformational space and selecting candidates. Since the conformational space is very large, a fast and effective sampling method is required. The second stage is evaluation of the candidates using a ranking or scoring function. Compared to the well-developed methods for protein–protein complex structure prediction (Vakser and Aflalo 1994; Gabb et al. 1997; Chen et al. 2003; Dominguez et al. 2003; Kozakov et al. 2006), those for RNA–protein complexes remain to be developed, which mainly focus on the scoring (Chen et al. 2004; Perez-Cano et al. 2010; Tuszynska and Bujnicki 2011; Li et al. 2012; Huang and Zou 2014), while the sampling methods were borrowed from those for protein–protein complex prediction (Vakser and Aflalo 1994; Gabb et al. 1997; Chen et al. 2003). Recently, we proposed a novel protocol for predicting RNA–protein complex structures—3dRPC (Huang et al. 2013). 3dRPC originally consists of a docking procedure RPDOCK and a scoring function DECK-RP.
RPDOCK is a docking procedure specific to RNA–protein docking. Based on the fact that the atom packing at the RNA–protein interface is different from that at the protein–protein interface (Jones et al. 1999, 2001; Bahadur et al. 2008), RPDOCK applies a new set of parameters to calculate the geometric complementarity. Since the electrostatics plays an important role in RNA–protein interaction(Jones et al. 2001; Kim et al. 2006; Terribilini et al. 2006; Bahadur et al. 2008; Kumar et al. 2008; Perez-Cano et al. 2010; Perez-Cano and Fernandez-Recio 2010), RPDOCK also includes electrostatic effect. RPDOCK also accounts for the stacking interactions between aromatic side chain and bases. The scoring function DECK-RP has been replaced in the updated 3dRPC by RPRANK, a new knowledge-based potential using Root mean square deviation (RMSD) as a measure. The statistical objects of RPRANK are the conformation differences between residue-base pairs. The residue-base pairs are clustered based on the RMSD between each other. Then the energies of the residue-base pair clusters are decided by statistical method based on the number of pairs in each cluster. Different from other statistical potential, this potential does not use distance to classify the residue-base pairs directly. The RMSD-based potential RPRANK has been tested on Zou’s benchmarks (Huang and Zou 2013). The success rate reaches 29.1% for top one and 41.7% for top ten. 3dRPC has been tested on two test sets(Perez-Cano et al. 2012; Huang and Zou 2013) and achieved success rates of 12.1% and 31.9% for top one prediction and 28.8% and 41.7% for top ten, respectively. In the following, we give a detailed description of the usage of 3dRPC.
3dRPC
Stage 1: rigid-body docking by RPDOCK
RPDOCK is a FFT-based, rigid-body sampling method. The overall process of RPDOCK resembles protein–protein docking algorithm FTDOCK (Gabb et al. 1997). First, the protein is discretized into three-dimensional grid and the RNA is rotated by Euler angles and then discretized into three-dimensional grid. Next, a full translation scan is performed. During the translation scan, top three poses are retained according to the RPDOCK score. Fast Fourier transform is used to accelerate the calculation. The process is repeated until full rotation scan is completed. RPDOCK score is composed of two items: geometric complementarity (GC) and electrostatics (ELEC). The electrostatics is calculated by Coulomb’s formula with a distance-dependent dielectric and the charge is extracted from AMBER force field (Case et al. 2005).
Stage 2: scoring by RPRANK
Each presumptive pose generated by RPDOCK is scored by RPRANK in this stage. RPRANK extracts the residue-base pairs within 10 Å, and then the pairs from decoy complexes are compared with standard pairs that are from native structures. If the RMSD between standard pair and decoy pair is less than 6 Å, the energy of decoy pair will be recorded as same as the standard pair. Finally, the energy of the decoy complex is the sum of the energy of pairs.
Procedure
3dRPC installation
To download 3dRPC package, visit the 3dRPC webpage (http://biophy.hust.edu.cn/3dRPC.html).
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2.Set running environment for 3dRPC. Add the following lines to your “~/.bashrc”:
- “export HOME_3dRPC=/home/XXX/3dRPC/”,
- “export X3DNA=${HOME_3dRPC}/ext/X3DNA/”,
- “export PATH=$PATH:${HOME_3dRPC}/ext/fasta/”.
- Type the command in your terminal:
- “source ~/.bashrc”.
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3.
Download and install libraries. Three external libraries are required by 3dRPC: FFTW (http://www.fftw.org/download.html), BLAS (http://www.netlib.org/blas/), and LAPACK (http://www.netlib.org/lapack/). The default path of libraries is “${HOME_3dRPC}/lib/”.
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4.Install FASTA. FASTA is used for sequence alignment in 3dRPC. The source code of FASTA is located on “${HOME_3dRPC}/ext/fasta/”. Users can execute the following command lines to install FASTA:
- “cd ${HOME_3dRPC}/ext/fasta/”,
- “make”.
- After successful installation, an executable file “fasta35” can be found in “${HOME_3dRPC}/ext/fasta/”.
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5.Install 3dRPC program from the source code. Run the following command lines given below:
- “cd ${HOME_3dRPC}/source”,
- “make”.
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Docking by RPDOCK
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6.
Prepare two PDB structures for docking, with one being protein and the other one being RNA. An example is shown in Fig. 1.
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7.Prepare the parameter files for RPDOCK. The parameter files must follow the following formats:
- RPDock.receptor = 1DFU_r_u.pdb,
- RPDock.receptor.chain = V,
- RPDock.ligand = 1DFU_l_u.pdb,
- RPDock.ligand.chain = CB,
- RPDock.outfile = 1DFU.out,
- RPDock.grid_step = 1,
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RPDock.out_pdb = 10.The parameter files are further explained in Table 1.
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8.Run RPDOCK by the following command line:
- “$HOME_3dRPC/source/3dRPC -mode 9 -system 9 -par RPDock.par”.
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“RPDock.par” is the parameter file described previously. After docking is finished, RPDOCK will generate an output file “1DFU.out” and a number of docked complexes (“complex1.pdb”, …, “complex*.pdb”). An example of the output files is shown below:
G_DATA 13 0 −946.00 13 25 1 3 48.0 0.0 0.0 G_DATA 10 0 −897.00 10 25 5 2 36.0 0.0 0.0 G_DATA 14 0 −858.00 14 25 2 3 48.0 0.0 0.0
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9.Generate complexes by the following command line:
- “$HOME_3dRPC/source/3dRPC -mode 9 -system 8 -par RPDock.par”.
- “RPDock.par” is the same parameter file that is used for docking. Users can change the number of complexes generated.
Fig. 1.
An example of docking. The case is obtained from RNA–protein docking benchmark. The PDB code is 1DFU. Unbound protein (A) and unbound RNA (B) are shown in cartoon presentation
Table 1.
Explanation of parameter files for RPDOCK—“RPDock.par”
| RPDock.receptor | File name of protein structure |
| RPDock.receptor.chain | Chain ID of protein |
| RPDock.ligand | File name of RNA structure |
| RPDock.ligand.chain | Chain ID of RNA |
| RPDock.outfile | Output file name of RPDOCK |
| RPDock.grid_step | Grid step of RPDOCK, 1 is recommended |
| RPDock.out_pdb | Number of complexes generated |
Table 2.
Explanation of information contained in the output files of RPDOCK
| Column 4 | RPDOCK score |
| Column 6–8 | Translation vector |
| Column 9–11 | Rotation angles |
Fig. 2.
An example of docking. The native complex (1DFU) is shown in cartoon. The centroids of top 100 poses according to RPDOCK score are shown in sphere with rainbow color representing RPDOCK score. The red color represents high RPDOCK score
Scoring with RPRANK
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10.Prepare a list of complex structures to be scored by the following format:
complex1.pdb V CB complex2.pdb V CB The first column is the file name of the complex structures, the second column is the chain ID of protein and the last column is the chain ID of RNA.
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11.Prepare the parameter file “scoring.par” for scoring:
- list = list,
- out = RMSD.score.
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12.Run the command to score the complexes in the list:
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“${HOME_3dRPC}/source/3dRPC -mode 8 -system 9 -par scoring.par”.According to the parameter, the output of scoring is saved in the file “RMSD.score”. An example of the output is shown below:
complex1.pdb −93.2882 complex2.pdb −145.628 The first column is the name of the complex and the second column is the corresponding energy given by RMSD-based score.
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Result analysis of RPDOCK decoy
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13.Prepare the parameter file for analysis:
- RPDock.resfile = 1DFU.out,
- RPDock.max_matches = 10,
- native.receptor_pdb_filename = 1DFU_r_b.pdb,
- native.ligand_pdb_filename = 1DFU_l_b.pdb,
- native.receptor.chainid = P,
- native.ligand.chainid = MN,
- decoy.receptor_pdb_filename = 1DFU_r_u.pdb,
- decoy.ligand_pdb_filename = 1DFU_l_u.pdb,
- decoy.receptor.chainid = V,
- decoy.ligand.chainid = CB,
- rmsd.output = 1DFU.rmsd.dat (Table 3).
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14.Run the following command:
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“${HOME_3dRPC}/source/3dRPC -mode 2 -system 0 -par rmsd.par”.The “rmsd.par” is the parameter file described in step 15. After the calculation is finished, an outfile, named as “1DFU.rmsd.dat” according to the parameter, will be generated. The output files are formatted as following:
#Decoy R_rmsd L_rmsd I_rms fnat fnon 1 0.744382 34.1629 14.6322 0 1 2 0.744382 32.8772 14.5631 0.0178571 0.964286 - Further explanation of the files is shown in Table 4.
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Table 3.
Explanation of the parameter files
| RPDock.resfile | Output of RPDOCK |
| RPDock.max_matches | Number of complexes |
| native.receptor_pdb_filename | Native protein structure |
| native.ligand_pdb_filename | Native RNA structure |
| native.receptor.chainid | Chain ID of native protein |
| native.ligand.chainid | Chain ID of native RNA |
| decoy.receptor_pdb_filename | Protein structure used for docking |
| decoy.ligand_pdb_filename | RNA structure used for docking |
| decoy.receptor.chainid | Chain ID |
| decoy.ligand.chainid | Chain ID |
| rmsd.output | Output file of result analysis |
Table 4.
Explanation of output files
| #Decoy | Decoy number |
| R_rmsd | RMSD of receptor (protein) |
| L_rmsd | RMSD of ligand (RNA) |
| I_rms | Interface RMSD |
| fnat | Native contact fraction |
| fnon | Non-native contact fraction |
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Step 3: How to install BLAS and LAPACK in Mac?
Open the file “BLAS/make.inc” or “LAPACK/make.inc”, find the line that says: “PLAT = _LINUX” and change it to “PLAT = _MACOS”. Type “make” in your terminal to install BLAS and LAPACK.
Step 5: What can I do if I get error while installing 3dRPC?
Make sure that BLAS, LAPACK and FFTW libraries are successfully installed in your system. Open the file “${HOME_3dRPC}/source/Makefile”, find the line starting with “LAPACK_LIBS” and “BLAS_LIBS”, make sure that the paths of the libraries are correctly assigned.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570722, 11374113) and the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2012AA020402).
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of interest
Yangyu Huang, Haotian Li, and Yi Xiao declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
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