Abstract
Psoriasis is a worldwide chronic inflammatory disease, involving both skin and joints. In order to characterize psoriasis in Han Chinese population, we conducted this nationwide prospective and hospital based survey, in which 56 hospitals with departments of dermatology participated, located in 33 cities across China. A total of 12,031 outpatients with psoriasis were registered during 2009 to 2010, which the data was collected by standard questionnaires. The main data acquisition included demographics, family history, disease status and other comorbidities. Physical and dermatological examination, including body surface area (BSA) and psoriasis area severity index (PASI) were applied to evaluate the disease severity. Descriptive statistics, 2 tailed t-test and chi-square test were used appropriately for the statistical analysis. From the study, we found that the male and female ratio of the patients was 1.49:1. Mean age of onset was 30.2 ± 14.5 years for males and 27.1 ± 15.6 years for females (P < 0.05). Scalp was the most common onset site (52.8%), The mean PASI was 18.70 ± 10.01, indicating that most patients presenting at the hospitals had moderate-to-severe psoriasis and the majority was psoriasis vulgaris (96.5%). Among 12,031 patients, 23.1% had a family history of psoriasis,16.1% had comorbidities, and 29.9% had nail changes. The most important aggravation factor was season change (60.2%), followed by psychological stress (34.5%), and there significant differences between genders on trigger factors. In conclusion, this study characterizing psoriasis in Han Chinese population, could be used as basic data for future study.
Keywords: psoriasis, epidemiology, phenotype, Chinese Han
INTRODUCTION
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a strong hereditary component [1]. It is a heterogeneous disorder with considerable differences in age of onset, morphological appearance and location, severity, comorbidity, and response to established treatments [2]. For example, early onset is generally associated with HLA-Cw6, −B13 and −B57, while late onset is correlated with HLA-Cw2 and −B27 [3] Environmental factors also play important roles in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Triggering factors like smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, infections, stress and certain medications were found to be important for the initial manifestation and/or disease flares. [4–7]. Chronic plaque psoriasis is the most common type. About 18% to 21% of patients with psoriasis have distinctive nail changes, and nearly11.2% to 14.3% develop seronegative inflammatory arthritis (psoriatic arthritis, PsA) in Asia [8, 9]. Furthermore, growing evidences have shown that psoriasis is associated with metabolic syndrome such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and psychiatric diseases [10, 11]. The prevalence of psoriasis varies throughout the world, apparently reflecting differences in genetic and environmental factors. The incidence, clinical features, and comorbidities have been widely studied in the United States and Europe countries [12–15]. In Western countries, the prevalence is 2–3%, across all ages [12]. Data on the epidemiology of psoriasis in Asian populations is scarce. It seems that the prevalence in Asian is lower than European and North Americans, basing on few published studies [12].
RESULTS
General characteristics of psoriasis in China
Of the 56 participating hospitals, 31 located in the North and 25 in the South (See Table 1). A total of 12,031 psoriasis patients were enrolled, 6005 of which in the North and 6026 in the south. The mean age of all patients was 39.42 ± 18.42 years old, and the ratio of male to female was 1.49:1. Among all patients, 23.1% had a positive family history of psoriasis (See Table 2).
Table 1. Distribution of hospitals.
| Cities | No.of hospitals | No.of cases | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beijing | 10 | 2513 | North |
| Tianjing | 2 | 473 | North |
| Dalian | 1 | 97 | North |
| Xi'an | 1 | 300 | North |
| Haerbing | 2 | 291 | North |
| Changchun | 2 | 200 | North |
| Shenyang | 2 | 329 | North |
| Hohhot | 1 | 49 | North |
| Shijiazhuang | 1 | 109 | North |
| Zhengzhou | 2 | 756 | North |
| Taiyuan | 3 | 763 | North |
| Qingdao | 1 | 80 | North |
| Jinan | 1 | 75 | North |
| Lanzhou | 1 | 38 | North |
| Yinchuan | 1 | 57 | North |
| Xining | 1 | 99 | North |
| Urumqi | 1 | 76 | North |
| Hefei | 1 | 72 | South |
| Nanjing | 1 | 1302 | South |
| Wuxi | 2 | 372 | South |
| Hangzhou | 3 | 289 | South |
| Shanghai | 5 | 1797 | South |
| Fuzhou | 1 | 12 | South |
| Nanchang | 1 | 24 | South |
| Wuhan | 1 | 493 | South |
| Xianning | 1 | 265 | South |
| Changsha | 1 | 75 | South |
| Guangzhou | 2 | 104 | South |
| Guilin | 1 | 18 | South |
| Kunming | 1 | 26 | South |
| Chengdu | 1 | 731 | South |
| Chongqing | 1 | 77 | South |
| Haikou | 1 | 69 | South |
| Total | 56 | 12031 |
Table 2. Summary of demographics of patient population.
| Characteristics | N = 12031 |
|---|---|
| Sex n (%) | |
| Male | 7206 (59.9) |
| Female | 4825 (40.1) |
| Age, y | |
| Min | 1 |
| Max | 86 |
| Mean (SD) | 39.42 (18.4) |
| Family history of psoriasis n (%) | |
| Family history of psoriasis | 2781 (23.1) |
| Relatives | N = 4995 |
| First degree relatives | 2323 (46.5) |
| Second degree relatives | 1538 (30.8) |
| Third degree relatives | 1134 (22.7) |
| History of smoking and alcohol n (%) | |
| Smoking history | 4023 (33.4) |
| Quit smoking | 936 (7.8) |
| Alcohol history | 2524 (21.0) |
| Alcohol history > 10yrs | 1281 (10.6) |
As we can see from Table 3, 89.7% of patients had received topical treatments and 79.8% had received systemic treatments. Scalp was the most common onset site (52.8%, See Figure 1), while legs were the most common distribution sites of lesions (77.7%, See Table 4). The difference in the mean age of disease onset was statistically significant between genders (30.2 ± 14.5 years in males and 27.1 ± 15.6 in females, P < 0.05). And 52.3% of all patients had onset before 40 years old. There were significant differences between males and females in the distribution sites of lesions (See Table 4). Furthermore, 82.8% of patients suffered from pruritus, and among them 9.1% developed sleep disturbances and 26.9% had scratches.
Table 3. Clinical features and treatment history of patients.
| Characteristics | No. of cases (%) |
|---|---|
| Total | N = 12031 |
| Treatment history | |
| Systemic treatments | 9600 (79.8) |
| TCMa | 8661 (72.0) |
| Vitamin A derivatives | 2604 (21.6) |
| Immune Depressants | 1297 (10.8) |
| Glucocorticoids | 1577 (13.1) |
| Topical treatments | 10787 (89.7) |
| Glucocorticoids | 9113 (75.7) |
| Vitamin D3 analog | 3634 (30.2) |
| Tazarotene | 2976 (24.7) |
| TCMa | 2802 (23.3) |
| Salicylic Acid | 2295 (19.1) |
| Other Therapy | 2634 (21.9) |
| Photo Therapy | 2220 (18.5) |
| Hydro Therapy | 575 (4.8) |
| Phenotypes | |
| Psoriasis vulgaris | 11606 (96.5) |
| Guttate type | 3503 (29.1) |
| plaque type | 6147 (51.1) |
| mixed type | 1956 (16.3) |
| Pustular psoriasis | 189 (1.6) |
| palms and soles type | 41 (0.3) |
| generalized type | 148 (1.2) |
| Erythrodermic psoriasis | 83 (0.7) |
| Psoriatic arthritisb | 153 (1.3) |
a, traditional Chinese medicine.
b, obtained from the patients history on a questionnaire.
Figure 1. Onset position of patients.
Table 4. Comparison of lesions distribution and triggering factors between genders.
| Total N = 12031 n(% = n/N) | Male (N1 = 7206) n1(% = n1/N1) | Female (N2= 4825) n2(% = n2/N2) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Triggering factors | ||||
| Season | 7243 (60.2) | 4388 (60.9) | 2861 (59.3) | 0.203 |
| stress | 4151 (34.5) | 2414 (33.5) | 1790 (37.1) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | 626 (5.2) | 533 (7.4) | 92 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol | 2214 (18.4) | 1794 (24.9) | 405 (8.4) | < 0.001 |
| Sphagitis | 3296 (27.4) | 1816 (25.2) | 1486 (31.0) | < 0.001 |
| Lesions distribution | ||||
| Leg | 9348 (77.7) | 5355 (74) | 3993 (83) | < 0.001 |
| Scalp | 9024 (75.0) | 5797 (80) | 3227 (67) | < 0.001 |
| Elbow | 8069 (67.1) | 4757 (66) | 3312 (69) | 0.183 |
| Thigh | 8042 (66.8) | 4558 (63) | 3484 (72) | < 0.001 |
| Forearm | 7620 (63.3) | 4402 (61) | 3218 (67) | < 0.05 |
| Back | 7602 (63.2) | 4173 (58) | 3429 (71) | < 0.001 |
| Upper arm | 7298 (60.7) | 4104 (57) | 3194 (66) | < 0.001 |
| Waist | 6639 (55.2) | 3719 (52) | 2920 (61) | < 0.001 |
| Abdomen | 6405 (53.2) | 3442 (48) | 2963 (61) | < 0.001 |
| Knee | 6293 (52.3) | 3635 50) | 2658 (61) | < 0.05 |
| Bottom | 5867 (48.8) | 3303 (46) | 2564 (55) | < 0.001 |
| Chest | 5782 (48.1) | 3273 (45) | 2509 (53) | < 0.001 |
| Ear canal | 3863 (32.1) | 2374 (33) | 1489 (52) | 0.085 |
| Palm | 1244 (10.3) | 733 (10) | 511 (31) | 0.505 |
| Foot Plate | 1170 (9.7) | 667 (9) | 503 (11) | 0.055 |
| perineuma | 1145 (9.5) | 680 (9) | 465 (10) | 0.738 |
| Mucosab | 186 (1.5) | 123 (2) | 63 (1) | 0.085 |
| Glans | 526 (4.4) | 526 (7) |
Chi-square test, significant at p < 0.05.
a, include scrotum in men.
b, especially indicate lip mucosa.
Phenotypes of psoriasis
Majority of patients (96.5%) were psoriasis vulgaris, 1.6% were pustular psoriasis, 0.7% were erythrodermic psoriasis, and 1.3% were Psoriatic arthritis (See Table 3). Among 11751 patients with non-missing values on disease activity, 43.3% were in active stage, 34.1% in stable, 15.3% in resolving, and 7.3% in remitting stage.
Disease severity of the patients
The severity of our patients was evaluated on the basis of involved body surface area (BSA) and Psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scoring method. The mean percentage of BSA that had skin lesions was 17.94 (SD20.06). Based on BSA involvement, 42.7% of patients were categorized as mild, 40.6% as moderate and 16.7% as severe. The mean PASI score was 18.70 (SD10.01), indicating that most patients attending hospitals had moderate-to-severe psoriasis (See Table 5).
Table 5. Disease severity based on the BSA and PASI score.
| N | % | |
|---|---|---|
| Mean percentage of skin lesion on body surface area (SD) | 17.94 ± 20.06 | |
| Mild | 4884 | 42.7 |
| Moderate | 4652 | 40.6 |
| Severe | 1914 | 16.7 |
| Mean PASI scores of skin lesion (SD) | 18.70 ± 10.01 | |
| Mild | 1736 | 15.3 |
| Moderate | 1532 | 13.5 |
| Severe | 8047 | 71.1 |
BSA, body surface area, grouped by mild (< 10%), moderate (10%∼30%), severe (> 30%).
PASI, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, grouped by mild (< 8), moderate (8∼12), severe (> 12).
Comorbidities
Among patients who took the tests, the most common comorbidity was hypertension (16.4%), followed by hyperlipidemia (13.7%), diabetes (7.8%), and coronary heart disease (2.4%, See Table 6).
Table 6. Characteristics of disorders on nail, joint and metabolism of patients.
| Characteristics | N = 12031[% = n/N] |
|---|---|
| Nail Damage n (%) | 3592 (29.9) |
| Nail pitting | 2167 (18.) |
| Oil drops | 1765 (14.7) |
| Subungual hyperkeratosis | 1395 (11.6) |
| Longitudinal ridging of nails | 1326 (11.0) |
| Onycholysis | 856 (7.1) |
| Onychomadesis | 300 (2.5) |
| Joint Damagesa n (%) | 740 (6.2) |
| Digital joints | 406 (3.4) |
| Knee joint | 356 (3.0) |
| Toe joint | 190 (1.6) |
| Ankle joint | 131 (1.1) |
| Elbow Joint | 114 (0.9) |
| Wrist joint | 114 (0.9) |
| Vertebral column | 94 (0.8) |
| Joint Symptoms | |
| Red | 207 (1.7) |
| Swelling | 311 (2.6) |
| Pain | 588 (4.9) |
| Deformity | 222 (0.3) |
| Weight n (%) | N = 10955 |
| Obese | 574 (5.2) |
| Clinical and Laboratory parameters abnormal n (%) | |
| Blood pressure | N = 12031 |
| Abnormal n (%) | 1976 (16.4) |
| Liver Functional Test | N = 6286 |
| Abnormal n (%) | 224 (3.6) |
| Renal Functional Tests | N = 6120 |
| Abnormal n (%) | 91 (1.5) |
| Lipid Test | N = 6001 |
| Increased Blood lipid n (%) | 824 (13.7) |
| Blood Glucose Test | N = 5978 |
| Abnormal n (%) | 468 (7.8) |
a, according to the Moll and Wright criteria, other joint damage is defined as redness and swelling, pain or deformation in a joint last for more than 1 month.
Characteristics of nail changes, joint involvement
Nail changes were observed in 29.9% of psoriasis patients. Joint damages were observed in 6.2% of patients including 1.3% of patients with PsA (See Table 6).
Factors causing relapse and/or aggravation
As shown in Table 4, the most frequently reported cause of relapse or aggravation was season change (60.2%), followed by psychological stress (34.5%), sphagitis (27.4%), dietary factors (23.7%), alcohol consumption (18.4%), medication (5.3%), and smoking (5.2%). Nearly half reports about weather as aggravating factor were related to winter season (48.8%), followed by spring (23.1%), autumn (17.1%), and summer (8.4%).
Aggravation of skin lesions due to sunlight exposure was reported by 11.6% of patients, whereas positive effects of sunlight were reported by 17.5% and no impact by 67.5% of patients. There was no significant difference of the impact of season change on relapse and aggravation between male and female. However, the impacts of mental stress, smoking, alcohol consumption and sphagitis were significantly different between genders (See Table 4). The longest mean time of remission was 15.46months (SD40.28). A history of isomorphic effect (Koebner's phenomenon) was found in 39.4% of patients.
DISCUSSION
Up to now, only two population-based studies were conducted in China in 1984 and 2012, respectively [16, 17]. These two studies report a lower prevalence of 0.12% and 0.47% of psoriasis in China, but details of clinical feature are less described. Similarly, there is also lack of population-based detailed descriptive study on clinical characteristic of psoriasis patients all over the world. This manuscript report a nationwide study focusing on clinical features, phenotypes, comorbidities, and etc. in the Han Chinese population. As far as we know, this is the largest study on clinical features, triggering factors and comorbidities of Psoriasis among Han Chinese population.
In the study, the sex ratio was 1.49:1 which is consistent with findings of previous studies in China [16], while the sex ratio in German and UK was nearly 1:1. The difference could be due to that more male patients sought medical care for psoriasis. We found that female patients had disease onset at a significantly younger age than males, coincide with a recent study showing that median age at onset was 25 and 28 years among women and men respectively [18]. And over half had disease onset before the age of 40. Scalp was the most frequently reported onset site (52.8%), which is similar to studies in Japan (59.4%) and the USA (52%∼56%) [5, 19]. In this study, over 70% of patients had severe psoriasis assessed by PASI scores. Genetic basis is involved in psoriasis, and family history is one of the strongest risk factors. Studies in Caucasians showed that about 30% of patients had an affected first-degree relative and their first-and second-degree relatives had an increased risk of psoriasis [20]. The risk of psoriasis vulgaris was found to be two to three times greater in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins [17, 21]. In our study, over 20% of patients had positive family history, which was more frequent in first-degree relatives than in second- and third-degree relatives. This is consistent with previous
Consistent with the finding of the 1984 nationwide survey in China, we found that most Chinese patients suffered from psoriasis vulgaris (96.5%), of which plaque was the dominant type (51.1%) [16]. When assessed by BSA involvement, more patients were categorized as having moderate-to-severe psoriasis in our study (57.3%) than that in the 1984 nationwide survey (37.2) [16]. The difference may be partially explained by different study design and changes in environments and health-care seeking behaviors.
In our study, only 1.3% reported that they had ever been diagnosed with PsA. And joint damages were observed among 6.2% of all patients, which is lower than the prevalence (5.8%) found in another Chinese study. However, PsA prevalence is much higher in Caucasians and other Asian population like Japanese and Korean [8, 9]. This is probably due to the difference in genetic backgrounds and diagnostic criteria. On the other hand, since PsA was not diagnosed with serological tests and imaging examinations in our study, some early stage patients may be leave out, therefore, there might be an underestimate of PsA prevalence in the analyzed population.
In our study, over 80% of patients suffered from pruritus, which is similar to that among Italian psoriasis patients and much higher than German patients. High prevalence of pruritus found in our study represents great impact on the quality of life among psoriasis patients in China.
It is well known that a number of factors may trigger the onset and aggravation of psoriasis. Recent surveys from China have identified that infection, mental stress, medication, moisture, alcohol consumption, and smoking are important risk factors for psoriasis [2, 16, 23].
In the present study, the top three most frequently reported factors for relapse and aggravation were season (60.2%), mental stress (34.5%), and pharyngitis and tonsillitis (27.4%). The 1984 nationwide survey also found weather conditions (32. 9%), infections (22.4%) and mental factors (12.2%) to be the most frequent causes of psoriasis deterioration. Since aggravation most frequently appears in winter and spring, it is thought that the disease is related to the decrease in temperature, humidity and daylight in these seasons.
Mental stress was found to be a primary aggravation factor. In another survey of psoriasis patients in China, 60.8% and 10.6% of patients believed that they had social and career development problems directly related to psoriasis [17]. A population-based study showed that history of psoriasis was independently associated with increased risk of major depression among individuals with limited or extensive psoriasis [24]. These findings suggest that it is important to attend to patients’ mental stress and give psychological intervention. Much more people reported alcohol as aggravation factors in our survey than in the 1984 survey, which is probably owing to the remarkable changes in Chinese people's life style.
We also fount that women often reported mental stress and sphagitis as aggravation factors, while men reported smoking and alcohol more often. This suggests that physicians should pay attention to different factors and give appropriate advice when dealing with female and male patients.
Metabolic syndrome is a clinical syndrome characterized by a combination of multiple metabolic diseases. Recent studies from China and western countries have shown that patients with psoriasis had an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome which may be linked to disease pathophysiology [3, 25, 26]. We found that 5.2% of psoriasis patients were obese, while latest data from a large registry (PSOLAR) in Caucasians showed that 80% of psoriasis patients were obese [26]. In our study, the prevalence of metabolic comorbidities were 10.2%, 5.9% and 4.3% respectively for hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes, which is much lower than that found in France (26%, 27.5% and 11.0% for hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes respectively) [27].
At last and notably, there were several limitations in our study. Firstly, due to objective conditions it is inappropriate and impractical to refer all psoriasis patients accepted serological and imaging examination to confirm the diagnosis of PsA, the questionnaire just inquiry about the joint symptoms and have ever been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. So we were unable to determine the accurate prevalence of PsA in the sample. Secondly, many patients were not willing to undergo blood tests so that we only analyzed a subset of the sample for the prevalence of metabolic diseases. The prevalence of metabolic diseases may be underestimated if more patients who were not tested had those metabolic conditions. Further studies are warranted to establish simple and precise PsA and metabolic disease evaluation system for clinical use.
In summary, our study was done with a large sample size. We found that there were many similarities in onset age, onset site, clinical phenotypes and aggravation factors between Han Chinese and Caucasian psoriasis patients. However, the prevalence of PsA and metabolic diseases were much lower among Chinese psoriasis patients than Caucasians which provides some insights into the impact of environmental and/or genetic factors. Moreover, since mental factors play a more and more important role in the induction of the disease, physicians should take patients′ mental status seriously in the process of medical activities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Participant recruitment and study procedure
Under the coordination of the Psoriasis Investigation Group of the China Dermatologist Association from November 2009 to June 2010, a nationwide survey of psoriasis patients was conducted at the department of dermatology of 56 hospitals in 33 cities across China. The stratified sampling method was used to select cities. Patients of Han ethnic group who were diagnosed with psoriasis by a dermatologist at participating hospitals were recruited in the study by convenience sampling method. After informed consent was obtained, patients who were willing to participate were enrolled and interviewed using a standard questionnaire. The following information was collected: demographics, family history, history of smoking and alcohol intake, prior treatments, disease status including onset sites, onset age, causes of relapse or flare episodes, systemic symptoms and concomitant conditions during the course of the disease. Medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and coronary heart disease that were diagnosed by physicians were also inquired. All patients underwent physical examinations including measurements of weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure. Dermatological examinations were conducted to assess morphological subtypes (guttate, plaque, combined type psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, and erythrodermic psoriasis).
Body surface area (BSA) and psoriasis area severity index (PASI) were used to evaluate the disease severity. A visual inspection of oral mucosa, genitals and nails was also included.
For patients who were willing to give blood samples, tests for ALT, AST, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting blood glucose performed. Prior to the survey, all physicians involved in the study at participating hospitals were trained according to the same training manual on case definition and conducting examinations. Physicians were required to check questionnaires for missed items and logical errors right after each interview and make revisions accordingly.
Measures
Psoriasis activity at the time of presentation was graded according to patients’ self-assessment as active (continuous appearance of new lesions and no resolution of older ones), stable (persistence of existing lesions), resolving (improvement or disappearance of lesions), and remitting (almost none residual lesions).
Psoriatic arthritis incidence obtained from the patients history on a questionnaire According to Moll and Wright criteria, other joint damage is defined as redness and swelling, pain or deformation in a joint last for more than 1 month, confirmed by physical examination and medical records [19]. The diagnosis of metabolic comorbidities was mainly determined by medical history and examination in the survey. Abnormal metabolic values were defined as the following criteria: abdominal obesity (waist circumference > 102 cm in men and > 88 cm in women), hypertriglyceridemia (≥ 150 mg/dL), low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (< 40 mg/dL in men and < 50 mg/dL in women), high blood pressure (≥ 140/90 mm Hg), and high fasting glucose levels (≥ 100 mg/dL).
Statistical analysis
A statistician who was not involved in data collection for the study performed statistical evaluation independently using SPSS17.0 software. All patients were included in the statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics, 2 tailed t-test and chi-square test were appropriately used for the analysis of the data.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND FUNDING
This epidemiologic investigation into psoriasis was funded by Leo Pharmaceutical Co., Shanghai, China. And this work was supported by CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2016-12M-1-005). We extend our sincere thanks to Dr. Peter Pothula, BioQuest for his valuable editorial guidance and Dr. Stephan Weidinger, Kiel, for critical reading of the manuscript.
We also wish to thank the other study investigators in this nation-wide epidermiology survey: Qiuning Sun, Ping Wang, Guang Zhao, Jianzhong Zhang, Liming Xu, Hengjing Li, Ruoyu Li, Lingfeng Li, Jianming Chang, Yanli He, Wali Liu, WeimingXu, Yingxian Chu, Zhirong Yao, Jun Gu, Xianglong Pan, Bing Li, Shanshan Li, Fuqin Li, XinghuaGao, YuzhengShu, Tienan Li, Zhenglu Li, TianwengGao, Xiaowei Qing, Yuping Li, Lijia Yang, Baoxi Wang, Sheng Yang, YiqunDuan, Qianjing Lu, Ping Fan, Qun Wang, Kang Zheng, Wei Lai, Yongjian Qin, Bo Cheng, Hui-Lan Yang, Chunyang Li, Xuzhuan Zhao, Hong Fang, Bingxu Li, FeiHao, Jing Chen, Li He, Rina Wu, Jun Liu, ZhichengLuo, Qiao Liu, Li Chen.
Footnotes
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors state no conflicts of interest.
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