An Investigation of Tenascin-C Levels in Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis and Their Response to Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty

Abstract

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tenascin-C levels in severe rheumatic mitral stenosis before and after percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV).

Subjects and Methods

Forty patients with severe mitral stenosis requiring PMBV and 20 age-matched healthy subjects were included in the study. The mitral valve areas, mitral gradients and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) were measured by echocardiography. The sPAP values and mitral gradients were also measured by catheterization before and after PMBV. The blood tenascin-C levels were measured before PMBV and 1 month after the procedure.

Results

The echocardiographic mean mitral gradients had a significant decrease after PMBV (11.7 ± 2.8 vs. 5.6 ± 1.7 mm Hg; p < 0.001) and also those of catheterization (13.9 ± 4.4 vs. 4.0 ± 2.4 mm Hg; p < 0.001). Mitral valve areas increased significantly after PMBV (from 1.1 ± 0.1 to 1.8 ± 0.2 cm², p < 0.001). Tenascin-C levels decreased significantly in patients after PMBV (from 15.0 ± 3.8 to 10.9 ± 3.1 ng/ml; p < 0.001). Tenascin-C levels were higher in patients with mitral stenosis before PMBV than in healthy subjects (15.0 ± 3.8 and 9.4 ± 2.9 ng/ml; p < 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences between patients with mitral stenosis after PMBV and healthy subjects (10.9 ± 3.1 and 9.4 ± 2.9 ng/ml; p = 0.09, respectively). There was a significant positive correlation between tenascin-C levels and sPAP (r = 0.508, p < 0.001). In multivariant analysis, tenascin-C predicted mitral stenosis (p = 0.004, OR: 2.31).

Conclusions

Tenascin-C was an independent predictor for rheumatic mitral stenosis.

Introduction

Although the prevalence of rheumatic fever is very low in developed countries, rheumatic mitral stenosis is still an important cardiac disease in undeveloped and developing countries [1]. Patients with severe mitral stenosis still have significant morbidity and mortality rates. The treatment of mitral stenosis by either surgery or percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV) improves mitral valve area and as a result improves morbidity and mortality rates [2].

Tenascin-C (TN-C) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein and is associated with some cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction [3], severity of heart failure [4], and acute pulmonary thromboembolism [5]. The progression and severity of pulmonary hypertension has also been associated with the production of extracellular matrix components such as TN-C [6]. Smooth muscle cell proliferation is one of the pathophysiologic roles of TN-C in pulmonary hypertension [7,8]. TN-C has a role in the pathophysiology of calcified aortic stenosis [9]. Increased levels of TN-C have been found in rheumatic aortic valves [10], but there are no data on the TN-C levels in rheumatic mitral valves.

Mitral stenosis is a progressive disease, characterized by hemodynamic abnormalities as well as a rheumatic process [11,12], causing progressive obstruction of left ventricular inflow. When the valve area decreases to <2 cm², subjects usually develop exertional dyspnea as an initial symptom. Once this area falls to below 1.5 cm², intervention is often necessary because of the intolerable symptoms, arrhythmia or pulmonary hypertension, especially in patients with a valve morphology suitable for PMBV.

Fibrotic changes in the heart and lung tissue are controlled by the activity of proteolytic enzymes, such as extracellular matrix-degrading metalloproteinases [13]. Matrix metalloproteinases can stimulate the secretion of TN-C, which acts as a strong mitogenic cofactor, leading to smooth muscle cell proliferation [14].

Previously it was shown that TN-C was associated with calcific aortic stenosis and rheumatic aortic valves [9,10]. The presence of TN-C in heart valves differed under physiological and pathological conditions. In normal valves, TN-C was mainly distributed on the basement membrane under the endothelial cells, whereas no such expression but rather immunoreactivity was found in the deeper layers of the valves in stenotic valves [10]. Additionally, the role of TN-C in physiological mineralization is thought to involve cytokine activation and calcium binding. Previous studies investigated cuspal calcific deposits associated with mineralization of devitalized cells and subcellular vesicles, as well as the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins commonly present in bone. A number of extracellular matrix proteins normally found in bone, including osteocalcin matrix Gla protein, bone morphogenetic protein, matrix metalloproteinase, are present in cardiovascular calcifications, including calcified valves [9]. TN-C is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that is up-regulated during both development and pathological tissue remodeling. Compelling evidence indicates that TN-C actively participates in normal mineralization. Furthermore, developmental co-localization studies demonstrated that TN-C is transiently expressed in heart valves [9,10].

Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the blood levels of TN-C in severe rheumatic mitral stenosis and also to assess the impact of PMBV on blood TN-C levels.

Subjects and Methods

Forty consecutive patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis (mitral stenosis group) who required PMBV and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (healthy group) were included in the study. Patients with moderate or severe mitral regurgitation, any moderate or severe valvular heart disease except mitral stenosis, history of coronary artery disease, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, congenital heart disease and chronic kidney disease were excluded from the study. PMBV was performed in all patients. All patients were informed about the study, and written consent was obtained. The study was approved by the institution's Ethics Committee and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Echocardiography

Echocardiography was carried out by a cardiology specialist (O.B.) in the Echocardiography Laboratory before and 1 month after PMBV. Echocardiography was performed using Vivid 7 instruments (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisc., USA), with a 2.5-MHz transducer and harmonic imaging. According to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography [15], all echocardiographic examinations were performed with the patient lying in the left lateral decubitus position, and two-dimensional images were recorded and measured at the apical 4 chambers, 2 chambers, parasternal long and short axis views. Mitral valve areas were calculated using the planimetric method. Diastolic transmitral gradients were measured by continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography. Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) was measured with continuous-wave Doppler. Tricuspid regurgitation velocity (V) was recorded from any view and used to determine sPAP (sPAP = 4V² + right atrial pressure). V is the maximum velocity of the tricuspid valve regurgitant jet, measured by continuous wave Doppler, added to the estimated right atrial pressure. Right atrial pressure was calculated using the caval respiratory index as described by Kircher et al. [16]. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed in all patients before PMBV.

Catheterization and Valvuloplasty

Cardiac catheterization was performed using Philips Integris 5000 equipment (Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands); sPAPs and mitral gradients were also measured with cardiac catheterization. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasties were performed by two experienced cardiologists (R.T., I.O.), using the Inoue balloon technique. Left ventriculography was performed before and after PMBV to evaluate mitral regurgitation. A successful PBMV was defined as an uncomplicated procedure yielding either a final mitral valve area >1.5 cm² and post-valvuloplasty mitral regurgitation <3+.

Biochemical Analysis

Blood samples for TN-C were obtained before and 1 month after PMBV in the mitral stenosis group and obtained once in the control group. The blood samples for TN-C (ELISA kit for Human Tenascin, Uscn Life Science Inc.) were obtained and centrifuged, then stored at −70°C until analysis in all study subjects. Serum TN-C levels were measured with the large subunit containing the C dominant of FN III repeats level using one-step sandwich enzyme immunoassay kits.

Statistical Analysis

Continuous variables were given as mean ± SD; categorical variables were defined as percentages and compared with the χ² test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered to be significant. To compare the measurements before and after PMBV, a Student paired test was used. An independent-samples t test was used to compare the data including blood TN-C levels between patients with mitral stenosis and controls. Correlation analyses were performed using the Pearson coefficient of correlation. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the independent predictors of mitral stenosis. The SPSS 15.0 version software was used for basic statistical analysis (version 15, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA).

Results

The baseline clinical and demographic properties of study subjects are shown in table 1. Of the 40 patients in the mitral stenosis group 30 (75%) and 13 (65%) of 20 in the control group were female. The mean ages of subjects in the study and control groups were similar (44 ± 11 vs. 40 ± 10 years). All patients had successful PMBV. Before PMBV, the patients were mean New York Heart Association Class (NYHA) 2.2 ± 0.5 symptomatic (33 were NYHA class II, 6 NYHA class III and 1 was NYHA class IV). Eight of 40 patients with mitral stenosis had atrial fibrillation. None of the patients had thrombi in the left atrium and left atrial appendage before PMBV. The left ventricular systolic, diastolic diameters and ejection fractions were similar before and after PMBV. In left ventriculography, there were no cases of severe mitral regurgitation in mitral stenosis patients after PMBV.

Table 1.

Clinical and demographic characteristics of study subjects

	Mitral stenosis group (n = 40)	Healthy group (n = 20)	p value
Age, years	44 ± 11	40 ± 10	0.1
Female	30 (75)	13 (65)	0.3
Hemoglobin, mg/dl	13.6 ± 1.7	14 ± 1.6	0.3
LDL-C, mg/dl	112 ± 31	116 ± 41	0.6
HDL-C, mg/dl	37 ± 11	41 ± 8	0.1
Total-C, mg/dl	175 ± 41	185 ± 58	0.4
Triglyceride, mg/dl	137 ± 94	135 ± 90	0.9
Creatinine, mg/dl	0.9 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	0.2
History of
diabetes mellitus	2 (5)	0 (0)	0.4
hypertension	6 (15)	3 (15)	0.6
smoke	6 (15)	5 (25)	0.2

Values denote means ± SD or numbers with percentages in parentheses.

LDL-C = Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Total-C = total cholesterol.

As shown in table 2, the mean mitral gradients on both echocardiography and catheterization showed a significant decrease after PMBV (11.7 ± 2.8 to 5.6 ± 1.7 mm Hg; p < 0.001 on echocardiography and 13.9 ± 4.4 to 4.0 ± 2.4 mm Hg; p < 0.001 on catheterization). The mitral valve area measured by the planimetric method on echocardiography showed a significant increase after PMBV (1.1 ± 0.1 cm² baseline, 1.8 ± 0.2 cm² 1 month after PMBV, p < 0.001). Using logistic regression analysis, the independent predictors of mitral stenosis were not associated with age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and smoking (table 3). However, TN-C was an independent predictor for mitral stenosis (p = 0.004, OR: 2.31).

Table 2.

Echocardiographic and catheterization data (means ± SD) of mitral stenosis patients before and after PMBV

	Before PMBV	One month after PMBV	p value
Echocardiographie dataa
Mitral valve area, cm2	1.1 ± 0.1	1.8 ± 0.2	<0.001
Mean gradient, mm Hg	11.7 ± 2.8	5.6 ± 1.7	<0.001
sPAP, mm Hg	50.8 ± 13.4	37.3 ± 8.5	<0.001
Catheterization data
Mean gradient, mm Hg	13.9 ± 4.4	4 ± 2.4	<0.001
sPAP, mm Hg	52.1 ± 12.6	38.8 ± 8.6	<0.001

^aData were detected before and 1 month after PMBV.

Table 3.

Predictors of mitral stenosis by logistic regression analysis

	Multivariable analysis
	OR (95% CI)	p
Age	1.04 (0.98–1.10)	0.17
Gender	0.84 (0.28–3.03)	0.78
Diabetes mellitus	0.98 (0.76–1.42)	0.65
Hypertension	0.71 (0.54–1.94)	0.33
Smoking	0.61 (0.38–2.66)	0.49
Total cholesterol	0.99 (0.98–1.01)	0.69
Hemoglobin	0.70 (0.46–1.08)	0.11
Creatinine	0.82 (0.57–1.31)	0.26
TN-C	2.31 (1.31–4.07)	0.004

The difference in TN-C levels before and 1 month after PMBV is shown in figure 1. The TN-C levels were significantly higher in patients with mitral stenosis before PMBV than after PMBV (15.0 ± 3.8 ng/ml at baseline and 10.9 ± 3.1 ng/ml at 1 month after PMBV, p < 0.001).

Fig. 1.

Analysis of TN-C levels in mitral stenosis patients (before and 1 month after PMBV) and healthy subjects. Mean TN-C levels were 9.4 ± 2.9 ng/ml in healthy controls, 15.0 ± 3.8 ng/ml in mitral stenosis patients before PMBV and 10.9 ± 3.1 ng/ml in mitral stenosis patients 1 month after PMBV.

TN-C levels were higher in patients with mitral stenosis before PMBV than in healthy subjects (15.0 ± 3.8 and 9.4 ± 2.9 ng/ml; p < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference between patients with mitral stenosis after PMBV and healthy subjects (10.9 ± 3.1 and 9.4 ± 2.9 ng/ml; p = 0.09, respectively).

The correlation analysis of TN-C levels and sPAP is shown in figure 2. In the Pearson correlation analysis, the levels of TN-C significantly positively correlated with sPAP measured by echocardiography (r = 0.508, p < 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between TN-C and mitral valve area. It is shown in figure 3 (r = −0.374, p = 0.001).

Fig. 2.

Correlation between TN-C levels and sPAP.

Fig. 3.

Negative correlation between mitral valve area and TN-C levels.

Discussion

In the present study we showed significantly increased levels of TN-C in patients with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis compared with a control group. However we evaluated the TN-C levels after successful PMBV and found decreasing levels of TN-C after PMBV. When we compared them with those of the control group, we did not find any significant difference. The TN-C levels were higher than those of the control group but there was no significance. We, therefore, believe that TN-C levels are inversely related to mitral valve area. The increase in TN-C might reflect the severity of MS.

On the other hand, it was previously reported that TN-C had an increase in pulmonary hypertension [5,17]. Smooth muscle cell proliferation is one of the pathophysiologic roles of TN-C in pulmonary hypertension [8,9]. The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension is multifactorial. High pulmonary resistance and high pulmonary artery pressure cause tissue remodeling in the pulmonary circulation, so these are key pathomechanisms of pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary venous hypertension reflects elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure as a result of mitral or aortic valve diseases, left ventricular dysfunction, cardiomyopathy and pericardial disease [18]. Mitral stenosis is still the most common cause of pulmonary venous hypertension in developing countries. In the pathophysiology of pulmonary venous hypertension, dysfunction of the left heart causes an increase in pulmonary artery pressure due to the passive reflection of venous pressures into the arterial bed. Vascular remodeling can occur in all types of pulmonary hypertension. TN-C has a very important role in cardiopulmonary tissue remodeling by stimulating smooth muscle cell proliferation. Nevertheless, in the present study, the TN-C levels decreased like sPAP after successful PMBV compared to values before PMBV. There was also a positive correlation between TN-C levels and sPAP. It therefore seems that both sPAP and mitral valve area affect TN-C levels.

The limitation of the present study was the relatively small sample size, and thus the present findings should be confirmed by multicenter studies with larger sample sizes.

Conclusions

Higher TN-C levels were seen in patients with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis than in healthy subjects and TN-C was an independent predictor for mitral stenosis. After successful PBMV, there was a dramatic decrease not only in sPAP levels but also in TN-C levels.