Abstract
The study aimed to determine the association of additional N-glycosylation mutations in the major hydrophilic region (MHR) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) S gene with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients. A total of 288 HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients and 490 single HBsAg-positive patients were enrolled, including 193 with HCC, 433 with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and 152 with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). The HBV S genes were amplified from serum and sequenced. The frequency of additional N-glycosylation mutations was significantly higher in HCC patients (12.37%) than in CHB patients (4.39%) and ACLF patients (2.63%). The frequency escalated by an order of single HBsAg-positive non-HCC (1.61%), single HBsAg-positive HCC (5.98%), HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent non-HCC (8.01%), and HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent HCC (22.36%). Twelve kinds of mutations/mutation patterns were detected, five of which have not been reported. Multivariate analysis showed that age > 40 years [OR, 3.005; 95% CI, 1.177−7.674; P = 0.021], alpha-fetoprotein > 10 ng/mL [OR, 4.718; 95% CI, 2.406−9.251; P <0.001], cirrhosis [OR, 6.844; 95% CI, 2.773−16.891, P < 0.001], Hepatitis B e antigen negativity [OR, 2.218; 95% CI, 4.335, P = 0.020], and additional N-glycosylation mutation [OR, 2.831; 95% CI, 1.157−6.929; P = 0.023] were independent risk factors for HCC in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients. Dynamical analysis showed that the additional N-glycosylation mutations existed 1-4 years prior to HCC occurrence in eight of 18 patients observed. In conclusion, the dditional N-glycosylation mutations together with HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistence might serve as a predictive indicator for HCC occurrence in chronic HBV-infected patients.
Keywords: hepatitis B virus, mutation, additional N-glycosylation, HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistence, hepatocellular carcinoma
INTRODUCTION
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global pandemic disease that affects two billion people worldwide; up to 80% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) are caused by HBV infection, and about 300,000 people die of HBV related HCC each year [1, 2]. Early diagnosis through intensive monitoring of populations at risk is critical for the management of HCC and comprehensive knowledge on risk factors associated with HCC occurrence is important. Both host and virus factors are involved in the occurrence of HBV-related HCC, while the knowledge of risk factors is still far from complete. Recently, high viral load, several patterns of mutations in HBV S, preS1 and preS2 regions were reported to be associated with the development of HCC [3, 4].
HBV envelope proteins is encoded by the preS/S gene, which includes the preS1, preS2 and S genes, encoding large protein (preS1 + preS2 + S), middle protein (preS2 + S), and small proteins or HBsAg (S). HBsAg includes glycosylated GP27 and non-glycosylated P24. The region of amino acids (aa) 99−169 in HBsAg is termed the major hydrophilic region (MHR), and it contains the major conformational epitope exposed on the external surface of the viral particle. Generally, the emergence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) leads to the elimination of infectious HBV. However, coexistence of detectable HBsAg and anti-HBs in serum samples has been reported in approximately 5% of patients chronically infected with HBV, [5, 6]. An investigation showed that the incidence of HCC in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients was higher than that in single HBsAg-positive patients [22.9% (11/48) vs. 7.9% (56/707), P = 0.002] [7]. In another investigation enrolled 1,042 patients chronically infected with HBV and followed the patients up for a median period of 4.3 years (range 1.0-22 years), showing that the probabilities of cumulative incidence of HCC at 5, 10, and 15 years were significantly higher in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients than in single HBsAg-positive patients at baseline (12.7%, 23.4%, 69.4% vs. 4.9%, 13%, 20.6%, respectively; P = 0.008) [8]. Thus, it was suggested that the coexistence of HBsAg and anti-HBs may be related to HCC.
MHR N-glycosylation mutations that introduced an additional Asn-X-Ser/Thr site (where X is any aa except proline) may influence viral characteristics [9, 10, 11]. One study, where 216 HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients and 182 single HBsAg-positive patients were recruited, showed that the frequency of additional N-glycosylation mutations was significantly higher in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients than in single HBsAg-positive patients (21.75% vs. 0.55%, P < 0.01) [12]. Also, the study demonstrated that mutant HBsAg reacted weakly with anti-HBs and had better virion enveloping capacity compared to wild-type HBsAg, and that mutant strains had better virion enveloping and secretion capacity than wild-type strains in phenotypic analysis. Consistently, Salpini et al [13] verified that the additional N-glycosylation mutations studied, except for the S113N+T131N pattern, showed a drastic reduction in the quantification of strep-tagged HBsAg where the Architect and Bio-Rad assays (both targeting the HBsAg) were used. Thus, MHR additional N-glycosylation mutations were likely to be a contributor to the HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent status.
Until now, however, there is a paucity of data directly demonstrating the association of the additional N-glycosylation mutations in the MHR of HBV with HCC occurrence in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients. Our study aimed to clarify this issue through cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the additional N-glycosylation mutations in a large number of patients.
RESULTS
Clinical features, HBV genotype, and additional N-glycosylation mutations of patients
Table 1 summarizes the clinical background, HBV genotypes, and the additional N-glycosylation mutation frequency in the three groups of patients. Of all 778 patients, 106 patients were infected with genotype B HBV and 664 patients were infected with genotype C HBV, 8 patients were infected with other genotype HBV. A slightly higher rate of genotype C was found in HCC patients than in CHB and ACLF patients. Compared to ACLF and CHB patients, HCC patients had a significantly higher frequency of the additional N-glycosylation mutations.
Table 1. Clinical features, HBV genotype, and additional N-glycosylation mutation in the 778 patients enrolled in the study.
| Item | HCC (n = 193) | CHB (n = 433) | ACLF (n = 152) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 53.51 ± 10.94 | 39.80 ± 13.91 | 46.11 ± 11.5 | < 0.001 |
| Sex (M/F) | 168/25 | 365/68 | 125/27 | 0. 532 |
| HBV genotype B/genotype C | 14/179 | 62/365 | 30/120 | 0.002 |
| Anti-HBs (+/-) | 76/117 | 205/228 | 7/145 | < 0.001 |
| HBeAg (+/-) | 100/93 | 295/135 | 62/90 | < 0.001 |
| HBeAb (+/-) | 109/84 | 188/242 | 65/87 | 0.007 |
| ALT (U/L) | 73.3 (27.5-81.5) | 223.7 (40-262) | 265.2 (57-349) | < 0.001 |
| TBIL (mmol/L) | 36.6 (15.2-21.25) | 56.3 (11.5-52.2) | 321.5 (206-306) | < 0.001 |
| HBV DNA (log10IU/ml) | 5.06 ± 1.82 | 5.51 ± 1.90 | 5.53 ± 1.60 | 0.013 |
| N-glycosylation mutations [n (%)] | 24 (12.37%) | 19 (4.39%) | 4 (2.63%) | < 0.001 |
HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; CHB, chronic hepatitis B; ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; TBIL, total bilirubin. Chi-squared analysis of variance (ANOVA), and nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-ranked test were used. P values less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
Association of coexistence of HBsAg/anti-HBs or HCC with the additional N-glycosylation mutations
The presence or absence of the additional N-glycosylation mutations was determined in the 778 patients. These patients were classified into four groups as follows: Group I, single HBsAg-positive non-HCC (n = 373); Group II, single HBsAg-positive HCC (n = 117); Group III, HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent non-HCC (n = 212); and Group IV, HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent HCC (n = 76). As shown in Figure 1, the frequency of the additional N-glycosylation mutation increased in a stepwise manner from Group I to Group IV. The frequency differences were statistically significant except for the frequency difference between Group II and Group III. Specifically, group IV had a significantly higher frequency of the additional N-glycosylation mutations than that of either group II (22.36% vs. 5.98%, P < 0.01) or group III (22.36% vs. 8.01%, P < 0.01).
Figure 1. Comparison of the additional N-glycosylation mutation frequencies among four subsets of patients with different clinical presentations.
P values were calculated by chi-square test.
From another analytical perspective, the frequency of the additional N-glycosylation mutations were significantly higher in HCC patients (Groups II and IV) than in non-HCC patients (Groups I and III) (12.43% vs. 3.93%, P < 0.01), and higher in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients (Groups III and IV) than in single HBsAg-positive patients (Groups and II) (11.81% vs. 2.65%, P < 0.01).
To exclude the potential influence on the results brought by age differences among patient groups, patients aged from 30 to 46 and 47 to 66 years were analyzed as independent two subsets. Patients in different illness categories had a similar age within each subset; the frequencies of the additional N-glycosylation mutations remained significantly higher in HCC patients than that in ACLF and CHB patients (Supplementary Table 1). In addition, no significant difference in age between HCC patients with and without the N-glycosylation mutations was observed (54.46 ± 11.60 vs. 53.12 ± 10.69, P = 0.322); and no significant difference in age between the HCC patients with coexistent HBsAg/anti-HBs and the HCC patients with single HBsAg was observed (53.03 ± 10.50 vs. 53.66 ± 11.03, P = 0.692).
Comparison of clinical and virological characteristics between HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent HCC and non-HCC patients
Table 2 summarizes the clinical background, HBV genotypes, and the additional N-glycosylation mutation frequency in 288 HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients. The overall frequency of the MHR additional N-glycosylation mutations in the 288 patients with coexistent HBsAg/anti-HBs was 11.81% (34/288). Specifically, the frequency of the additional N-glycosylation mutations were significantly higher in HCC patients than in non-HCC patients [22.38% (17/76) vs. 8.01% (17/212); P < 0.01].
Table 2. Clinical features, HBV genotype, and additional N-glycosylation mutation in the 288 patients with coexistence of HBsAg/anti-HBs enrolled in the study.
| Item | HCC ( n = 76) | Non-HCC ( n = 212) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 53.03 ± 10.50 | 43.99 ± 9.89 | < 0.001 |
| Male [n (%)] | 60 (78.94%) | 174 (82.08%) | 0.549 |
| HBV DNA (log10 IU/L) | 4.82 ± 1.61 | 5.32 ± 1.69 | 0.041 |
| Anti-HBs (IU/L) | 52.04 (26-140) | 42.97 (22-100) | 0.085 |
| TBIL (μmol/L) | 19.25 (12-27) | 16.75 (10-32) | 0.146 |
| ALT (U/L) | 31 (26-39) | 49.5 (22-44) | < 0.001 |
| ALB (g/L) | 32.11 ± 6.25 | 37.22 ± 8.12 | < 0.001 |
| AFP (ng/mL) | 28.15 (11-452) | 11 (6-31) | < 0.001 |
| CHE (U/L) | 6406 ± 1663.68 | 5368 ± 2299.46 | 0.001 |
| HBV genotype C | 75 (98.68%) | 198 (93.40%) | 0.075 |
| N-glycosylation mutations [n (%)] | 17 (22.38%) | 17 (8.0%) | 0.001 |
TBIL, total bilirubin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALB, albumin; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; CHE, cholinesterase. Chi-squared, Student t test analysis, and nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-ranked test were used. A P value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Twenty kinds of additional N-glycosylation mutations/mutation patterns were detected. Among them, five mutation patterns have not been reported previously, as follows: (1) 112-113 “KNA” insertion→114-116NAS; (2) 114-115 “NTSTT” insertion→115-117NTS; (3) sT113N+114-116 “STT” deletion→113-115NST & sT131N+M133T→131-133NST; (4) 115-116 “INGTST” insertion→117-119NGT; and (5) sT116N→116-118NST & sT131N+M133T→131-133NST (Table 3). The dominant mutation pattern was sT131N+M133T→131-133NST, which ocupied 58.82% (20/34).
Table 3. Clinical features and additional N-glycosylation mutational patterns in 34 HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients.
| Sample ID | Sex M/F | Age (yr) | HBsAg IU/ml | Anti-HBs IU/L | HBeAg COI | HBV DNA log10 IU/ml | Genotype | N-glycosylation site | Clinical diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S6178 | M | 31 | 6752 | 39.84 | 1.53 | 2.39 | C | sQ129N→129-131NGT | HCC |
| S1454 | M | 44 | 1255 | 35.3 | 0.086 | 3.09 | C | sG130N+T131N→130-132NNS | HCC |
| S8812 | M | 46 | 150.9 | 24.43 | 619.4 | 6.46 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | HCC |
| S11002 | M | 46 | 5.62 | 14.61 | 8.34 | 4.51 | C | 112-113 “KNA” insertion→114-116NAS | HCC |
| S14383 | M | 48 | 23.68 | 56.21 | 0.244 | 4.54 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | HCC |
| S14087 | M | 49 | 66.83 | 173.6 | 0.598 | 4.06 | C | sQ129N→129-131NGT | HCC |
| S3771 | M | 50 | 6314 | 117.2 | 1.56 | 4.77 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | HCC |
| S13977 | M | 51 | 22.9 | 142 | 17.35 | 4.09 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | HCC |
| S12744 | M | 54 | 360.9 | 10.65 | 0.11 | 3.3 | C | sT116N→116-118NST | HCC |
| S6658 | M | 57 | 24.42 | 467.9 | 2.07 | 3.91 | C | 114-115 “NTSTT” insertion→115-117NTS | HCC |
| S6765 | M | 58 | 91.86 | 56.33 | 0.076 | <2 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | HCC |
| S14469 | M | 61 | 584.4 | 21.18 | 98.3 | 6.32 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | HCC |
| S1504 | M | 66 | 381.7 | 117.1 | 15.89 | 2.84 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | HCC |
| S4181 | F | 67 | 2913 | 115.9 | 0.115 | 7.25 | C | sG130N→130-132NTS | HCC |
| S12077 | F | 79 | 2.13 | 155.2 | 0.083 | 3.2 | C | sT113N+114-116 “STT” deletion→113-115NST & sT131N+ M133T→131-133NST | HCC |
| S4 | M | 82 | 3295 | 2.15 | 0.084 | <2 | C | sG130N+T131I→130-132NIS | HCC |
| S80 | M | 49 | 6561 | 15.29 | 0.123 | <2 | 115-116 “INGTST” insertion→117-119NGT | HCC | |
| S6422 | F | 51 | 3992 | 172.2 | 453.7 | 7.19 | C | sG130N→130–132NTS | ACLF |
| S2321 | F | 11 | 3588 | 683.3 | 159.6 | 7.76 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | CHB |
| S6672 | M | 38 | 2680 | 202.7 | 0.702 | 6.64 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | CHB |
| S1912 | M | 39 | 5329 | 24.78 | 19.11 | 4.13 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | CHB |
| S3748 | M | 41 | 6117 | 42.97 | 178.8 | 6.64 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | CHB |
| S13246 | M | 48 | 29.83 | 35.45 | 391.6 | 7.18 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | CHB |
| S12931 | M | 53 | 1.848 | 61.97 | 67.03 | 7.49 | C | sT116N→116-118NST & sT131N+ M133T→131-133NST | CHB |
| S2521 | M | 54 | 1285 | 122.2 | 1463 | 8.11 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | CHB |
| S2358 | M | 36 | 4366 | 18.7 | 0.17 | 3.33 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | LC |
| S4445 | F | 37 | 107.1 | 18.01 | 86.79 | 6.89 | B | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | LC |
| S11103 | M | 38 | 1.98 | 28.25 | 44.13 | 2.84 | C | sT113N→113-115 NST | LC |
| S823 | M | 45 | 1.53 | 26.44 | 11.38 | 4.01 | C | 114-115“TTN” insertion→NST | LC |
| S8893 | M | 49 | 237.1 | 139.3 | 0.111 | 5.5 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | LC |
| S7259 | M | 52 | 246 | 34.2 | 1269 | 7.95 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | LC |
| S15938 | M | 56 | 1216 | 33.01 | 0.08 | 4.8 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | LC |
| S7883 | M | 57 | 88.89 | 71.19 | 816.7 | 6.97 | C | sT131N+M133T→131-133NST | LC |
| S9862 | M | 61 | 57.38 | 44 | 0.104 | 3.22 | C | sG130N→130-132NTS | LC |
Five unreported mutations/mutation patterns are expressed in bold. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; CHB, chronic hepatitis B; LC, liver cirrhosis.
In the HCC patients with coexistence of HBsAg/anti-HBs, there were eight additional N-glycosylation mutation patterns, including aa point mutations at s116, s129, s130 and s131, a 3-aa (KNA) insertion between s112 and 113, a 5-aa (NTSTT) insertion between s114 and 115, a 3-aa (STT) deletion between s114 and 115, and a 6-aa (INGTST) insertion between s115 and 116. In the non-HCC patients with coexistence of HBsAg/anti-HBs, There were five additional N-glycosylation mutation patterns, including aa point mutations at s113, s116, s130, and s131, and a 3-aa (TTN) insertion between s114 and 115. These point mutations, insertions, or deletions introduced an additional “N-X-T/S” motif.
Alignment of MHR aa sequences showed that HCC patients had a relatively higher frequency (6/17) of sT126N/S concomitant with an additional N-glycosylation mutation, compared to non-HCC patients (0/17) (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Patterns of the 34 patients with additional N-glycosylation site within the MHR of HBsAg in patients with coexistence of HBsAg/anti-HBs.
Confirmation of genetic N-glycosylation mutations at translational level
Given that the conversation of classical N-glycosylation genetic mutations to amino acid substitutions have been proved in previous reports, we focused on the confirmation of the N-glycosylation genetic mutations that we firstly reported. Reverse site-directed mutagenesis was conducted for one novel mutant with dual N-glycosylation mutations together with a concomitant mutant that harbored a single N-glycosylation mutation in the patient’s samples. Before PNGase F treatment, there were two bands visible in the wild-type protein that represented the inherent N146 glycosylated and non-glycosylated bands. In comparison, the mutants with one and two additional N-glycosylation mutation(s) had three and four bands, respectively. After PNGase F treatment, both the wild-type and mutant sequences had a single non-glycosylated band that was consistent in mass to HBsAg without glycosylation (Supplementary Figure 1A and 1B).
Multivariate analysis of the risk factors for HCC in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients
In univariate analysis, age > 40 years, liver cirrhosis,AFP > 10 ng/mL, HBeAg negativity, and the additional N-glycosylation mutations were significantly associated with HCC in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, age > 40 years, AFP > 10 ng/mL, liver cirrhosis, HBeAg negativity, and the additional N-glycosylation mutations [OR, 2.831; 95% CI, 1.157−6.929; P = 0.023] were independent risk factors for the occurrence of HCC in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients (Table 4).
Table 4. Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors for predicting HCC with coexistence of HBsAg/anti-HBs development.
| Factors | HCC (n = 76) | Non-HCC (n = 212) | Univariate | Multivariate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P value | Odds ratio | P value | |||
| Male [n (%)] | 60 (78.94%) | 173 (81.60%) | 0.549 | 0.548 (0.236-1.277) | 0.164 |
| Age >40 | 69 (90.79%) | 132 (70.97%) | < 0.001 | 3.005 (1.177-7.674) | 0.021 |
| AFP >10 ng/mL | 59 (77.63%) | 86 (40.57%) | < 0.001 | 4.718 (2.406-9. 251) | < 0.001 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 68 (89.45%) | 115 (54.24%) | < 0.001 | 6.844 (2.773-16.891) | < 0.001 |
| HBV genotype C [n (%)] | 75 (98.68%) | 198 (93.40%) | 0.075 | 7.960 (0.847-74.841) | 0.070 |
| HBV DNA (log10 IU/mL) | |||||
| 1 (2.23-3.99) | 26 (34.21%) | 45 (21.22%) | 0.068 | 1.320 (0.392-4.440) | 0.654 |
| 2 (4-5.99) | 22 (28.94%) | 69 (32.55%) | 0.607 | 1.008 (0.304-3.334) | 0.990 |
| 3 ( ≥6) | 20 (26.31%) | 75 (35.38%) | 0.168 | 0.773 (0.220-2.438) | 0.612 |
| HBeAg negative [n (%)] | 33 (43.42%) | 50 (23.85%) | < 0.001 | 2.218 (1.134-4.335) | 0.020 |
| N-glycosylation mutation [n (%)] | 17 (22.37%) | 17 (8.02%) | < 0.001 | 2.831 (1.157-6.929) | 0.023 |
95% CI, confidence interval; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.
Longitudinal observation of the additional N-glycosylation mutation with the occurrence of HCC in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients
Among HCC patients enrolled in the study, sequential serum samples collected 2-4 years before HCC diagnosis were available from 96 patients. These included 78 patients with persistent single positivity of HBsAg (defined as the control group) and 18 patients with coexistent HBsAg/anti-HBs at one sampling time-point at least (defined as the case group). The frequency of the additional N-glycosylation mutations in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group [44.44% (8/18) vs. 14.10% (11/78), P < 0.01]. Regarding the eight patients with coexistent HBsAg/anti-HBs samples, HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistence was detected at three time-points for 6/8 patients, at three time-points for 1/8 patient and at four time-points for 1/8 patients. Of these eight patients, some patients exhibited a sequential process of additional N-glycosylation mutation development, HBsAg/anti-HBs presentation, and HCC occurrence. The additional N-glycosylation mutation and coexistent HBsAg/anti-HBs before and at HCC diagnosis were consistently found in four patients (P2, P3, P5, P6); the additional N-glycosylation mutations were consistently found in three patients (P1, P7, P8), but anti-HBs became negative at HCC diagnosis. The remaining patient (P4) was negative for both additional N-glycosylation mutation and anti-HBs at HCC diagnosis.
Influence of the additional N-glycosylation mutations on HBV replication capacity
HBV replication capacity was reflected by intracellular HBV replicative intermediate level. The examination was performed for the 13 mutants (M1−M13) with additional N-glycosylation mutations in MHR of S gene. Compared to the wild-type strain, no significant difference was observed in intracellular replicative intermediate levels between each mutant and the wild-type (Supplementary Figure 2). The difference between each mutant and the wild-type was not statistically significant (P all > 0.05).
Influence of the additional N-glycosylation mutations on cell proliferation and migration
Five representative additional N-glycosylation mutants were examined. The mutation patterns were 115-116“NGTST” insertion→117-119NGT for M1, 112-113“KNA” insertion→114-116NAS for M2, 114-115“NTSTT” insertion→115-117NTS for M3, sT116N→116-118NST & sT131N+M133T→131-133NST for M4, and sT131N+M133T→131-133NST for M5. Among them, M1-M4 were firstly identified by our team. The cell proliferation of the HepG2 cells transfected with mutant recombinants were all comparable compared to the HepG2 cells transfected with wild-type recombinant (Supplementary Figure 3). Consistently, the cell migration of the HepG2 cells transfected with mutant recombinants were all comparable compared to the HepG2 cells transfected with wild-type recombinant (Supplementary Figure 4).
DISCUSSION
The identification of risk factors for HCC occurrence is currently a topic of intense research. A few studies have reported that HCC is more frequently observed in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients than in single HBsAg-positive patients; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood [7, 8]. In this study, we found that the frequency of the additional N-glycosylation mutations in the MHR of HBV S gene was significantly higher in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients than in single HBsAg-positive patients, suggesting that the additional N-glycosylation mutation may play an important role in the HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent status.
Until now, data are very limited regarding the additional N-glycosylation mutation in HCC patients with coexistent of HBsAg/anti-HBs. One previous study showed that the frequency of the additional N-glycosylation mutations were significantly higher in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients with HCC (8/15, 53%) than in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients with CHB (28/129, 29%), immune tolerant HBV infection (8/50, 16%), or HBV-related liver cirrhosis (2/19, 11%) [12]. However, this study did not report a significant difference in the frequency of the additional N-glycosylation mutation among these illness categories in single positive HBsAg patients. By contrast, we found that the frequency of the additional N-glycosylation mutation in the MHR was significantly higher in HCC patients than in non-HCC patients, not only in those with coexistent HBsAg/anti-HBs (HCC 22.36% vs. non-HCC 8.01%, P < 0.01), but also in those with single-positive HBsAg (HCC 5.98% vs. non-HCC 1.61%, P < 0.01) (Figure 1). The reason for the difference in these findings could be the greater number of samples included in our study. Thus, our results showed that the HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent HCC patient group had a higher frequency of the additional N-glycosylation mutation than the other three patient groups (HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent non-HCC patients, single HBsAg-positive HCC patients, and single HBsAg-positive non-HCC patients) (Figure 1). In addition, the frequency of the additional N-glycosylation mutation in the MHR was significantly increased in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent non-HCC patients and in single HBsAg-positive HCC patients, compared to in single HBsAg-positive non-HCC patients; while the mutation frequency was similar between the first two groups of patients. These results have three implications: (1) they provide stronger evidence for the positive association of the additional N-glycosylation mutations in the MHR with HCC occurrence; (2) they suggest that the association of the additional N-glycosylation mutation in the MHR is not limited to its contribution to HBsAg/anti-HBs status; and (3) the additional N-glycosylation mutation in the MHR and HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistence have a compound effect on the prediction of HCC occurrence.
Therefore, we proposed that the additional N-glycosylation mutation in the MHR might have a direct impact on HCC occurrence, although the mechanism remains unclear. Recently, it was proposed that an HBV preS mutant increased HCC occurrence by activating both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-dependent and ER stress-independent signals [14]. Liu et al [15] reported that the N-glycosylation modification of LHBs affects ER stress or expression of cycling, cell cycle, and proliferation, which was associated with HBV-related HCC occurrence. Although our preliminary experiments in current study did not show significant influence of the additional N-glycosylation mutations on cell proliferation and migration, further study remains needed to clarify whether the additional N-glycosylation mutations has direct tumorigenicity potential. On the other hand, the additional N-glycosylation mutations are suggested to be related to immune escape because hyperglycosylation can shield surface exposed epitopes in the MHR from neutralizing anti-HBs antibodies and might elicit low-affinity or non-neutralizing antibodies [11]. Previous studies including ours really verified that several addition N-glycosylation mutations in the MHR significantly attenuated HBsAg antigenicity which may lead to the incomplete binding of anti-HBs to HBsAg, negatively influencing HBV clearance, and therefore beneficial to viral immune escape [10, 12, 16].
In our study, multivariate analysis was performed to verify that the additional N-glycosylation mutation was an independent risk factor for HCC. Besides, we performed age stratification analysis and comparison of ALT levels between HCC and non-HCC patients. The results showed that both age and ALT levels had no significant influence on the N-glycosylation mutation occurrence (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). Adding a subgroup of liver cirrhosis patients will consolidate the conclusion. To circumvent this limitation, we performed analysis by comparing the N-glycosylation mutation frequencies between the acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients with liver cirrhosis and those without liver cirrhosis. In ACLF group, 63.16% (96/152) patients were with liver cirrhosis and 36.84% (56/152) patients were without liver cirrhosis. There was no significant difference in the frequency of the N-glycosylation mutation between ACLF patients with and without liver cirrhosis [2.08% (2/96) vs. 1.31% (2/152), P = 0.640]. In addition, no significant difference in the frequency of the N-glycosylation mutation was observed between HCC patients with liver cirrhosis and those without liver cirrhosis [12.29% (22/179) vs. 14.29% (2/14), P = 0.828].
Whether nucleot(s)ide analog (NA) antiviral treatment had potential influence on the N-glycosylation mutation occurrence was also analyzed. In our study, 73.01% (568/778) of the enrolled patients had received NA treatment at sampling, and NA therapies received by HCC and non-HCC patients were comparable in general. There was no significant difference in NA exposure between the patients positive for the N-glycosylation mutations and those negative for the N-glycosylation mutations [70.21% (33/47) vs. 73.19% (535/731), P = 0.656)]. In addition, there was no significant difference in detection rate of primary NA-resistant mutations between the samples positive for the N-glycosylation mutations and those negative for the N-glycosylation mutations [21.28% (10/47) vs. 18.88% (138/731), P = 0.685)]. The results indicated that NA antiviral treatment which targets HBV reverse transcriptase region had no significant association with the occurrence of the MHR N-glycosylation mutations in HBV S region.
In this study, we found that five of additional N-glycosylation mutation/mutation patterns have not been reported in previous publications. The characteristics of the five mutation/mutation patterns were distinct from classic ones and could be classified into two types: (1) with a 3-5 aa insertion forming an additional N-glycosylation mutation site; and (2) with double additional N-glycosylation mutation sites in the MHC (Table 4). Interestingly, the first type of mutation pattern was observed in HCC patients; while the second type of mutation pattern was observed in a CHB patient. The five additional N-glycosylation mutation/mutation patterns were not detected in single HBsAg-patients with either HCC or non-HCC (Figure 2).
We were able to retrospectively collect serial serum samples from 96 HCC patients, including samples from 18 HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent patients. Among them, additional N-glycosylation mutations in the MHC were detected 1-4 years prior to HCC occurrence (Figure 3). Similarly, longitudinal observation of HBV preS deletions in HCC occurrence was reported in previous studies [7, 17, 18], reinforcing the evidence for the involvement of HBV mutation in HCC occurrence. Further study is required for clarifying whether these viral mutations are the driving factors or just indicators.
Figure 3. Longitudinal observation of additional N-glycosylation mutation in 8 HCC patients with coexistence of HBsAg/anti-HBs.
○, the N-glycosylation mutation positive; ▪, HBsAg positive; ※, anti-HBs positive.
In conclusion, additional N-glycosylation mutation in the MHR of HBV S gene is more frequently detected in HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent HCC patients compared to HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistent non-HCC patients or single HBsAg-positive HCC patients. The additional N-glycosylation mutations together with HBsAg/anti-HBs coexistence might serve as a predictive indicator for HCC occurrence in chronic HBV-infected patients. This study provides new insights into HBV mutations in HCC and it will be helpful in the management of the disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients and serum samples
Sera of 778 patients who were admitted to, or visited, the Beijing 302 Hospital from January 2009 to December 2015 were collected and successfully amplified for the HBV S and a 684-bp-long S/Pol (nt 155–838) gene regions. The patient cohort comprised 194 HCC, 433 CHB, and 146 ACLF patients. The patients came from various areas of China, but mainly from the north of the country. The diagnostic criteria were based on the Guideline of Prevention and Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B [19] and Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines for Liver Failure [20]. Specifically, CHB was defined as a history of HBsAg for more than 6 months, persistent elevation in serum ALT levels, and a history of chronic hepatitis based on a histopathological diagnosis and/or compatible laboratory data and ultrasonographic findings. Liver cirrhosis and HCC were diagnosed by imaging tests such as CT scan, MRI and ultrasound, liver biopsy, and/or AFP serology. ACLF patients met the following criteria as described in our previous study [21]: recent development of increasing jaundice (TBIL > 171.0 μmol/L or rapid increase to > 17.1 μmol/L/day) and decreasing PTA (< 40%), with a recent development of complications, such as hepatic encephalopathy (≥ grade 2), or an abrupt and obvious increase of ascites or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis or hepatorenal syndrome. For all patients, there was no evidence for concomitant hepatitis C/D virus (HCV/HDV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or autoimmune liver disease. At the same time, we randomly selected two CHB patients, from HBsAg-positive patients who were alive and have not been diagnosed with HCC throughout the follow-up period. A total of 96 controls were enrolled. These patients were from the database of Bejing 302 Hospital and all provided their informed consent before enrollment in the Database of Beijing 302 Hospital. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing 302 Hospital.
Serological markers and quantitation of HBV DNA
All enrolled patients were hospitalized at least for one time in Beijing 302 Hospital. Blood samples were obtained at initial administration of the patients to Beijing 302 Hospital and either immediate use or stored in Serum Bank of the Database of Beijing 302 Hospital until use. The detection of biochemical and serological parameters and HBV DNA level were routinely performed in the Central Clinical Laboratory of the Beijing 302 Hospital.
Sequence amplification and analysis
Viral DNA was extracted and subjected to a nested PCR as described elsewhere [22]. The primers were 5′-TCGCAGAAGATCTCAATCTCG-3′ [sense, nucleotide (nt) 2416−2436) and 5′- AGGTGAAGCGAAGTGCAC AC-3′ (antisense, nt 2403−2422) for the first-round PCR and 5′- TTCCGCAGTATGGATCGGCAG -3′ (sense, nt 1258−1278) and 5′-CATAAGGTGGGAAACTTTAC -3′ (antisense, nt 2466−2485) for the second-round PCR. The first-round PCR consisted of pre-denaturation at 94°C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94°C for 40 s, 57°C for 1 min 12 s, and 72°C for 2 min 24 s, and extension at 72 for 10 min. The second-round PCR consisted of 94°Cfor 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94°C for 40 s, 57°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 2 min, and extension at 72°C for 10 min. Sequencing was performed using an ABI3730xl DNA Analyzers (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Analysis and assembly of sequencing data were performed with the Vector NTI Suite software package (Informax, Frederick, MD). Mutations for both additional N-glycosylation mutations in MHR of S gene and primary drug-resistant mutations in transcriptase reverse region of polymerase gene were analyzed. The definition and analysis of primary drug-resistant mutations have been described in our previous study [23].
Typing of HBV genotypes
The genotypes were determined based on complete genomic sequence or on analysis of the 1225-bp-long S/Pol-gene sequence, as we previously described [24, 25]. Briefly, HBV genotyping was performed by direct PCR sequencing followed by molecular evolutionary analysis of the viral sequences using MEGA 4 software. Standard reference sequences were acquired from the online Hepatitis Virus Database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genotyping/formpage.cgi).
Recombinant plasmid construction
Two different types of recombinant plasmids for mutant or wild-type sequences were used in this study. The first was on the basis of pTriEx-mod-1.1 HBV vector (a kind gift from Professor Zoulim, University Lyon, France), which was used for the measurement of HBV replicative intermediates. HBV preS/S-gene fragments were inserted into the BstEII and SphI restriction sites of the vector. The second was on the basis of pcDNA3.1(-)/myc-His A vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The fusion protein produced from this vector has a C-terminal polyhistidine (His) tag which can be detected using anti-His-tag antibody and used for the confirmation of N-glycosylation mutations at translational level, as well as for the assessment of the mutations on cell proliferation and migration potentials. S-gene fragments were cloned into the EcoRI and KpnI restriction sites of this vector. All restriction enzymes were purchased from New England BioLabs (NEB, Ipswich, MA, USA).
Site-directed mutagenesis
One representative mutant with dual N-glycosylation mutations (M4: sT116N→116-118NST & sT131N+M133→131-133NST) and one representative mutant with single N-glycosylation mutation (M5: sG130N+T131S→130-132NSS) were selected for the removal of N-glycosylation mutation(s) using reverse site-directed mutagenesis. The method was described in our previous studies with minor modifications [26]. In brief, a QuikChange Lightning site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA) was employed according to manufacturer’s instructions to eliminate mutation at specific site. The mutagenic primers annealing to the same sequence on opposite strands of the plasmids were designed individually, and PCR was performed to synthesize the mutation-eliminated strand. For M4 that harbors dual N-glycosylation mutations, the elimination was performed in stepwise, i.e., to generate M4’a (sT116N→116-118NST) and M4’b (sT131N+M133) respectively first, followed by generating M4’c (without N-glycosylation) using M4’a as template. DpnI restriction enzyme was added to digest parental methylated and hemimethylated DNA. The reversely mutated sequence was transformed into competent cells XL-10 for nick repair. The laboratory-modified wild-type gene fragment was linked with pcDNA3.1(-)/myc-His A vector as mentioned above.
Confirmation of additional N-glycosylation mutations
Each additional N-glycosylation at aa level will have an approximate 3-kDa increase in molecular weight. Whether genetic N-glycosylation truly converted to aa N-glycosylation was confirmed by de-glycosylation using PNGase F treatment. PNGase F (P0704, NEB) was used to remove N-linked glycans from recombinant HBsAg that had N-linked glycosylation sites, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Cells were lysed with RIPA buffer by adding 1 mmol/L PMSF. Afterwards, the samples were subjected onto 12% SDS-PAGE gel before transferal to a PVDF membrane. Glycosylation and de-glycosylation HBsAg were paralleled detected by Western blotting using a mouse monoclonal anti-His-tag antibody as the primary and then visualized using HRP-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG (HS201-01, TransGen Biotech) secondary antibody in combination with a SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate or West Femto Maximum Sensitivity Substrate. A marker (MagicMark XP Western Protein Standard, Invitrogen) was used to estimate molecular weight.
Quantitation of intracellular replicative intermediates
The experiments were performed as we described previously [16, 27]. In brief, HepG2 cells were seeded onto six-well plates. The recombinant pTriEx-mod-1.1HBV vectors were transfected into HepG2 cells mediated by X-treme GENE HD transfection reagent (Roche,Mannheim, Germany). As a control, the β-galactosidase reporter plasmid was co-transfected to normalize transfection efficiency. The transfection efficiencies within an experiment and across independent experiments were comparable. After 4-day cultivation, cells and culture supernatant were harvested for quantification of intracellular replicative intermediates using a real-time quantitative PCR kit (Fosun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai). The experiments were performed at least three times independently.
Cell proliferation assay
The experiment was conducted as described elsewhere with minor modifications [28]. In brief, cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China) was used to determine cell proliferation according to the manufacturer's instructions. HepG2 cells were transfected with either mutant or wild-type S-gene recombinant pcDNA3.1(-)/myc-His A plasmids. The cells were seeded onto 96-well plates at 2000 cells/well after 12 h of the transfection,. At 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h, the culture medium in each well was replaced with 200 ml fresh medium mixed with 10 ml CCK-8 solution. The absorbance of each well was measured using a microplate reader (BioTek, USA) at 450 nm. The experiment was independently performed for three times.
Wound healing assay
Wound healing assay was performed to evaluate the cell migratory capacity. In brief, HepG2 cells that had been transfected with either mutant or wild-type S-gene recombinant pcDNA3.1(-)/myc-His A plasmid were cultured to full confluence. Wounds of approximately 1 mm width were created with a plastic scriber, and cells were washed and above plasmid vectors were transfected. Briefly, 48 h after the transfection of HepG2 cells, cells were fixed and observed under a microscope as described elsewhere [29]. At least six microscopy images were examined for each sample and the experiments were performed twice.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median. Differences in continuous data were evaluated using Student’s t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), or nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-ranked test, where appropriate, and categorical data were analyzed using the chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression was used to determine independent factors. Statistical analysis was carried out in SPSS version 18.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL). P values of < 0.05 and < 0.01 (two-sided) were considered to be statistically significant and very significant, respectively.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS FIGURES AND TABLES
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (81373136, 81572010), the Capital Health Development Research Special Independent Innovation Project (2016-2-5032), and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7172206).
Abbreviations
- HCC
hepatocellular carcinoma
- CHB
chronic hepatitis B
- ACLF
acute-on-chronic liver failure
- ALT
alanine aminotransferase
- TBIL
total bilirubin
- ALB
albumin
- PTA
prothrombin activity
- AFP
alpha-fetoprotein
- OR
odds ratio
- 95% CI
confidence interval
Footnotes
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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