Primary site surgery for metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma improves survival outcomes: an analysis of a population-based database

Abstract

Objective

To define the survival effect of surgery of primary adrenal malignant lesions in metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) patients.

Patients and methods

We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database (1973–2014) to identify metastatic ACC patients (stage IV by using European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors stage classification). Correlated variables, including age, sex, race, tumor laterality, treatment modality, lymph node dissection, surgery of metastatic site, tumor size, and tumor stage, were extracted. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to define the efficacy of surgery on survival outcomes, including overall survival and cancer-specific survival of ACC.

Results

There were 290 metastatic ACC patients identified from the database. The overall median survival time was 7 (95% CI, 6–8) months. Among these patients, 118 patients received primary site surgery and 172 patients did not. In both univariate and multivariate analyses, primary site surgery significantly improved both overall (hazard ratio 0.413, 95% CI, 0.299–0.571, P<0.01) and cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio 0.408, 95% CI, 0.290–0.574, P<0.01) for metastatic ACC patients.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that primary site surgery in metastatic ACC patients significantly improved overall and cancer-specific survival. Further multicenter prospective studies are still needed to validate these outcomes.

Introduction

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) accounts for most primary adrenal gland malignancies. It is a fatal disease because of its rapid progression risk.^1,2 Almost two-thirds of patients (pts) experienced tumor recurrence within 2 years after curative surgery, including local recurrence and metastasis.³ Surgical resection of the primary tumor is still the unique curative treatment modality for non-metastatic ACCs.⁴ Adjuvant therapy in conjunction with surgery could delay tumor recurrence, but the improvement in overall survival is controversial.^5,6 Reoperation, mitotane therapy, and chemotherapy are the pivotal choices for advanced and recurrent ACCs. The most responsive combination therapy, etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin with mitotane (EDP-M), was superior to the streptozotocin with mitotane (Sz-M) regimen and had a similar incidence of adverse events in the First International Randomized Trial in Locally Advanced and Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma Treatment (FIRM-ACT) trial.⁷ However, there is little research on the effect of surgery on metastatic ACCs. Previous studies on metastatic ACC patients are scarce due to the low incidence of ACC and lack of a large population. The aim of this study is to define the effect of surgery on metastatic ACCs using a population-based oncologic database.

Patients and methods

Study population

The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database (1973–2014, November 2016 submission) was queried using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology Codes Third Edition (ICD-O-3). SEER is a national population-based registry that collects tumor-related data, including the incidence, treatment, mortality, and other demographics. This submission from 18 registries coverŝ27.8% of the US population. The primary query condition was histology type (ICD-O-3: 8370), resulting in 2014 cases. Then, the consecutive screen conditions were as follows: site recode- adrenal, first primary tumor with survival time, unilateral tumor, adults (age ≥18 years), and finally stage IV. The clinical tumor stages were defined using the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENSAT) stage system. The ENSAT stage system consists of stages I (T₁N₀M₀), II (T₂N₀M₀), III (T_1–2N₁M₀ or T_3–4N_0–1M₀), and IV (T_anyN_anyM₁).^8,9 Stage IV means metastatic ACC (tumor implants to distant organ or tissues, such as the liver, lung, and bone). Considering some underutilized data (eg, collaborative stages of tumor extension, tumor size, lymph nodes, and metastasis at diagnosis, but no concluded tumor stage), we restaged the TNM stage compatible with the Union for International Cancer Control/American Joint Committee on Cancer stage system based on the Collaboration Stage Data Collection System version 02.05 (CS version 02.05, http://web2.facs.org/cstage0205/adrenalgland/AdrenalGlandschema.html). After multiple rounds of screening, 290 records were identified. Related variable information was extracted, including age, sex, race, tumor size, tumor laterality, treatment modality (surgery or not, chemotherapy or not, radiotherapy or not), regional lymph node dissection (RLND, defined as codes 3–7, regional lymph nodes removed regardless of quantity), tumor size, tumor stage, cause of death, survival status, and survival time. Endpoint outcomes included overall survival and cancer-specific survival. This study was deemed exempt from the institutional review board approval of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University because the data were from a public health database accessible to applicants.

Statistical analysis

Basic demographic characteristics and tumor-related information are described. Continuous variables are presented as median with interquartile range (IQR) in parentheses. Category variables are presented as counts. We used the Kaplan–Meier method to estimate survival time and the Breslow (Wilcoxon) test to test the equality of survival functions. For regression survival analysis, we used univariate regression analysis to screen potential confounding variables. Variables with P≤0.1 in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate Cox regression. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI were used to show the risks of overall and cancer-specific mortality. The Cox proportion hazard assumption tests were performed using the Schoenfeld residuals method. All tests were two-sided, and a P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed by using Stata 14 and R software (Version 3.3.3, https://www.r-project.org).

Results

The demographic characteristics are shown in Table 1. A total of 290 metastatic ACC patients with a median age of 55 years (IQR 42–65) were identified between 2004 and 2014. The population consisted of 167 (57.6%) female and 123 (42.4%) male patients. The main race was the white race (244 pts, 84.1%). The locations of the lesions were similar (157 left and 130 right ACCs). The median tumor size was 11.8 cm (8.7–15 cm). Treatment modality included no surgery (172 pts) and surgery (118 pts) of the primary site. RLND was performed in 39 patients. Surgery of the metastatic lesion was performed in 40 patients; 51 patients received radiation therapy; 173 patients received chemotherapy. Among the 290 patients, 251 patients died during the follow-up; 224 patients died of ACC-specific causes, and the other 27 died of other causes. The median overall survival time was 6 (95% CI, 5–7) months. As seen in Figure 1, the median overall survival time for surgery group was 12 (95% CI, 8–16) months and for the no-surgery group, it was 4 (95% CI, 3–4) months (Wilcoxon P<0.01).

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of the study population

Variables	Surgery of primary site		P-value
	No (n=172)	Yes (n=118)
Age (year)	56.45±15.37	52.15±13.96	<0.01
Tumor size (cm)	11.33±4.94	13.56±6.42	<0.01
Sex			0.90
Female	100	67
Male	72	51
Race			0.88
White	143	101
Black	14	9
Other	15	8
Laterality			0.09
Left	100	57
Right	70	60
RLND			<0.01
No	165	76
Yes	0	39
Surgery of metastatic site			<0.01
No	164	86
Yes	8	32
Radiation			0.94
No/unknown	142	97
Yes	30	21
Chemotherapy			0.26
No/unknown	74	43
Yes	98	75	<0.01
Follow-up (months)	3 (1–7.5)	8 (4–20)
Vital status			<0.01
Alive	10	29
Dead	162	89

Notes: Continuous variables were compared using the Welch two-sample t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Count variables were compared using the Fisher exact test or chi-squared test. Missing values were omitted during analysis.

Abbreviation: RLND, regional lymph node dissection.

Figure 1.

Kaplan–Meier survival curve (overall and cancer-specific survival) of surgery of the primary site.

Note: Both graphs show a significant survival difference between surgery and no-surgery groups (P<0.01).

Table 2 shows both univariate and multivariate analyses of the overall survival and cancer-specific survival. In univariate analysis, age (P=0.032), surgery of the primary site (P<0.010), surgery of the metastatic site (P=0.027), and chemotherapy (P<0.01) were associated with overall survival. Race, sex, lymph node dissection, tumor location, tumor size, and radiotherapy were not significantly associated. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, only surgery of the primary site (HR 0.413, 95% CI, 0.299–0.571, P<0.01) and chemotherapy (HR 0.485, 95% CI, 0.350–0.672, P<0.01) were independent risk factors. Age, tumor size, and surgery of metastatic site had no significant effect on overall survival. Univariate analysis showed surgery of the primary site (P<0.010), surgery of the metastatic site (P=0.045), and chemotherapy (P<0.01) were correlated with cancer-specific survival. Multivariate analysis showed only surgery of the primary site and chemotherapy improved cancer-specific survival. Tumor size and surgery of the metastatic site did not affect the survival outcome.

Table 2.

Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for overall and cancer-specific survival

Variable	Overall survival				Cancer-specific survival
	Univariate		Multivariate		Univariate		Multivariate
	Hazard ratio	P-value	Hazard ratio	P-value	Hazard ratio	P-value	Hazard ratio	P-value
Surgery of primary site	Reference: no
Yes	0.473 (0.359–0.621)	<0.01	0.413 (0.299–0.571)	<0.01	0.464 (0.348–0.619)	<0.01	0.408 (0.290–0.574)	<0.01
Age	1.010 (1.001–1.020)	0.032	1.003 (0.992–1.014)	0.622	1.007 (0.998–1.017)	0.140
Tumor size	0.998 (0.995–1.000)	0.059	1.000 (0.997–1.003)	0.946	0.998 (0.995–1.000)	0.086	1.000 (0.997–1.003)	0.916
Sex	Reference: male
Female	0.854 (0.655–1.115)	0.246			0.857 (0.648–1.133)	0.280
Race	Reference: white
Black	1.341 (0.845–2.130)	0.213			1.170 (0.700–1.955)	0.550
Other	0.786 (0.482–1.280)	0.333			0.820 (0.496–1.356)	0.439
Laterality	Reference: left
Right	0.808 (0.616–1.058)	0.121			0.820 (0.617–1.088)	0.169
RLND	Reference: no
Yes	0.836 (0.571–1.223)	0.356			0.869 (0.586–1.290)	0.486
Surgery of metastatic site	Reference: no
Yes	0.631 (0.419–0.950)	0.027	0.919 (0.584–1.447)	0.716	0.647 (0.422–0.991)	0.045	0.942 (0.585–1.516)	0.805
Radiation	Reference: no/unknown
Yes	0.811 (0.578–1.139)	0.227			0.862 (0.607–1.223)	0.404
Chemotherapy	Reference: no/unknown
Yes	0.545 (0.414–0.718)	<0.01	0.485 (0.350–0.672)	<0.01	0.550 (0.412–0.734)	<0.01	0.464 (0.335–0.642)	<0.01

Notes: Ranges in the parentheses; mean (95% CI).

Abbreviation: RLND, regional lymph node dissection.

Discussion

In this study, surgery of the primary site improved overall and cancer-specific survival in metastatic ACC patients. Recently published recommendations by the European Society of Endocrine Surgeons (ESES) and ENSAT did not encourage palliative or debulking surgery for metastatic ACC due to insufficient evidence.¹⁰ Our results showed a survival benefit of surgery for metastatic ACC. Due to the rarity of ACC, few studies have focused on advanced ACC. Our results are supported by the research published by Kerkhofs et al.¹¹ In their study, a total of 189 ACC patients from the Netherlands Cancer Registry were recruited, 72 of whom were stage IV. The 34 patients who underwent surgery had longer median survival than those did not (median 10 months versus 2 months, P<0.001). This outcome was in accordance with our results that the median overall survival time for the surgery group was 12 months and for the no-surgery group, it was 4 months (P<0.01). Additionally, there is other circumstantial evidence for the benefit of surgery. Simon et al summarized a multicenter retrospective study of the efficacy of surgery on recurrent ACC and concluded better overall survival for the surgery group,¹² although this conclusion was based on large selection bias. The majority of their patients with local recurrence received reoperation, while those with metastatic recurrence did not. The above literature directly or indirectly indicates the potential benefit of surgery for advanced ACC. Erdogan et al¹³ from the German Adrenocortical Carcinoma Study Group reached to a similar conclusion that surgery of R0 (microscopically complete resection) could decrease the disease progression and overall mortality risk, though they did not perform a deep analysis for the recurrence subgroup, which was regarded as not amenable to radical resection due to advanced disease. In this group, 23 of the 68 recurrent ACC patients (all initially underwent radical resection) underwent debulking surgery. No further comparison was performed regarding the debulking surgery. Libe et al¹⁴ investigated the prognostic factors of ENSAT stage III–IV ACC in a large cohort of 444 ACC patients (210 stage III and 234 stage IV) using the ENSAT ACC registry data. Age, tumor stage, symptoms, and resection margin status were prognostic factors. However, they did not analyze the efficacy of surgery as a variable. We recommend revisiting these relatively large cohorts to gain further insight into the efficacy of surgery.

Surgery experience is important for tumor control. The surgical margins are somewhat related to the surgeon’s experience. R1 (microscopically positive) and/or R2 (macroscopically positive) patients have a poorer prognosis than R0 (microscopically negative) patients.^15–18 R0 is difficult to achieve, especially because extreme skill is required. In Margonis’ retrospective multicenter study, ~68.4% of R0 resection was achieved in ACC patients.¹⁷ The surgical modality is also a critical factor. The necessity of regional lymph node resection is controversial.^19–21 Lymphadenectomy is not a standard procedure of adrenalectomy in ACC treatment.⁴ The benefit of adjuvant mitotane administration after surgery remains controversial due to the low incidence of ACC, and no large randomized trial has been performed.^6,7,22–25 Mitotane could be effective for certain patients. Predictors of response to mitotane therapy and other cytotoxic drugs could facilitate individualized treatment. Palliative surgery plus adjuvant medical therapy could increase survival and ameliorate related symptoms.

There are several limitations to our study. This study is based on the SEER database and therefore has the intrinsic bias of an observational study. For instance, during clinical practice, metastatic ACC patients underwent primary site surgery, which is prone to have good prognostic characteristics, which possibly contributed to the surgical decision. Additionally, some peri-surgery parameters, such as hormone secretion, clinical symptoms, and surgical margin status which were prognostic factors in other studies, were not included because we lacked such information. These limitations weaken the evidence of this study. Prospective multicenter collaborative studies are urgently needed to obtain high-quality evidence in the future.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that primary site surgery in metastatic ACC patients significantly improved overall and cancer-specific survival. Further multicenter prospective studies are still needed to validate these outcomes.