Abstract
Background/Aims
The prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is reportedly increasing in Western countries. However, its prevalence in Korea remains unknown. We investigated the diagnostic trends and clinical characteristics of EoE in Korea.
Methods
Using an endoscopic database maintained at a tertiary care center, we retrospectively reviewed the biopsy reports regarding 18 399 biopsy specimens collected from all patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy and esophageal biopsy at this facility between 2006 and 2014. The presence of more than 15 eosinophils per high-power field with symptoms related to esophageal dysfunction was considered to indicate EoE.
Results
A total of 37 patients (male:female ratio, 29:8; mean age, 44.0 ± 13.0 years) were diagnosed with EoE. These patients presented with dysphagia (21.6%), epigastric pain (21.6%), heartburn (24.3%), and other symptoms (32.4%). Typical endoscopic appearance of EoE was noted in 33 cases (89.1%) and included linear furrows in 24 cases (64.8%), ringed esophagus in 10 cases (27.0%), and white exudates in 11 cases (29.7%). The median eosinophilic count was 25 per high-power field (interquartile range, 20–70). Notable histopathological findings included eosinophilic microabscesses in 21 cases (56.7%). The diagnosis rate of EoE was found to have increased from 2006 and to 2014 (P-value < 0.001 by the Cochran-Armitage trend test).
Conclusions
The number of patients with EoE appears to have increased significantly over the 9-year period investigated, while the number of endoscopic investigations increased only marginally. Greater awareness of EoE and the role of esophageal biopsies should be considered.
Keywords: Dysphagia, Endoscopy, Eosinophilic esophagitis, Esophagus
Introduction
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a clinicopathologic condition characterized by eosinophilic infiltration into the esophageal mucosa, resulting in esophageal dysfunction.1 In adults, the clinical symptoms are dysphagia, food impaction and chest pain.2 The incidence and prevalence of EoE has been increasing in Western countries where EoE has been described as a common cause of dysphagia.3 However, there are very few case reports about EoE in Asian countries. A recent study from China described the clinical manifestations and endoscopic features of EoE in 12 adult patients, and reported a prevalence of 0.34% among the general Chinese population.4 Another study, described 10 cases of EoE recorded in Japan.5 A recent study revealed that the prevalence of EoE among Korean patients with esophageal or upper gastrointestinal symptoms is 6.6%.6 However, the diagnostic trends of EoE have not been reported in Asian countries. In the current study, we reviewed an endoscopic database at a tertiary care center in order to investigate the diagnostic trends and clinical characteristics of EoE in Korea.
Materials and Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of the endoscopic database records of adult patients (older than 18 years of age) diagnosed as having EoE by means of endoscopic esophageal biopsy performed at a single center, in Korea, between January 2006 and July 2014. The biopsy reports were searched for the term “eosinophil,” and 2 endoscopists (G.H.K. and K.W.J.) reviewed the endoscopic findings of the patients that fit the search criteria. After this review of the endoscopic database, the histology slides of patients suspected of having EoE were re-reviewed by 2 highly experienced gastrointestinal pathologists (Y.S.P. and S.Y.K.). The final analysis included patients with a peak count of 15 or more eosinophils per high-power field (HPF) at 400× magnification and with endoscopic abnormality or esophageal dysfunction symptoms characteristic of EoE. When gastric or duodenal biopsies were included, the findings were examined to exclude co-existing gastroenteritis. Finally 37 patients were included in this study (Fig. 1). The followings clinical data were collected and analyzed: age, sex, personal history of atopic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy), presenting symptom, diagnosis, endoscopic findings, histologic findings of esophageal biopsy, and treatment prescribed. The present study was approved by the institutional review board of the treating institute (approval number 2014-0993).
Figure 1.
Patient selection algorithm. HPF, high power field.
Statistical Methods
Categorical variables were analyzed using the Fisher’s exact test while continuous variables were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Continuous variables are presented as median values with the interquartile range, and categorical variables are presented as numbers with percentages. All P-values are two-sided, with P < 0.05 indicating statistical significance.
To examine the longitudinal trends of the EoE diagnosis rate, the Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to assess the trend over 3-year intervals (2006–2008, 2009–2011, and 2012–2014). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
Patients
A total of 18 399 endoscopic esophageal biopsies from 15 598 subjects were performed at our center during the study period. Among these, 404 biopsy reports mentioned the term “eosinophil.” After applying the inclusion criteria, 37 patients were included in the final analysis (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1). The baseline characteristics of the patients included in the study are summarized in Table 1. The study population consisted of 29 men and 8 women (median age, 44.0 years; interquartile range for age, 32.0–53.5 years).
Table 1.
Clinical Features of 37 Adult Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis
| Variable | Value (n = 37) |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Male | 29 (78.4) |
| Female | 8 (21.6) |
| Age (yr) | 44.0 (32.0–53.5) |
| Symptom profile | |
| Dysphagia/food impaction | 8 (21.6) |
| Epigastric pain | 8 (21.6) |
| Heartburn | 9 (24.2) |
| Dyspepsia | 3 (8.1) |
| Unknown | 9 (27.0) |
| Location | |
| Mid esophagus | 19 (51.4) |
| Lower esophagus | 18 (48.6) |
| Eosinophils per HPF | 25 (20–71) |
| Allergy profile | |
| Asthma | 2 (5.4) |
| Allergic rhinitis | 7 (16.2) |
| Food allergy | 2 (5.4) |
| None | 26 (75.0) |
| Smoking history | |
| Yes | 14 (35.1) |
| No | 23 (62.2) |
| Alcohol history | |
| Yes | 15 (40.5) |
| No | 22 (59.5) |
| Blood test results | |
| Tested for eosinophilia | 35 (94.6) |
| Eosinophilia (> 500 eosinophils/mL) | 8 (21.6) |
HPF, high power field.
Data represent total number (%) or median (interquartile range).
Clinical Features
The chief clinical manifestations of these patients were dysphagia/food impaction (8 cases [21.6%]), epigastric pain (8 cases [21.6%]), heartburn (9 cases [24.3%]), and dyspepsia (3 cases [8.1%]). The symptoms of 9 patients (24.3%) were not evaluated. Nine patients (24.3%) had a personal history of atopy, with asthma (2 cases [5.4%]), and allergic rhinitis (7 cases [16.2%]) diagnosed most commonly. Eosinophilia was detected on at least one occasion in 8 (21.6%) of 35 patients tested.
Endoscopic Findings
Typical endoscopic appearance of EoE was noted in 33 cases (89.1%) and included linear furrows in 24 cases (64.8%), ringed esophagus in 10 cases (27.0%), white exudates in 11 cases (29.7%), and stricture in 2 patients (5.4%) (Fig. 2). Endoscopic findings were classified using the modified classification and grading system in Table 2.7 The majority of biopsies were taken from the mid esophagus (19 cases [51.4%]). Nineteen cases (48.6%) of EoE patient’s biopsies were taken from lower esophagus above 5 cm from Z-line. We only considered biopsies taken from at least 5 cm above the Z-line.
Figure 2.
Endoscopic findings of eosinophilic esophagitis. (A) Whitish exudates. (B) Linear furrows with whitish exudates. (C) Ringed esophagus. (D) Stricture.
Table 2.
Endoscopic Abnormalities According to Modified Classification and Grading System in 37 Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis
| Endoscopic findings | Value (n = 37) |
|---|---|
| Fixed rings | |
| Grade 0: none | 19 (51.3) |
| Grade 1: mild | 12 (32.4) |
| Grade 2: moderate | 6 (16.2) |
| Grade 3: severe | 0 |
| Exudates | |
| Grade 0: none | 17 (45.9) |
| Grade 1: mild | 18 (48.6) |
| Grade 2: severe | 2 (5.4) |
| Furrows | |
| Grade 0: absent | 11 (29.7) |
| Grade 1: present | 26 (70.2) |
| Edema | |
| Grade 0: absent | 35 (94.5) |
| Grade 1: present | 2 (5.4) |
| Stricture | |
| Grade 0: absent | 35 (94.5) |
| Grade 1: present | 2 (5.4) |
Data represent the number of patients (%) presenting with a certain endoscopic finding.
Among a total of 37 patients with EoE, 4 patients had no EoE-specific endoscopic findings, while 33 patients had typical endoscopic findings, and all such patients were male. Among the 4 patients with no EoE-specific endoscopic findings, 2 patients had typical EoE symptoms, especially food impaction. These 2 patients (40 and 44 years of age; both male) were treated with inhalation steroids, which led to improvement of symptoms. The other 2 patients without EoE-specific findings (40 and 49 years of age; both male) underwent endoscopy to elucidate the origin of their mild symptoms such as epigastric discomfort. In these 2 patients, endoscopic findings included mucosal erosion and hyperemia with fine mucosal plaques. Unfortunately, these 2 patients were lost to follow-up.
Histologic Findings
Histopathological examination (Table 3) revealed eosinophilic infiltration of the esophageal epithelium (≥ 15 eosinophils/HPF) in all patients. The median eosinophilic count was 25 per HPF (interquartile range, 20–70). Eosinophilic microabscess, defined as an aggregate of 4 or more eosinophils, was another notable histologic finding observed in 21 cases (56.7%). Superficial layering of eosinophils, which is defined as a specific affiliation of eosinophils to aggregates in the surface layers of the epithelium was observed in 3 of 31 applicable cases. Basal zone hyperplasia (greater than 20.0% of the thickness of the epithelium) was observed in 26 cases (70.2%). Rete peg elongation (greater than 60.0% of the total epithelial height) was observed in 31 cases (83.7%). Finally lamina propria fibrosis epithelium was observed in 5 of 5 applicable cases.
Table 3.
Histologic Findings in 37 Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis
| Histologic finding | Positive/Tested |
|---|---|
| Eosinophilic microabscess | 21/37 |
| Superficial layering of eosinophils | 3/31 |
| Epithelial desquamation | 21/37 |
| Dilated intercellular spaces | 21/37 |
| Rete peg elongation | 31/37 |
| Basal zone hyperplasia | 26/37 |
| Lamina propria fibrosis | 5/5 |
Values represent number of patients.
Lamina propria fibrosis and superficial layering of eosinophils could not be evaluated in 16.2% and 86.4% of cases, respectively, as some specimens were either poorly oriented or lacked lamina propria. Figure 3 shows the typical histological features seen in our EoE patients.
Figure 3.
Histologic findings of eosinophilic esophagitis. (A) Eosinophilic microabscess (×400). (B) Superficial layering of eosinophils (×200). (C) Basal zone hyperplasia with rete peg elongation and lamina propria fibrosis (×100).
Treatment
Of the 37 patients included in the study, 29 (78.3%) were treated with anti-secretory agents including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Among the 20 patients who did not respond to PPIs, 10 were treated with corticosteroids, which led to symptomatic relief or improvement of endoscopic findings. Follow-up esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed in 14 patients. Despite treatment, 5 of the 14 patients who underwent EGD still showed typical endoscopic findings (Supplementary Figure).
Incidence
Table 4 provides an overview of the number of specific procedures (ie, EGD and endoscopic esophageal biopsy) performed at our institution over the course of the nine-year study period investigated (2006–2014), as well as of the number of patients diagnosed as having EoE by means of these procedures. To determine the variation in EoE diagnosis rate, we split the 9-year study period into 3 periods of 3 years each. The number of EGDs and esophageal biopsies appeared to have increased only slightly over the course of the study period. However, the number of patients with EoE appeared to have increased significantly over the 9-year period evaluated (P < 0.001 by the Cochran-Armitage trend test).
Table 4.
Diagnostic Trend of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Over a 9-year Period Between January 2006 and July 2014
| Procedure | Period | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| 2006–2008 | 2009–2011 | 2012–2014 | |
| Esophagogastroduodenoscopy | 201 228 | 239 285 | 221 455 |
| Esophageal biopsy | 5481 (2.7) | 7003 (2.9) | 5915 (2.7) |
| Eosinophilic esophagitis diagnosed | 3 | 7 | 27 |
Values represent the number of procedures. Values given in parentheses indicate the percent of patients who underwent both esophagogastroduodenoscopy and esophageal biopsy. Diagnosis rate increased significantly over the course of the study period (P < 0.001 by the Cochran-Armitage trend test).
Discussion
EoE is a chronic inflammatory disease restricted to the esophagus, with an increasingly higher incidence reported over the past 10 years.8 The clinical characteristics and prevalence of EoE have been extensively investigated in Western countries. However, in Asian countries, the disease is recognized as a rare condition and its epidemiology has not been fully characterized. The present study reviewed an endoscopic database maintained at a tertiary care center in order to investigate the diagnostic trends and clinical characteristics of EoE in Korea.
In Western countries, EoE was reported with a higher prevalence among middle-aged and male individuals, and it often co-occurred with allergic disease.9 These previous findings are similar to those of the present study, which showed middle-age and male predominance, but we noted less frequent comorbidity of allergic diseases (9 cases [24.3%]). Common clinical presentations in our patients included dysphagia (8 cases [21.6%]), epigastric pain (8 cases [21.6%]), and heartburn (9 cases [24.3%]). Compared to reports from Western countries,10 our study found a higher prevalence of with atypical symptoms of EoE (chest pain and epigastric pain similar to those noted in gastroesophageal reflux disease). However, our study does not have sufficient statistical power to claim that Korean EoE patients have different clinical presentations from those noted in patients from Western countries. Larger scale, nationwide studies are warranted to clarify the symptomatic characteristics of Korean EoE patients.
Typical endoscopic findings of EoE were observed in 33 cases (89.1%), and included linear furrows in 24 cases (64.8%), ringed esophagus in 10 cases (27.0%), and white exudates in 11 cases (29.7%). There were only 2 patients with strictures. These result shows some discrepancy compared with those reported in Western countries, where stricture or mucosal friability are common EoE findings.11 Bohm et al12 reported that the endoscopic findings of EoE may vary with race. In a recent Japanese study, linear furrows were more frequently noted in patients with EoE,13 which is similar to the findings of our present study.
We found that the number of EGD procedures increased slightly over the course of the study period, while the number of patients diagnosed with EoE increased significantly. It remains unclear whether the high prevalence of EoE observed in the most recent 3-year period analyzed (2012–2014) represents a real increase in the incidence of EoE or an increase related to enhanced awareness among endoscopists and pathologists. A population-based study in Switzerland reported an actual increase in the incidence of EoE and its cumulative prevalence in the past ten years.14
Several studies have reported that the prevalence of EoE has been increasing in Asian countries with the growing interest and awareness of this disease (Supplementary Table 2). The etiology of EoE is not clear. A possible link has been suggested between an immunologic response and various ingested allergens, given the high incidence of food allergies noted in these patients. In Korea, the prevalence of atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy is increasing.15 The high prevalence of atopic diseases in both pediatric and adult EoE patients suggests that EoE patients exhibit an allergic response to one or more antigens that may provoke and perpetuate this condition.16 Indeed, food allergies are known to play a substantial role in pediatric eosinophilia in Western countries.17 However, the etiology and natural history of EoE among Asian adults is not well understood. Prospective, long-term follow-up and population-based studies are warranted to clarify such aspects in EoE patients from Asian countries.
PPI-responsive esophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE) was recently suggested to represent a disease entity distinguishable from the disease entity previously referred to as EoE.1 However, other studies suggested that PPI-REE does not differ from EoE in terms of either pathology or clinical manifestation.18 Therefore, PPI-REE is currently regarded as a disease entity within the disease spectrum of EoE.19 A recently published review concluded that it is difficult to clearly distinguish between EoE and PPI-REE.20 As ours was a retrospective study, we could not treat all of the study patients with PPIs. Moreover, a considerable number of patients were lost to follow-up. For this reason, we were not able to determine whether EoE and PPI-REE differed in terms of endoscopic or histological findings.
There are several potential limitations in our study. First, this was a retrospective study, and it was difficult to ensure that all clinical manifestations were accounted for in the reports. Furthermore, not all biopsy specimens were obtained from multiple levels of the esophagus, and eosinophilic gastroenteritis could not be excluded in all cases as biopsies of the stomach and duodenum were not routinely performed. Second, the recognition of EoE in Korea is still low, and therefore our sample included only a small number of cases, with inconsistent time intervals for follow-up endoscopy. Third, we could not perform an esophageal manometry study or a 24-hour pH monitoring study to exclude the presence of other motility disorders and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Our findings suggest that the number of patients with EoE increased significantly from 2006 to 2014, while the number of EGD investigations and esophageal biopsies increased only marginally. A greater awareness of EoE and of the role of esophageal biopsies should be considered. Large-scale studies with prospective design are required in order to validate the purported increase in the prevalence of EoE in Korea.
Supplementary Information
Footnotes
Note: To access the supplementary tables and figure mentioned in this article, visit the online version of Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility at http://www.jnmjournal.org/, and at https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm17047.
Financial support: None.
Conflicts of interest: None.
Author contributions: Ga Hee Kim, Kee Wook Jung, Jin-Ho Kim, and Hwoon-Yong Jung designed the study; JungBok Lee and Kee Don Choi analyzed the raw data and performed statistical analyses; Young Soo Park, So-Woon Kim, and Jeong Hoon Lee contributed to data collection; Do Hoon Kim, Ji Yong Ahn, Ho June Song, and Gin Hyug Lee interpreted the data; Ga Hee Kim and Kee Wook Jung drafted the manuscript and prepared the manuscript for submission; and all authors revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content and gave final approval of the version to be published.
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