Abstract
Purpose
Genome-wide association studies have found plenty of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which are associated with breast cancer risk. SNPs in FGFR2 are mostly identified. However, the association between PI3KCA SNP and breast cancer risk remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of FGFR2 and PI3KCA genetic variants in breast cancer and their association with prognosis.
Methods
We performed genotyping of 328 breast cancer patients and 389 healthy controls. Then, we evaluated the associations of FGFR2 rs1219648 and PI3KCA rs6443624 with the susceptibility and clinicopathological features of breast cancer. Kaplan-Meier curve with log-rank test was performed to determine the prognostic values of FGFR2 rs1219648 and PI3KCA rs6443624.
Results
The results indicated that genotype frequencies of rs1219648 and rs6443624 were significantly different between breast cancer patients and healthy controls. Furthermore, PI3KCA rs6443624 A carriers and FGFR2 rs1219648 G carriers more frequently had advanced stages and shorter survival times.
Conclusion
The SNPs of FGFR2 rs1219648 and PI3KCA rs6443624 may contribute to the identification of breast cancer patients at risk of more aggressive disease and may be potential prognostic factors in breast cancer in a Chinese population.
Keywords: rs1219648, rs6443624, breast cancer, prognosis
Introduction
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy and the first leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide.1 In China, over 272,400 new cases were diagnosed and there were 70,700 deaths in 2015, and the incidence has increased annually.2 Many BC risk factors have been identified, such as serum hormone levels, dietary and family history.3–5 It was reported that genes (BRCA1/2, ATM et al) inherited from family significantly increased susceptibility to BC, and make up a large proportion of BC cases.6
Among different risk factors, RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways through FGFs are widely recognized to be involved in the initiation and progression of BC.7 FGFR2 is widely overexpressed in BC cell lines and tumor samples.8 Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have suggested that a variety of FGFR2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with BC risk.9,10 For instance, Liang et al performed genotyping and found that FGFR2 rs2981582, rs1219648, and rs2420946 were significantly associated with increased BC risk.11 Indeed, a variety of FGFR2 SNPs were found recently and were associated with elevated BC risk. However, considering the complex mechanisms of cancer development, we may need to combine several genes together to identify the cancer risk.
PI3KCA has been widely linked to cancer development.12,13 PI3KCA was reported to be frequently highly mutated in many types of cancers, such as esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, and BC.14,15 Recently, PI3KCA genomic variants were identified as being associated with increased cancer risk.16 Park et al17 reported that PI3KCA rs2699905 and rs7640662 were significantly associated with melanoma patients’ survival. Wang et al18 reported that PIK3CA rs2699887 showed notable associations with survival of endometrial cancer patients. However, the association between PI3KCA rs6443624 and BC risk and patient survival remains elusive.
In the current study, we focused on the combination of two reported cancer-related SNPs, FGFR2 rs1219648 and PI3KCA rs6443624. We investigated the correlations between these genes and BC risk and patient survival among female patients in China.
Materials and methods
Study population
The study was approved by the Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. A total of 328 BC patients (aged 28–80 years, mean age 56 years) were analyzed retrospectively for the study from June 2010 to April 2011. The histology and TNM stages were classified according to the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging. Detailed clinicopathological features are presented in Table 1. The follow-up of each BC patient was performed at 3-month intervals in the first year and thereafter at 6-month intervals. The latest follow-up data in the study were obtained in December 2016. Additionally, 389 age-matched, healthy women were recruited as controls for the present study.
Table 1.
Clinicopathologic parameters of breast cancer patients
| Parameters | Case number |
|---|---|
| Overall | 328 |
| Age (years) | |
| ≤ 50 | 88 |
| > 50 | 240 |
| Tumor size (cm) | |
| ≤ 2 | 72 |
| > 2 | 256 |
| Stage | |
| I+II | 234 |
| III | 94 |
| Grade | |
| I+II | 138 |
| III | 190 |
| Lymph node invasion | |
| No | 157 |
| Yes | 171 |
| ER status | |
| Negative | 146 |
| Positive | 182 |
| PR status | |
| Negative | 139 |
| Positive | 189 |
| HER2 status | |
| Negative | 242 |
| Positive | 86 |
Extraction of genomic DNA and genotyping
An amount of 3 mL peripheral blood was obtained from patients and healthy controls for DNA extraction. The blood samples were treated with EDTA-K2 and stored at −80° until analysis. Genomic DNA were extracted with DNA Extraction Kits (Tiangen, Beijing, China) according to the instructions of the manufacturer.
Genotyping of rs1219648 and rs6443624 was carried out using pre-designed TaqMan SNP Genotyping assays (C_2917314_20, and C_2917314_20) as described previously.19 In brief, 10 μL reaction solution containing 5 ng genomic DNA and TaqMan Master Mix was performed Genotyping assay. PCR was performed with an ABI7500 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). As quality control, approximately 10% of the samples were randomly used to repeat the reaction, and the results were 100% concordant.
Statistical analysis
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was assessed in controls using asymptotic χ2 test. Fisher’s exact test was performed to test the association between FGFR2 and PI3KCA genotypes in cases and controls. The strength of associations in FGFR2 and PI3KCA genotypes in BC risk was measured by binary logistic regression analysis and ORs and 95% CIs. The overall survival was depicted by Kaplan-Meier method followed by the log-rank test. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the clinicopathological features in evaluating BC prognosis. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 21.0. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The association between FGFR2 rs1219648 and PI3KCA rs6443624 and BC risk
We performed the TaqMan allelic discrimination assay (details in Supplementary materials) and firstly, we found no deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in both controls and cases; data shown in Table 2 (p>0.05).
Table 2.
Genotype frequencies of FGFR2 rs1219648 and PI3KCA rs6443624 single nucleotide polymorphisms in patients and healthy controls
| Genotype | Controls (%) n=389 | Cases (%) n=328 | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FGFR2 rs1219648 | ||||
| AA | 224 (57.6) | 167 (50.9) | 1.00 | |
| AG | 146 (37.5) | 127 (38.7) | 1.17 (0.86–1.59) | 0.331 |
| GG | 19 (4.9) | 34 (10.4) | 2.40 (1.32–4.36) | 0.004 |
| AG+GG | 165 (42.4) | 161 (49.1) | 1.31 (0.98–1.76) | 0.074 |
| PI3KCA rs6443624 | ||||
| CC | 97 (24.9) | 58 (17.7) | 1.00 | |
| AC | 189 (48.6) | 150 (45.7) | 1.33 (0.90–1.96) | 0.154 |
| AA | 103 (26.5) | 120 (36.6) | 1.95 (1.28–2.96) | 0.002 |
| AA+AC | 292 (75.1) | 270 (82.3) | 1.55 (1.07–2.23) | 0.019 |
Then, the allele and genotype distribution of FGFR2 rs1219648 and PI3KCA rs6443624 in controls and BC cases revealed that the FGFR2 rs1219648 GG allele was significantly associated with BC risk by logistic regression analysis compared to AA genotype (OR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.32–4.36, p=0.004). Meanwhile, compared to patients carrying the CC allele for PI3KCA rs6443624, those with AC and AA had an OR of 1.33 (95% CI: 0.90–1.96, p=0.154) and 1.95 (95% CI: 1.28–2.96, p=0.002), respectively, suggesting that PI3KCA rs6443624 AA allele was significantly associated with the risk of BC. Moreover, we determined the dominant models of FGFR2 rs1219648 and PI3KCA rs6443624 and found that PI3KCA rs6443624 AA/AC genotype was significantly correlated with BC risk (Table 2).
Association between FGFR2 rs1219648 or PI3KCA rs6443624 and BC clinicopathological features
To further evaluate the significance of FGFR2 rs1219648 or PI3KCA rs6443624 in BC, we assessed the association between these two SNPs and clinicopathological features, including age, tumor size, clinical stage, grade, lymph node invasion status, ER, PR, and HER2 status. The results indicated that PI3KCA rs6443624 AC allele was significantly correlated with advanced stage while AA allele was correlated with high grade. Also, the PI3KCA rs6443624 dominant model was notably correlated with advanced stage (Table 3).
Table 3.
Association between PI3KCA rs6443624 and clinicopathological features of 328 breast cancer patients
| Parameters | PI3KCA rs6443624
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CC | AC | AA | AC+AA | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| ≤50/>50 | 14/44 | 42/108 | 32/88 | 74/196 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.41–1.65) | 0.88 (0.42–1.81) | 0.84 (0.44–1.63) |
| R2 value | 1.52E-3 | 7.29E-4 | 7.84E-4 | |
| p-value | 0.573 | 0.718 | 0.610 | |
| Tumor size (cm) | ||||
| ≤2/>2 | 10/48 | 40/110 | 22/98 | 62/208 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.57 (0.27–1.24) | 0.93 (0.41–2.11) | 0.79 (0.33–1.46) |
| R2 value | 9.80E-3 | 1.69E-4 | 2.81E-3 | |
| p-value | 0.154 | 0.859 | 0.340 | |
| Stage | ||||
| I+II/III+IV | 49/9 | 106/44 | 87/33 | 193/77 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 2.26 (1.02–4.99) | 2.07 (0.91–4.67) | 2.17 (1.05–4.49) |
| R2 value | 2.02E-2 | 1.74E-2 | 1.37E-2 | |
| p-value | 0.040 | 0.078 | 0.034* | |
| Grade | ||||
| I+II/III | 31/27 | 63/87 | 44/76 | 107/163 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.59 (0.86–2.92) | 1.98 (1.05–3.75) | 1.75 (0.99–3.10) |
| R2 value | 1.06E-2 | 2.53E-2 | 1.14E-2 | |
| p-value | 0.137 | 0.034 | 0.053 | |
| Lymph node invasion | ||||
| No/yes | 32/26 | 76/74 | 51/69 | 126/143 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.20 (0.65–2.20) | 1.67 (0.89–3.13) | 1.55 (0.88–2.75) |
| R2 value | 1.60E-3 | 1.42E-2 | 7.06E-3 | |
| p-value | 0.560 | 0.112 | 0.129 | |
| ER status | ||||
| Negative/positive | 24/34 | 61/89 | 61/59 | 122/148 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.56–1.91) | 0.68 (0.36–1.29) | 0.86 (0.48–1.52) |
| R2 value | 4.90E-5 | 7.92E-3 | 8.41E-4 | |
| p-value | 0.925 | 0.237 | 0.597 | |
| PR status | ||||
| Negative/positive | 22/36 | 60/90 | 57/63 | 117/153 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.49–1.71) | 0.68 (0.36–1.28) | 0.80 (0.45–1.43) |
| R2 value | 3.61E-4 | 8.10E-3 | 1.76E-3 | |
| p-value | 0.784 | 0.228 | 0.450 | |
| HER2 status | ||||
| Negative/positive | 42/16 | 119/31 | 81/39 | 200/70 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.34–1.38) | 1.26 (0.63–2.52) | 0.92 (0.49–1.74) |
| R2 value | 5.48E-3 | 2.50E-3 | 1.96E-4 | |
| p-value | 0.285 | 0.506 | 0.794 | |
Note:
p<0.05, as compared to CC genotype.
For FGFR2 rs1219648, the AG allele had a significantly higher distribution in BC patients with advanced stage. Moreover, the FGFR2 rs1219648 dominant model also showed significantly higher risk of advanced stage (Table 4).
Table 4.
Association between FGFR2 rs1219648 and clinicopathological features of 328 breast cancer patients
| Parameters | FGFR2 rs1219648
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AA | AG | GG | AG+GG | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| ≤50/>50 | 39/128 | 35/92 | 14/20 | 49/112 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.47–1.36) | 0.44 (0.20–0.94) | 0.70 (0.43–1.12) |
| R2 value | 2.30E-3 | 2.31E-2 | 6.40E-3 | |
| p-value | 0.410 | 0.032 | 0.148 | |
| Tumor size (cm) | ||||
| ≤2/>2 | 42/125 | 20/107 | 10/24 | 30/131 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.80 (1.00–3.25) | 0.81 (0.37–1.82) | 1.47 (0.87–2.49) |
| R2 value | 1.30E-2 | 1.29E-3 | 6.24E-3 | |
| p-value | 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.154 | |
| Stage | ||||
| I+II/III+IV | 129/38 | 84/43 | 21/13 | 105/56 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.74 (1.04–2.91) | 2.10 (0.96–4.59) | 1.82 (1.11–2.94) |
| R2 value | 1.51E-2 | 1.77E-2 | 1.77E-2 | |
| p value | 0.035* | 0.059 | 0.016* | |
| Grade | ||||
| I+II/III | 62/105 | 70/57 | 6/28 | 76/85 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.48 (0.30–0.77) | 2.76 (1.08–7.03) | 0.66 (0.43–1.03) |
| R2 value | 3.20E-2 | 2.37E-2 | 1.04E-2 | |
| p-value | 0.002* | 0.029* | 0.065 | |
| Lymph node invasion | ||||
| No/Yes | 87/80 | 58/69 | 12/22 | 70/91 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.29 (0.82–2.06) | 1.99 (0.93–4.29) | 1.41 (0.92–2.18) |
| R2 value | 4.10E-3 | 1.59E-2 | 7.40E-3 | |
| p-value | 0.275 | 0.074 | 0.118 | |
| ER status | ||||
| Negative/positive | 74/93 | 55/72 | 17/17 | 72/89 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.65–1.66) | 0.80 (0.38–1.67) | 0.98 (0.64–1.52) |
| R2 value | 1.00E-4 | 1.85E-3 | 1.60E-5 | |
| p-value | 0.864 | 0.544 | 0.941 | |
| PR status | ||||
| Negative/positive | 65/102 | 58/69 | 16/18 | 74/87 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.48–1.21) | 0.72 (0.34–1.51) | 0.75 (0.48–1.16) |
| R2 value | 4.62E-3 | 3.84E-3 | 5.04E-3 | |
| p-value | 0.245 | 0.378 | 0.197 | |
| HER2 status | ||||
| Negative/positive | 118/49 | 94/33 | 30/4 | 124/37 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.50–1.42) | 0.32 (0.11–0.96) | 0.72 (0.44–1.18) |
| R2 value | 1.37E-3 | 2.25E-2 | 5.18E-3 | |
| p-value | 0.525 | 0.034* | 0.190 | |
Note:
p<0.05, as compared to AA genotype.
FGFR2 rs1219648 predicts poor prognosis of BC patients
To evaluate the prognostic significance of FGFR2 rs1219648 or PI3KCA rs6443624 in BC patients, we performed Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test to measure the patients’ survival with different alleles. Intriguingly, we noticed that relative to patients with FGFR2 rs1219648 AA allele, those with AG and GG had shorter survival times (p=0.006, Figure 1). However, patients with PI3KCA rs6443624 showed no difference between each allele (p=0.275, Figure 2). Moreover, we performed multivariate analysis with stepwise Cox regression model and found that clinical stage, ER and PR status could be significant prognosticators (Table 5).
Figure 1.
The Kaplan-Meier curve illustrates overall survival based on FGFR2 allele status.
Figure 2.
The Kaplan-Meier curve illustrates overall survival based on PI3KCA allele status.
Table 5.
Multivariate analysis for overall survival (stepwise Cox regression analysis)
| Parameters | HR | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.259 | 0.475–3.335 | 0.643 |
| Tumor size | 0.856 | 0.549–1.337 | 0.495 |
| Stage | 1.847 | 1.195–2.855 | 0.006* |
| Grade | 1.093 | 0.728–1.640 | 0.670 |
| Lymph node invasion | 1.023 | 0.663–1.580 | 0.917 |
| ER status | 0.638 | 0.421–0.968 | 0.034* |
| PR status | 0.317 | 0.121–0.833 | 0.020* |
| HER2 status | 1.083 | 0.573–2.068 | 0.781 |
| rs1219648 (AA vs. AG+GG) | 1.449 | 0.968–2.168 | 0.071 |
| rs6443624 (CC vs. AC+AA) | 1.273 | 0.720–2.250 | 0.406 |
Note:
p<0.05.
Discussion
In the present study, we evaluated the impact of FGFR2 and PI3KCA polymorphisms on BC patients. Recently, GWAS have identified a variety of genetic variants which were associated with BC risk.20,21 FGFR2 belongs to the FGF receptor family. The ligands, FGFs, could initiate the downstream signals and then modulate cell migration, angiogenesis, and growth.22 Among these, FGFR2 rs1219648 was reported to be related with BC development.23 Mechanically, it was demonstrated that rs1219648 altered the transcription activity of FGFR2. Since this SNP was presented in the promoter region of FGFR2 gene, we thought it might up-regulate the expression of FGFR2, and high expression of FGFR2 promoted BC progression.24,25 Previous studies have revealed that FGFR2 rs1219648 was highly associated with BC lymph node metastasis, but showed no significant difference between healthy individuals and BC patients.26 However, our data suggested that FGFR2 rs1219648 was notably related to high risk of BC. Moreover, the AG/GG alleles were significantly associated with advanced stage and poor prognosis, which has not been reported previously. These results might be attributable to the different study population.
PI3KCA/Akt signaling is critical in many types of cancers, such as colorectal cancer, BC, and osteosarcoma.27,28 Also, somatic mutations in PI3KCA have been commonly identified in many types of cancers.29,30 A previous study reported that a majority of mutations happened in exon 20, and some missense mutations and silent mutations were found in BC patients.31 PI3KCA rs17849079 was more frequently found in BC patients compared with disease-free controls. However, Stevens et al32 indicated that common variations in PI3KCA did not have a strong influence on BC as the patients were mostly Caucasian, and rs1607237 was associated with a decreased risk. The rs6443624 SNP located in the intron of PI3KCA, might affect the binding of transcription factors and alter the splicing patterns or transcription of the PIK3CA gene.18 In our study on a Chinese population, we suggested that PI3KCA rs6443624 was significantly associated with the risk of BC, and AC/AA alleles were associated with advanced stage, implying their biological functions, which need further investigation.
Moreover, we noticed that FGFR2 rs1219648 was significantly associated with poor BC prognosis, which has not been reported previously. However, no such association was found between PI3KCA rs6443624 and short survival time. A previous report showed that rs6443624 could be an independent predictor and prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma patients.33 So, further study will be performed to confirm and validate this finding.
In conclusion, our results obtained from a cohort of Chinese BC patients, indicated that FGFR2 rs1219648 and PI3KCA rs6443624 were significantly associated with BC risk and FGFR2 rs1219648 AG/GG alleles were associated with shorter survival. Therefore, detection of the SNPs might help to identify patients and predict prognosis.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
References
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