Abstract
Background
The research objectives of the Femoroacetabular Impingement Randomised controlled Trial (FIRST) are to assess whether surgical correction of the hip impingement morphology (arthroscopic osteochondroplasty) with or without labral repair, in adults aged 18–50 years diagnosed with non-arthritic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), provides decreased pain and improved health-related quality of life at 12 months compared to arthroscopic lavage of the hip joint. This article describes the statistical analysis plan for the FIRST trial.
Methods/design
FIRST is an ongoing multi-centre, blinded randomised controlled trial of 220 patients who have been diagnosed with FAI and are optimized for surgical intervention. This article describes the overall analysis principles, including how participants will be included in each analysis, the presentation of the results, adjustments for covariates, the primary and secondary outcomes and their respective analyses. In addition, we will present the planned sensitivity and subgroup analyses.
Discussion
Our rationale for FIRST is based upon (1) an epidemic of FAI surgery with resultant increased healthcare costs over that last decade, (2) worldwide disparity in perceptions about its utility, and (3) consensus that definitive evidence for or against surgical approaches is lacking.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01623843. Registered on 20 June 2012.
Keywords: Statistical analysis plan, Randomised controlled trial, Femoroacetabular impingement, Lavage, Osteochondroplasty
Background
The Femoroacetabular Impingement Randomised controlled Trial (FIRST) is a multi-centre, concealed randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating the effect of arthroscopic lavage (i.e. washing out the hip joint) versus osteochondroplasty (i.e. surgical correction of the hip impingement morphology) in adults aged 18–50 years diagnosed with non-arthritic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). The protocol for the FIRST trial has been previously published [1] and provides more detail on the trial rationale, eligibility criteria, interventions, data management, and methods for limiting bias.
FAI is a condition that causes hip pain in the young adult as a result of a size and shape mismatch between the femoral head and the acetabulum. FAI is typically classified into two sub-types; cam type (a misshaped femoral head) or pincer type (an over-covered or deep socket). Most patients have a combination of both types of impingement. With FAI, the femoral head (ball) and acetabular rim (socket) of the hip joint collide during hip flexion and rotation. This collision results in an impingement of the femoral head/neck/column on the acetabular rim, and patients experience hip pain. This pain can be a precursor to early hip damage such as cartilage delamination and labral tears of the hip. As the condition progresses, the resulting hip damage may lead to osteoarthritis of the hip [1].
The rationale for the FIRST trial is based upon (1) an exponential increase in FAI surgery with resultant increased healthcare costs over that last decade, (2) worldwide disparity in perceptions about its utility, and (3) consensus that definitive evidence for or against surgical approaches is lacking. Therefore, the primary objective of the trial is to assess whether surgical correction of the impingement morphology (arthroscopic osteochondroplasty) with or without labral repair, in adults aged 18–50 years diagnosed with non-arthritic FAI, provides decreased pain at 12 months compared to arthroscopic lavage of the hip joint. Secondary objectives include measuring outcomes associated with the intervention and control groups (osteochondroplasty versus lavage) related to improved lifestyle, emotional health, and physical health.
This trial is a parallel multi-centre, blinded randomised controlled trial (RCT) of 220 patients who have been diagnosed with FAI, to determine the superiority of arthroscopic osteochondroplasty to arthroscopic lavage. Briefly, participants were recruited from experienced hip surgeons practicing at 10 participating sites based in Canada, Finland, and Denmark. Patients were allocated to one of two treatment arms using an online centralized 24-h computerised randomisation system. The randomisation system follows a computer-generated randomisation schedule in random block sizes of 4 and 8. Randomisation was stratified by impingement sub-type (cam versus mixed) and clinical centre. Study personnel monitor critical aspects of perioperative care and rehabilitation. We are assessing subject pain within 12 months using a visual analogue scale (VAS) after surgery as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include function, health-related quality of life, post-operative complications, and costs. Quality of the surgery and complications, including re-operations, will be reviewed by an independent adjudication committee. Outcome assessors and data analysts are blinded to treatment allocation. The full study process is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Femoroacetabular Impingement Randomised controlled Trial (FIRST) process overview. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MRA, magnetic resonance angiography; FAI, femoroacetabular impingement; VAS, visual analogue scale; HOS, Hip Outcome Score; iHOT, International Hip Outcome Tool; SF-12 Short Form-12; EQ-5D, EuroQol-5 Dimensions
In this article, we present our planned statistical analyses for the FIRST trial. The statistical analysis plan was finalized and approved on 29 November 2017 (Version 1.0) for the FIRST trial protocol (20 April 2016, Version 3.0) and in accordance with the trial Masterfile, including the Data Management Plan (June 4, 2014, Version 1.0). Ethics approval was granted at the Methods Centre at McMaster University (Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board #12–396) and at each participating site (as per their local ethics board). The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01623843).
Methods
Outcomes
Primary outcome
The FIRST primary outcome is pain at 12 months as measured by the VAS. The primary analysis is to assess whether surgical correction of the impingement morphology (arthroscopic osteochondroplasty) with/without labral repair, in adults aged 18–50 years diagnosed with FAI, provides decreased pain at 12 months compared to arthroscopic lavage of the hip joint with/without labral repair, as measured by the VAS. The VAS is a validated unidimensional scale that is easy to use, requires no verbal or reading skills, and is sufficiently versatile to be employed in a variety of settings [2–4].
Secondary outcomes
Secondary outcomes include:
Hip function as measured by the Hip Outcome Score (HOS).
Generic physical and mental health as measured by the Short Form-12 (SF-12).
Impact of hip-specific disease on function and lifestyle in the young, active patient as measured by the International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT-12).
Health utility as measured by the EuroQol (EQ-5D).
Complications, including additional surgery and other serious and non-serious adverse events. Reasons for re-operations for the randomized hip typically include, but are not limited to re-injury of the labrum/cartilage, hip dislocation, hip instability, infection (deep or superficial), wound healing problem, soft tissue problem, and unresolved hip pain. Other hip-related adverse events to be reported include, but are not limited to, hip instability, tendinopathy, re-injury of the labrum/cartilage, hip osteoarthritis post-surgery, and infection (superficial or deep).
The HOS is a self-administered hip score that was designed to capture hip function and outcomes following surgical therapies such as arthroscopy [5]. The HOS has been shown to have the greatest clinimetric evidence for use in patients with FAI or labral tears [6, 7]. The SF-12 may be self-completed or interview-administered and will help document general health status and the burden of illness that FAI presents [8]. The iHOT-12 is a shorter version of the iHOT-33 designed to be easier to complete in routine clinical practice to measure both health-related quality of life and changes after treatment in young, active patients with hip disorders [9]. This questionnaire has been shown to be valid, reliable, and responsive to change [9]. The EQ-5D is a standardized instrument for use as a measure of health outcome [10]. The EQ-5D comprises five dimensions of health (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression). The EQ-5D has been used in previous studies involving patients with hip pain and has been extensively validated [11, 12].
Discussion
Analysis plan
This statistical analysis plan follows the JAMA Guidelines for the content of statistical analysis plans in clinical trials [13]. A summary of all planned analyses is provided in Table 1.
Table 1.
Statistical analysis plan summary
| Objective | Outcome | Hypothesis | Method of analysisa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Type | |||
| Primary objective | ||||
| To compare pain levels at 1 year | Pain (VAS) | Continuous | Osteochondroplasty will reduce pain compared to lavage | Multiple linear regression |
| Secondary objectives 1 | ||||
| To compare patient-reported health-related quality of life | Hip function (HOS) | Continuous | Osteochondroplasty will improve health-related quality of life, function, and utility compared to lavage | Multiple linear regression |
| Hip-specific disease on hip function (iHOT-12) | Continuous | |||
| Physical health (SF-12 PCS) | Continuous | |||
| Mental health (SF-12 MCS) | Continuous | |||
| Health Utility (EQ-5D) | Continuous | |||
| Secondary objective 2 | ||||
| To compare hip complications | Hip-related complications (e.g. re-operation) | Binary | Osteochondroplasty will reduce rate of re-operations compared to lavage | Multiple logistic regression |
| Subgroup analysis | ||||
| Hip impingement severity: mild (alpha angle < 60 – > 50 degrees), moderate (alpha angle > 60 – < 83°), severe (alpha angle > 83°) | Pain (VAS) | Continuous | Patients with severe impingement at baseline will have the greatest improvement with the osteochondroplasty procedure compared with those with moderate to mild impingement | Multiple linear regression |
| Gender: male, female | Pain (VAS) | Continuous | The osteochondroplasty procedure will perform better in males | Multiple linear regression |
| Cartilage status (based on Tonnis and Heinecke classification): grades 3 and 4, grades 1 and 2 | Pain (VAS) | Continuous | Osteochondroplasty will perform worse in patients with worse cartilage status (i.e. grades 3 and 4) | Multiple linear regression |
| Treatment of the labrum: labral repair, resection | Pain (VAS) | Continuous | Patients receiving a labral repair will perform better than those receiving a resection as part of the osteochondroplasty procedure | Multiple linear regression |
| Sensitivity analysis | ||||
| Trial site (centre-effects) | Pain (VAS) | Continuous | We do not expect the effect to change substantially when centre-effects are removed from the primary analysis | Multiple linear regression with centre-effects removed |
| Missing data effect | Pain (VAS) | Continuous | We do not expect the effect to change substantially without imputation for missing data | Multiple linear regression with complete cases only |
| Potential baseline imbalance | Pain (VAS) | Continuous | Results will remain robust after adjusting for potential baseline imbalance on age, any comorbidities, onset of symptoms, and presence of labral tears at initial surgery | Multiple linear regression with complete cases only |
*All regression analyses will be controlled for centre as a stratification variableVAS: Visual Analogue Scale, SF: Short Form, PCS: Physical Component Summary, MCS: Mental Component Summary, HOS:Hip Outcome Score, iHOT: International Hip Outcome Tool, EQ-5D: Euroqol-5 Dimensions
Blinded analyses
All statistical analyses will first be completed using blinded treatment groups (i.e. treatment X and Y). Interpretations for the effect of the surgical interventions will be documented based upon blinded X versus Y treatment [14].
Presentation of data
The trial results will be presented according to the Consolidated standards of reporting trials (CONSORT) guidelines for RCTs [15]. The baseline demographic characteristics and a description of the surgical and peri-operative management characteristics of the patients will be summarized by group, reported as mean (standard deviation (SD)) or median (first quartile, third quartile) for continuous variables and count (percent) for categorical variables (Tables 2 and 3). All statistical tests will be two-tailed with α = 0.05.
Table 2.
Patient demographics and hip characteristics
| Treatment X n = |
Treatment Y n = |
|
|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | ||
| Gender, n (%) | ||
| Male | ||
| Female | ||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||
| Native | ||
| Asian | ||
| Black | ||
| Hispanic | ||
| White/Caucasian | ||
| Smoking history, n (%) | ||
| Never smoked | ||
| Current smoker | ||
| Former smoker | ||
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||
| No alcohol at baseline | ||
| 0.5–2 drinks/week | ||
| 3–5 drinks/week | ||
| 6–10 drinks/week | ||
| 11+ drinks/week | ||
| Current medications, n (%) | ||
| None | ||
| NSAIDS | ||
| Intra-articular injection | ||
| Etc…. (as per available data) | ||
| Co-morbidities, n (%) | ||
| None | ||
| Cancer | ||
| Back pain | ||
| Etc… (as per available data) | ||
| BMI, n (%) | ||
| Underweight < 18.5 | ||
| Normal weight 18.5–24.9 | ||
| Overweight 25–29.9 | ||
| Obese 30–39.9 | ||
| Morbidly obese 40 or greater | ||
| Weightbearing status, n (%) | ||
| Full weightbearing | ||
| Partial weightbearing | ||
| Non-weightbearing | ||
| Baseline sport activity, n (%) | ||
| None | ||
| Light | ||
| Moderate | ||
| Vigorous | ||
| Hip characteristics | ||
| Affected hip, n (%) | ||
| Left | ||
| Right | ||
| Location of hip pain, n (%) | ||
| Groin | ||
| Lateral | ||
| Posterior | ||
| Groin and lateral | ||
| Groin and posterior | ||
| Lateral and posterior | ||
| Groin and lateral and posterior | ||
| Onset of symptoms, n (%) | ||
| Acute | ||
| Subacute | ||
| Insidious | ||
| Traumatic | ||
| Non-traumatic | ||
| Tonnis and Heinecke classification, n (%) | ||
| Grade 0 | ||
| Grade 1 | ||
| Grade 2 | ||
| Grade 3 | ||
| Labral tears present, n (%) | ||
| None | ||
| Anterior | ||
| Posterior | ||
| Superior/lateral | ||
| Anterior and posterior | ||
| Anterior and superior/lateral | ||
| Posterior and superior/lateral | ||
| Herniation pits present, n (%) | ||
| No | ||
| Yes | ||
NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, BMI body mass index
Table 3.
Surgical and peri-operative management
| Treatment X n = |
Treatment Y n = |
|
|---|---|---|
| Duration of procedure, mean (SD) | ||
| Duration of traction, mean (SD) | ||
| Total saline used in procedure, mean (SD) | ||
| Type of surgical prep solution, n (%) | ||
| Iodine | ||
| Chlorohexidine | ||
| Alcohol | ||
| Etc... (as per available data) | ||
| Labral tears, n (%) | ||
| None | ||
| Partial | ||
| Complete | ||
| Labrum injected, n (%) | ||
| No | ||
| Yes | ||
| Focal | ||
| Diffuse | ||
| Outerbridge intra-operative cartilage classification, n (%) | ||
| Grade 0 | ||
| Grade 1 | ||
| Grade 2 | ||
| Grade 3 | ||
| Grade 4 | ||
| Beck intra-operative cartilage classification, n (%) | ||
| Grade 0 | ||
| Grade 1 | ||
| Grade 2 | ||
| Grade 3 | ||
| Grade 4 | ||
| Beck intra-operative labral classification, n (%) | ||
| Grade 0 | ||
| Grade 1 | ||
| Grade 2 | ||
| Grade 3 | ||
| Grade 4 | ||
| Capsulotomy performed, n (%) | ||
| No | ||
| Yes | ||
| Partial | ||
| Complete | ||
| Capsular closure performed, n (%) | ||
| Yes | ||
| No | ||
| Anchors used for labrum repair, n (%) | ||
| Not applicable (no repair) | ||
| 0 | ||
| 1 | ||
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| 4 | ||
| 5 | ||
| 6 | ||
| Antibiotic prophylaxis, n (%) | ||
| No | ||
| Yes | ||
| Cefazolin | ||
| Cefuroxime | ||
| Vancomycin | ||
| Other | ||
| Thromboprophylaxis, n (%) | ||
| No | ||
| Yes | ||
| Aspirin | ||
| Heparin | ||
| Warfarin | ||
| Mechanical | ||
| LMWH | ||
| Other | ||
| Patient discharge location, n (%) | ||
| Home | ||
| Rehabilitation facility | ||
| Other hospital | ||
| Weightbearing, n (%) | ||
| Non-weightbearing | ||
| Partial weightbearing | ||
| Full weightbearing | ||
| Patient aids at discharge, n (%) | ||
| None (ambulatory) | ||
| Wheelchair | ||
| Walker | ||
| Two crutches | ||
| One crutch | ||
| Cane | ||
| Other |
LMWH low molecular-weight heparin
Primary outcome analysis
Our hypotheses for the primary analysis are as follows:
Null hypothesis: there is no difference in reported pain between groups at 12 months measured using the VAS score.
Alternative hypothesis: there is a difference in reported pain between groups at 12 months measured using the VAS score.
The primary analysis will be an analysis to compare the mean pain scores (VAS) at 12 months post-surgery adjusting for baseline VAS score (Table 4). This analysis will be a multiple linear regression with VAS as the dependent variable and the following independent variables: treatment, baseline VAS score, impingement subtype, and clinical centre (all centres with fewer than 10 patients enrolled will be collapsed into a single centre for the independent variable entered into the primary analysis model). Assuming that data would be missing at random, we will use multiple imputation that will be stratified by trial arm and will include baseline demographic or prognostic variables for which we have complete data to handle missing data to enable intention-to-treat analysis [16]. The treatment effect will be reported as an absolute difference in rate of pain reduction with the associated 95% confidence interval and p value. We will not perform a per-protocol analysis given the cross-over rate at the time of final enrollment was less than 0.5%. We will not exclude cross-overs in the final analysis. We will examine residuals to assess the model assumptions for the multiple linear regression model. All analyses will be performed using SAS version 9.4 (Cary, NC, USA).
Table 4.
Study outcomes by treatment group
| Treatment X n = |
Treatment Y n = |
Mean differencea (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean (SD) | mean (SD) | |||
| Primary outcome (pain as measured by VAS) | ||||
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| SF-12 PCS | ||||
| SF-12 MCS | ||||
| HOS | ||||
| iHOT-12 | ||||
| EQ-5D utility score | ||||
| n (%) | n (%) | Odds ratiob (95% CI) | p value | |
| Hip-related complications | ||||
| Re-operations |
VAS visual analogue scale, PCS physical component summary, MCS mental component summary, HOS Hip Outcome Score, iHOT International Hip Outcome Tool, EQ-5D Euroqol-5 Dimensions, SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval
aFrom the multiple linear regression model
bFrom the logistic regression model
Secondary outcomes analysis
We will estimate the effect of arthroscopic osteochondroplasty (intervention) versus lavage (control) on FAI patient quality of life (SF-12 mental component summary (MCS) and physical component summary (PCS)), function HOS, iHOT-12), and health utility (EQ-5D) at 12 months (Table 4). Similar to the primary analysis, we will perform multiple linear regressions that include treatment, baseline score, impingement subtype, and centre as independent variables. The results will be reported as mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. We will also estimate the effect of arthroscopic osteochondroplasty (intervention) versus lavage (control) on re-operation using logistic regression that includes treatment and impingement sub-type as independent variables. If we observe enough events, we will also include centre as an independent variable. The results will be presented as the odds ratio (OR) with the 95% confidence interval. Other hip-related adverse events that were not treated operatively will be presented by randomised group. The p values for treatment effects for these outcomes will not be adjusted given that the secondary analyses will be exploratory. We will also report hip measurements pre-surgery/post-surgery and 12 months post-surgery by treatment group (Table 5). Analyses for secondary outcomes will be complete-case analyses only.
Table 5.
Hip measurements
| Treatment X | Treatment Y | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = | n = | n = | n = | n = | n = | |
| Pre-op | Post-op | 12 Months | Pre-op | Post-op | 12 Months | |
| Anterior hip impingement test, n (%) | ||||||
| Positive | ||||||
| Negative | ||||||
| Posterior hip impingement test, n (%) | ||||||
| Positive | ||||||
| Negative | ||||||
| Log roll test, n (%) | ||||||
| Positive | ||||||
| Negative | ||||||
| Crossover sign, n (%) | ||||||
| Positive | ||||||
| Negative | ||||||
| Coxa profunda, n (%) | ||||||
| Positive | ||||||
| Negative | ||||||
| Coxa protrusio, n (%) | ||||||
| Positive | ||||||
| Negative | ||||||
| Centre-edge angle, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Alpha angle, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Neck shaft angle, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Femoral offset ratio, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Study hip range of motion, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Flexion | ||||||
| Extension | ||||||
| Abduction | ||||||
| Adduction | ||||||
| Internal rotation (neutral) | ||||||
| External rotation (neutral) | ||||||
| Internal rotation (90° flexion) | ||||||
| External rotation (90° flexion) | ||||||
| Non-study hip range of motion, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Flexion | ||||||
| Extension | ||||||
| Abduction | ||||||
| Adduction | ||||||
| Internal rotation (neutral) | ||||||
| External rotation (neutral) | ||||||
| Internal rotation (90° flexion) | ||||||
| External rotation (90° flexion) | ||||||
Pre-op preoperative
Sensitivity analyses
We will perform sensitivity analysis of centre-effects, where we will repeat the primary analysis where clinical centre is not included in the model. We will also perform sensitivity analysis in regards to missing data where we include only complete cases (i.e. no imputation for missing data) [17, 18]. We will also conduct an adjusted analysis, which will adjust for baseline demographics, which we reasonably expect to have an impact on our trial outcomes. We will add the following to the primary analysis as independent variables: (1) age (under 40 years vs. 40 years and older), (2) any comorbidities reported at baseline, (3) onset of symptoms (acute, subacute, insidious, traumatic, non-traumatic), and (4) presence of labral tears at initial surgery. This will address any potential baseline imbalance between randomised groups.
Subgroup analyses
At the onset of the FIRST trial, we identified 4 important subgroups, which will be reported according to standard guidelines [19]. We will add a main effect for the subgroup variable and the treatment by subgroup interaction to our primary model described above to assess whether the magnitude of the treatment effect is significantly different between subgroups (Fig. 2). This will be repeated for each subgroup variable. We will perform these subgroup analyses with the primary endpoint as the outcome:
Severe versus moderate versus mild baseline impingement - impingement will be classified as follows: severe (alpha angle greater than 83°), moderate (alpha greater than 60°), and mild (alpha angle of less than 60°). We hypothesize that patients with severe impingement at baseline will have the greatest improvement with the osteochondroplasty procedure compared with those with moderate to mild impingement [20–22].
Gender - we hypothesize that the osteochondroplasty procedure will perform better in men [23, 24].
Cartilage status (grades 3 and 4 vs 1 and 2) - based on the Tonnis and Heinecke cartilage classification, we hypothesize that osteochondroplasty will perform worse in patients with worse cartilage status (i.e. grades 3 and 4) [25–27].
Treatment of the labrum - we hypothesize that patients receiving a labral repair will perform better than those receiving a resection as part of the osteochondroplasty procedure [28].
Fig. 2.
Subgroup analyses of the primary end point, according to treatment group
If a statistically significant subgroup effect is found, we will further explore the impact of the subgroup on the secondary outcomes. No interim analyses are planned due to our desire to avoid spuriously inflated estimates of treatment effect [29, 30]. The Data Safety and Monitoring Committee (DSMC) meet regularly to monitor the study data for safety.
Dissemination
Upon trial completion, the primary manuscript with the 12-month follow-up results, whether positive, negative or neutral, will be submitted for peer-reviewed publication in a top medical journal. The final dataset will be shared through an open access data repository once all analyses are completed.
Trial status
The trial began as a pilot of 50 patients in November 2012. Upon demonstrating feasibility and securing additional funding (January 2015), these participants were rolled into the definitive trial (N = 220). For the definitive trial, full participant recruitment was achieved in November 2017 and the final 12-month follow-up is expected to be completed in December 2018.
Acknowledgements
Full authorship list for the FIRST Investigators:
Steering Committee: Olufemi R. Ayeni (Chair, McMaster University), Mohit Bhandari (Co-Chair, McMaster University), Asheesh Bedi (University of Michigan), Teppo Järvinen (University of Helsinki), Volker Musahl (University of Pittsburgh), Douglas Naudie (University of Western Ontario), Matti Seppänen MD (Turku University), Gerard Slobogean (University of Maryland, Baltimore), Lehana Thabane (McMaster University).
Methods Centre: Olufemi R. Ayeni (Principal Investigator); Nicole Simunovic (Research Manager); Andrew Duong, Matthew Skelly (Project Management); Sheila Sprague (Research Methodologist); Diane Heels-Ansdell, (Statistical Analysis); Lisa Buckingham (Data Management) (McMaster University).
Data and Safety Monitoring Committee: Tim Ramsay (Chair, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute), John Lee (University of Toronto), Petteri Kousa (Sports Clinic Hospital Dextra).
Adjudication Committee: Sasha Carsen (University of Ottawa), Hema Choudur (Hamilton Health Sciences), Yan Sim (McMaster University), Kelly Johnston (University of Calgary).
Participating clinical sites:
Canada
McMaster University Medical Centre (Hamilton, ON, Canada) - Olufemi R. Ayeni MD, PhD, FRCSC; Nicole Simunovic MSc; Andrew Duong MSc; Matthew Skelly BHSc.
Dalhousie University (Halifax, NS, Canada) - Ivan Wong MD, FRCSC; Nicole Paquet MSc; Jalisa Den Hartog BSc.
St. Michael’s Hospital (Toronto, ON) - Daniel Whelan MD, MSc, FRCSC; Ryan Khan BA, CCRP.
Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Kingston, ON) - Gavin CA Wood MBChB, FRCS; Fiona Howells BPharm; Heather Grant MSc.
London Health Sciences Centre (London, ON) - Douglas Naudie MD, MSc, FRCSC; Bryn Zomar MSc; Michael Pollock MSc.
Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic (London, ON) - Kevin Willits MD, FRCSC; Andrew Firth MSc; Stacey Wanlin; Alliya Remtulla MSc; Nicole Kaniki PhD.
CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Quebec City, QC) - Etienne L. Belzile MD; Sylvie Turmel RN.
International
Turku University Hospital (Turku, Finland) - Matti Seppänen MD; Mari Pirjetta Routapohja RN.
Odense University Hospital (Odense, Denmark) - Uffe Jørgensen MD, Dr. Med Sci; Annie Gam-Pedersen RN.
Hatanpää University Hospital (Tampere, Finland) - Raine Sihvoenen MD, PhD; Marko Raivio MD; Pirjo Toivonen PT.
Funding
Research grants were received from the following: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) (PI: OR Ayeni, M Bhandari), American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (PI: OR Ayeni), Canadian Orthopaedic Foundation (PI: OR Ayeni, M Bhandari), McMaster Surgical Associates (PI: OR Ayeni, M Bhandari), and Hamilton Health Sciences Department of Surgery (PI: OR Ayeni). The funding sources had no role in design or conduct of the study; the collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. Dr. OR Ayeni had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Abbreviations
- EQ-5D
EuroQol-5 Dimensions
- FAI
Femoroacetabular impingement
- FIRST
Femoroacetabular impingement randomised controlled trial
- HOS
Hip Outcome Score
- iHOT-12
International Hip Outcome Tool-12
- MCS
Mental component summary
- OR
Odds ratio
- PCS
Physical component summary
- RCT
Randomised controlled trial
- SD
Standard deviation
- SF-12
Short Form-12
- VAS
Visual analogue scale
Authors’ contributions
NS drafted the manuscript, incorporated all author edits, and has given final approval of the version to be published. DHA drafted the majority of the initial statistical analysis plan, revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content, and has given final approval of the version to be published. LT provided important intellectual content to the initial statistical analysis plan, revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content, and has given final approval of the version to be published. ORA made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the statistical analysis plan, revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content, has agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work, and has given final approval of the version to be published. The FIRST Investigators contributed to the design, conduct, and overall data collection for the FIRST trial. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethics approval, including consent form approval, was granted at the Methods Centre at McMaster University (Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board #12–396) and at each participating site (as per their local ethics board).
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Nicole Simunovic, Email: simunon@mcmaster.ca.
D. Heels-Ansdell, Email: ansdell@mcmaster.ca
L. Thabane, Email: ThabanL@mcmaster.ca
O. R. Ayeni, Email: ayenif@mcmaster.ca
on behalf of the FIRST Investigators:
Olufemi R. Ayeni, Mohit Bhandari, Asheesh Bedi, Teppo Järvinen, Volker Musahl, Douglas Naudie, Matti Seppänen, Gerard Slobogean, Lehana Thabane, Nicole Simunovic, Andrew Duong, Matthew Skelly, Sheila Sprague, Diane Heels-Ansdell, Lisa Buckingham, Tim Ramsay, John Lee, Petteri Kousa, Sasha Carsen, Hema Choudur, Yan Sim, Kelly Johnston, Ivan Wong, Nicole Paquet, Jalisa Den Hartog, Daniel Whelan, Ryan Khan, Gavin C. A. Wood, Fiona Howells, Heather Grant, Bryn Zomar, Michael Pollock, Kevin Willits, Andrew Firth, Stacey Wanlin, Alliya Remtulla, Nicole Kaniki, Etienne L. Belzile, Sylvie Turmel, Mari Pirjetta Routapohja, Uffe Jørgensen, Annie Gam-Pedersen, Raine Sihvoenen, Marko Raivio, and Pirjo Toivonen
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