Multifunctional Donepezil Analogues as Cholinesterase and BACE1 Inhibitors

Abstract

A series of 22 donepezil analogues were synthesized through alkylation/benzylation and compared to donepezil and its 6-O-desmethyl adduct. All the compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), two enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in Alzheimer’s disease patient brains. Many of them displayed lower inhibitory concentrations of EeAChE (IC₅₀ = 0.016 ± 0.001 µM to 0.23 ± 0.03 µM) and EfBChE (IC₅₀ = 0.11 ± 0.01 µM to 1.3 ± 0.2 µM) than donepezil. One of the better compounds was tested against HsAChE and was found to be even more active than donepezil and inhibited HsAChE better than EeAChE. The analogues with the aromatic substituents were generally more potent than the ones with aliphatic substituents. Five of the analogues also inhibited the action of β-secretase (BACE1) enzyme.

1. Introduction

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by memory loss and cognitive deficits. It is the most common form of dementia among older adults and the sixth leading cause of death in the United States [1]. In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that there have been more than 2 million deaths associated to AD and other dementias in 2016, and this number has doubled since 2000 [2]. In the United States alone, more than 5 million people are currently living with AD, and this number is expected to triple by 2050. Unfortunately, there is currently no cure for AD, which contributes to the deadly nature of this disease.

Despite all the research efforts invested, the specific cause(s) of AD remain(s) unclear [3]. Several molecular mechanisms of AD have been proposed, including the β-amyloid cascade, oxidative stress, metal imbalance, and cholinergic hypothesis [4]. The latter appears to be the most efficient therapeutic avenue in providing temporary relief of AD symptoms. Indeed, five drugs have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the symptomatic treatment of AD, four of which are acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors: rivastigmine, galantamine, donepezil, and tacrine. These drugs prevent the action of cholinesterases (ChEs), which are responsible for the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), thereby increasing the levels of ACh in the brain and improving the cholinergic functions in AD patients [5,6]. In addition to AChE, another type of enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter ACh is butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The activity and expression of BChE have been suggested to increase throughout the progression of AD, indicating that BChE may play an important role in the late stage of AD [7]. Therefore, inhibition of AChE and BChE remains a potential therapeutic target for AD treatment. However, targeting ChEs alone is definitely not sufficient.

Another hallmark of AD pathology is the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques on the brain [8]. These plaques are composed of Aβ peptides that result from the cleavage of the transmembrane amyloid precursor protein (APP) by secretases to form Aβ monomers that will aggregate to toxic fibrils [9]. β-secretase (BACE1) is an aspartyl protease that cleaves APP near the membrane surface, and it has been targeted for the development of potential therapies against AD [10].

Due to the multifactorial nature of AD, the development of compounds that could target different pathological features of the disease appears to be a viable research avenue. We previously reported on the synthesis and biological evaluation of a number of multifunctional molecules derived from tacrine and chalcones that are capable of targeting ChEs and Aβ [11,12,13,14,15]. Since donepezil is the most commonly prescribed medication for AD [4], and several other studies have focused on this drug to generate multifunctional compounds targeting various hallmarks of AD, including BACE1 [16,17,18,19], we decided to generate multi-targeted analogues derived from donepezil that would inhibit ChEs and β-secretase.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

The synthetic route utilized for the synthesis of donepezil analogues is outlined in Scheme 1. Starting from ferulic acid (1), hydrogenation in the presence of Pd/C, followed by cyclization in the presence of methanesulfonic acid (MsOH) produced ketone 3 with 67% yield [20,21]. Attempts to react the ketone 3 with the aldehyde 5 through aldol condensation were met with little success. To overcome this shortcoming, the free hydroxyl group in compound 3 was protected with a TBDMS group to yield the corresponding ketone 4 with 90% yield. This was then successfully condensed with the aldehyde 5 in the presence of KOH, to yield the α,β-unsaturated ketone 6 with 65% yield. Selective reduction of the double bond in the presence of a ketone and a benzyl group was achieved through a controlled poisoning of the palladium catalyst with thioanisole to give the 6-O-desmethyl donepezil adduct 7 with 94% yield. The latter bears a free hydroxyl group that was reacted with the corresponding alkyl or benzyl halides to yield 22 donepezil analogues (8a–v) with 32–95% yields.

Scheme 1.

Synthetic scheme for the preparation of compounds 8a–v.

2.2. Cholinesterase Inhibition

To evaluate the potential cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory activity of donepezil, 6-O-desmethyl donepezil 7, and the 22 newly synthesized donepezil analogues 8a–v, their IC₅₀ values were determined against AChE from Electrophorus electricus (EeAChE) (Table 1 and Figures S82–S83) and EfBChE from equine serum (Equus ferus) (Table 1 and Figures S84–S85) using the well-established Ellman method [22].

Table 1.

Inhibition (IC₅₀ values in µM, with standard error) of the activity of EeAChE (from Electrophorus electricus) and BChE (from Equus ferus) by donepezil and its analogues 7 and 8a–v, and the selectivity index (SI) for each inhibitor based on IC₅₀ values.

Cpd	EeAChE	EfBChE	SI
Donepezil HCl	0.12 ± 0.01	2.0 ± 0.1	17
7	0.41 ± 0.05	4.3 ± 0.4	11
8a	0.054 ± 0.003	0.57 ± 0.04	11
8b	0.021 ± 0.003	0.48 ± 0.03	23
8c	0.14 ± 0.02	2.1 ± 0.3	15
8d	0.059 ± 0.004	1.3 ± 0.1	22
8e	0.044 ± 0.003	1.3 ± 0.2	30
8f	0.061 ± 0.007	1.3 ± 0.2	21
8g	0.79 ± 0.28	5.2 ± 1.6	6.6
8h	0.13 ± 0.01	0.70 ± 0.05	5.4
8i	0.23 ± 0.03	1.0 ± 0.2	4.3
8j	0.13 ± 0.01	0.67 ± 0.17	5.2
8k	0.13 ± 0.02	0.46 ± 0.06	3.5
8l	0.071 ± 0.015	0.72 ± 0.10	10
8m	0.081 ± 0.005	0.57 ± 0.10	7.0
8n	0.16 ± 0.02	0.96 ± 0.15	6.0
8o	0.12 ± 0.02	0.76 ± 0.12	6.3
8p	0.032 ± 0.010	0.25 ± 0.08	7.8
8q	0.11 ± 0.01	0.48 ± 0.08	4.4
8r	0.090 ± 0.009	0.60 ± 0.15	6.7
8s	0.016 ± 0.001	0.44 ± 0.05	28
8t	0.054 ± 0.007	0.37 ± 0.05	6.9
8u	0.027 ± 0.004	0.20 ± 0.03	7.4
8v	0.17 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.01	0.69

2.2.1. AChE Inhibition

When comparing the 6-O-desmethyl donepezil 7 (R = H; IC₅₀ = 0.41 ± 0.05 µM) with donepezil (R = Me; IC₅₀ = 0.12 ± 0.01 µM) and its analogues 8a–f and 8h–v (R = various alkyl and benzylic groups; IC₅₀ = 0.016 ± 0.001 µM to 0.23 ± 0.03 µM), it becomes evident that 6-O-alkylation/benzylation enhances EeAChE inhibition, with the only exception being 8g (IC₅₀ = 0.79 ± 0.28 µM), which bears a hydrophobic 1-bromododecyl group. Other analogues were equal to or even better than donepezil at inhibiting the action of EeAChE in vitro. With similar IC₅₀ values, compound 8c (R = n-propyl; IC₅₀ = 0.14 ± 0.02 µM) was as potent as donepezil (R = Me; IC₅₀ = 0.12 ± 0.01 µM). However, substituting the terminal methyl in the R group of compound 8c (R = n-propyl; IC₅₀ = 0.14 ± 0.02 µM) by a terminal amine in compound 8b (R = H₂NCH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 0.021 ± 0.003 µM) drastically increased the potency. Indeed, a 6-fold reduction of the IC₅₀ value of donepezil was observed. The amine group may form hydrogen bonds with Tyr70, Asp72, and Gln74 residues near the PAS [11]. Cancellation of this hydrogen bonding by replacing the terminal amine in the R group of compound 8b (R = H₂NCH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 0.021 ± 0.003 µM) with a chlorine atom in 8d (R = ClCH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 0.059 ± 0.004 µM) or a bromine atom in 8e (R = BrCH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 0.044 ± 0.003 µM) resulted in an increase in the IC₅₀ values, which only represented a 2- or 3-fold enhanced potency when compared to donepezil, respectively. Elongation of the R group also appeared to worsen the IC₅₀ values. Indeed, adding an extra methylene to compound 8b (R = H₂NCH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 0.021 ± 0.003 µM) gives compound 8a (R = H₂NCH₂CH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 0.054 ± 0.003 µM), while the addition of two methylene groups to compound 8e (R = BrCH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 0.044 ± 0.003 µM) gives compound 8f (R = BrCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 0.061 ± 0.007 µM). Nevertheless, all these analogues remained better inhibitors of EeAChE than donepezil.

Replacing the alkyl group in donepezil (R = Me; IC₅₀ = 0.12 ± 0.01 µM) by an aromatic group in compound 8h (R = Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.13 ± 0.01 µM) did not affect the IC₅₀ value. Likewise, additional substitutions at the para-position of the benzyl group resulted in IC₅₀ values that were similar to that of donepezil. Indeed, compounds 8i (R = 4-MeBn; IC₅₀ = 0.23 ± 0.03 µM), 8j (R = 4-OMeBn; IC₅₀ = 0.13 ± 0.01 μM), 8k (R = 4-NO₂Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.13 ± 0.02 μM), 8l (R = 4-BrBn; IC₅₀ = 0.071 ± 0.015 μM), and 8m (R = 4-FBn; IC₅₀ = 0.081 ± 0.005 μM) displayed IC₅₀ values that were still within 1- to 2-fold of that of donepezil (R = Me; IC₅₀ = 0.12 ± 0.01 μM). Similarly, when the fluoro group was moved from the para-position in compound 8m (R = 4-FBn; IC₅₀ = 0.081 ± 0.005 μM) to the meta- or ortho-positions in compounds 8n (R = 3-FBn; IC₅₀ = 0.16 ± 0.02 μM) and 8o (R = 2-FBn; IC₅₀ = 0.12 ± 0.02 μM), respectively, the potency of these analogues was comparable to donepezil (R = Me; IC₅₀ = 0.12 ± 0.01 μM). However, replacing the fluoro group in 8o (R = 2-FBn; IC₅₀ = 0.12 ± 0.02 μM) by a CF₃ group in 8p (R = 2-CF₃Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.032 ± 0.010 μM) improved the IC₅₀ by 4-fold. This may suggest that enhanced electron-withdrawing effect on the aromatic ring may improve the potency of the analogue. Attempts to spread out the electron-withdrawing effect throughout the aromatic ring led to compounds 8q (R = 2,4-diF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.11 ± 0.01 μM), 8r (R = 2,5-diF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.090 ± 0.009 μM), 8s (R = 2,6-diF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.016 ± 0.001 μM), and 8t (R = 4-Br-2-F-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.054 ± 0.007 μM), with two electron-withdrawing groups, and compounds 8u (R = 2,4,6-triF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.027 ± 0.004 μM) and 8v (R = 2,3,4,5-pentaF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.17 ± 0.02 μM), with three and five electron-withdrawing groups, respectively. It thus appears that both ortho-positions on the benzyl group are very sensitive to the presence of electron-withdrawing groups, since 8s (R = 2,6-diF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.016 ± 0.001 μM) and 8u (R = 2,4,6-triF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.027 ± 0.004 μM) were eight and five times more potent than donepezil, respectively.

In order to confirm that the data obtained with EeAChE would also apply to HsAChE (from Homo sapiens), we tested donepezil along with a compound that displayed better inhibition than donepezil, 8t. We found that both donepezil and compound 8t inhibited HsAChE better than the EeAChE (Table 2). Compound 8t (R = 4-Br-2-F-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.0018 ± 0.0006 μM) inhibited HsAChE 18-fold better than donepezil (R = Me; IC₅₀ = 0.032 ± 0.011 μM). In the case of EeAChE, compound 8t (R = 4-Br-2-F-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.054 ± 0.007 μM) had an IC₅₀ value that was 2.2-fold better than donepezil (R = Me; IC₅₀ = 0.12 ± 0.01 μM). These data would suggest that our inhibitors are well suited for working with HsAChE.

Table 2.

Inhibition (IC₅₀ values in μM) of the activity of HsAChE by donepezil and its analogue 8t.

Cpd	IC50 (μM)	SI a
Donepezil HCl	0.032 ± 0.011	3.8
8t	0.0018 ± 0.0006	30

^a Selectivity index of EeAChE versus HsAChE, based on IC₅₀ values.

2.2.2. EfBChE Inhibition

As expected, donepezil analogues 8a–v were less effective against EfBChE than EeAChE. Indeed, donepezil is highly selective for EeAChE over EfBChE [23], and as a result, it is expected for its analogues to behave similarly. However, when compared to donepezil (R = Me; IC₅₀ = 2.0 ± 0.1 μM), all but compounds 8c (R = CH₃CH₂CH_2; IC₅₀ = 2.1 ± 0.3 μM) and 8g (IC₅₀ = 5.2 ± 1.6 μM) appeared to be more effective at inhibiting the action of BChE. The presence of a terminal amine in compounds 8a (R = H₂NCH₂CH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 0.57 ± 0.04 μM) and 8b (R = H₂NCH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 0.48 ± 0.03 μM) still drastically increased their potency by 4-fold when compared to donepezil. Substitution of the amine group in 8b (R = H₂NCH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 0.48 ± 0.03 μM) with a chlorine atom in 8d (R = ClCH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 1.3 ± 0.1 μM) or a bromine atom in 8e (R = BrCH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 1.3 ± 0.2 μM) resulted again in an increase in the IC₅₀ values, which only represented a 2-fold enhanced potency when compared to donepezil. Elongation of the R group did not have much effect, as the IC₅₀ value of 8f (R = BrCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 1.3 ± 0.2 μM) still remained within 2-fold that of donepezil.

A greater improvement of the IC₅₀ values was more noticeable when the alkyl group in donepezil (R = Me; IC₅₀ = 2.0 ± 0.1 μM) was replaced by an aromatic group. Compound 8h (R = Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.70 ± 0.05 μM) was 3-fold more potent than donepezil. Substitutions at the para-position of the benzyl group also contributed to reducing the IC₅₀ values. Indeed, compounds 8i (R = 4-Me-Bn; IC₅₀ = 1.0 ± 0.2 μM), 8j (R = 4-OMe-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.67 ± 0.17 μM), 8k (R = 4-NO₂Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.46 ± 0.06 μM), 8l (R = 4-Br-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.72 ± 0.10 μM), and 8m (R = 4-F-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.57 ± 0.10 μM) displayed inhibitory efficacies of 2- to 4-fold better than donepezil (R = Me; IC₅₀ = 2.0 ± 0.1 μM). Similarly, when the fluoro group was moved from the para-position in compound 8m (R = 4-F-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.57 ± 0.10 μM) to the meta- or ortho-positions in compounds 8n (R = 3-F-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.96 ± 0.15 μM) and 8o (R = 2-F-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.76 ± 0.12 μM), respectively, the potency of these analogues was reduced by 1- to 2-fold. Replacing the fluoro group in 8o (R = 2-F-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.76 ± 0.12 μM) by a CF₃ group in 8p (R = 2-CF₃Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.25 ± 0.08 μM) once again improved the IC₅₀ by 8-fold. This is in agreement with the trend observed in EeAChE inhibition. Indeed, the additional electron-withdrawing effect on the aromatic ring still appeared to increase the potency of the analogue. Compounds 8q (R = 2,4-diF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.48 ± 0.08 μM), 8r (R = 2,5-diF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.60 ± 0.15 μM), 8s (R = 2,6-diF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.44 ± 0.05 μM), and 8t (R = 4-Br-2-F-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.37 ± 0.05 μM), with two electron-withdrawing groups, and compounds 8u (R = 2,4,6-triF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.20 ± 0.03 μM) and 8v (R = 2,3,4,5-pentaF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.11 ± 0.01 μM), with three and five electron-withdrawing groups, respectively, were all better EfBChE inhibitors than donepezil (R = Me; IC₅₀ = 2.0 ± 0.1 μM). Compound 8q (R = 2,4-diF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.48 ± 0.08 μM) was 4-fold better than donepezil, while 8r (R = 2,5-diF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.60 ± 0.15 μM) and 8s (R = 2,6-diF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.44 ± 0.05 μM) were 3- and 5-fold better, respectively. Replacing the fluorine atom at the para-position in 8q (R = 2,4-diF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.48 ± 0.08 μM) with a bromine atom in 8t (R = 4-Br-2-F-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.37 ± 0.05 μM) did not impart a noticeable change. Compounds 8u (R = 2,4,6-triF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.20 ± 0.03 μM) and 8v (R = 2,3,4,5-pentaF-Bn; IC₅₀ = 0.11 ± 0.01 μM), with three and five electron-withdrawing groups, respectively, were 10- and 18-fold better than donepezil. The active site gorge of BChE is less constrained than that of AChE, allowing BChE to better accommodate bulky inhibitors [24]. This supports our observations that additional substitution on the aromatic ring increased the potency of the donepezil analogues against EfBChE more than against EeAChE.

We also calculated the selectivity index (SI) to understand the utility of the compounds. For all but one compound, 8v, EeAChE was inhibited 3.5- to 30-fold better than EfBChE. Interestingly, compound 8v was 1.5-fold more selective for EfBChE. Clearly the donepezil analogues are better suited for inhibiting EeAChE. We also looked at the selectivity of the inhibitors for EeAChE versus HsAChE. We observed that donepezil was 3-fold more selective for HsAChE. Perhaps more interesting, compound 8t was 30-fold more selective for HsAChE over EeAChE.

2.3. BACE1 Inhibition

It has previously been reported that donepezil has some BACE1 inhibitory activity [19]. Keeping this in mind we decided to test these compounds for BACE1 inhibitory activity (Table 3). Unlike with AChE and BChE, in general, donepezil analogues 8a–v were not better than the parent donepezil at inhibiting the action of BACE1 in vitro, with the exception of 8c, 8e, 8f, and 8l, which were in the low micromolar range. Indeed, 8c (R = CH₃CH₂CH_2; IC₅₀ = 6.1 ± 0.1 μM), 8e (R = BrCH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 7.9 ± 0.9 μM), 8f (R = BrCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂; IC₅₀ = 7.9 ± 2.4 μM), and 8l (R = 4-Br-Bn; IC₅₀ = 3.4 ± 0.1 μM) were within 5-fold of the IC₅₀ values of donepezil. This suggests that our analogues are more selective in targeting the ChEs, but they do still target BACE1. As a control for the BACE1 inhibition assays, we used BACE inhibitor IV. Our inhibitors were poorer inhibitors than BACE inhibitor IV (IC₅₀ = 0.63 ± 0.18 nM). While BACE inhibitor IV is better, it was designed to be very specific for that one target. However, with an illness such as Alzheimer’s disease, which has many facets and contributing factors, having multifunctional inhibitors that display activity against BACE1 and ChEs is beneficial.

Table 3.

Inhibition (IC50 values in μM, unless otherwise noted) of the activity of BACE1 by donepezil and its analogues 7, and 8a–v. BACE inhibitor IV was used as a control.

Cpd	IC50 (μM)
Donepezil HCl	1.5 ± 0.3
7	--
8a	95 ± 12
8b	~100
8c	6.1 ± 0.1
8d	~100
8e	7.9 ± 0.9
8f	7.9 ± 2.4
8g	--
8h	58 ± 1
8i	58 ± 2
8j	--
8k	--
8l	3.4 ± 0.1
8m	~100
8n	12 ± 3
8o	21 ± 4
8p	34 ± 9
8q	37 ± 5
8r	~100
8s	30 ± 8
8t	169 ± 2
8u	91 ± 14
8v	29 ± 6
BACE1 inhibitor IV	0.63 ± 0.18 nM

2.4. BACE1 Modeling

To aid in the understanding of donepezil and its analogues’ inhibitory activity of BACE1, we used SwissDock to perform some modeling studies. Figure 1 shows the crystal structure (PDB# 4FM7 [25], with a published inhibitor of BACE1 (published IC₅₀ value = 0.1 μM). This inhibitor shares the vicinyl dioxygen-substituted phenyl ring found in donepezil. Based on the results of the modeling, the aromatic ring of donepezil aligns with that of the inhibitor originally co-crystallized with BACE1 (Figure 1A,B). When looking at the docking of donepezil (Figure 1C), it is apparent that is binds in a similar location to the reported co-crystallized inhibitor (Figure 1B), albeit not as tightly as apparent by the IC₅₀ values, which are 10-fold different. When examining the docking of compound 8l (Figure 1D), it is slightly twisted, likely due to the bulky 4-bromobenzyl substitution. This slight torsion could explain the roughly doubled IC₅₀ value of compound 8l when compared to that of donepezil. Based on the modeling, there is also room for more optimization at this location, reasoning that modifications of donepezil have the potential to yield better inhibitors than the parent compound if modified correctly.

Figure 1.

Molecular docking showing the overlay of donepezil (green) and compound 8l (navy blue) with the known BACE1 inhibitor (gray) crystallized with BACE1 (PDB# 4FM7 [25]), shown as ribbons. Panel A shows the three compounds in the active site of BACE1. Panels B–D show the zoomed-in view of the known inhibitor (B), donepezil (C), and compound 8l (D).

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Information

All chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA), and AK scientific (Union, CA, USA), and used without further purification. Chemical reactions were monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), Silica gel 60 F₂₅₀ plates. Visualization was achieved using UV (model UVGL-58, UVP, Upland, CA, USA) light and a ceric molybdate stain (5 g (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆, 120 g (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄ 4H₂O, 80 mL H₂SO₄, 720 mL H₂O). ¹H and ¹³C-NMR spectra were recorded at 400 and 100 MHz, respectively, on a Varian 400 MHz spectrometer (Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA), using the indicated deuterated solvents. Chemical shifts (δ) are given in parts per million (ppm). Coupling constants (J) are given in Hertz (Hz), and conventional abbreviations used for signal shape are as follows: s = singlet; d = doublet; t = triplet; m = multiplet; dd = doublet of doublets; ddd = doublet of doublet of doublets; br s = broad singlet; dt = doublet of triplets. High-resolution mass spectra were recorded on an AB SCIEX Triple TOF 5600 System (AB SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA). The purity of the compound was further confirmed to be ≥95% by RP-HPLC (model 1260 Infinity, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) by using the following method: Flow rate = 0.5 mL/min; λ = 254 nm; column = Vydac 201SP^TM C18, 250 × 4.6 mm, 90A 5 μm; eluents: A = H₂O + 0.1% TFA, B = MeCN; gradient profile: starting from 5% B, increasing from 5% to 100% B over 17 min, holding at 100% for 5 min, decreasing from 100% to 5% over 3 min. Prior to each injection, the HPLC column was equilibrated for 5 min with 5% B.

3.2. Synthesis of Compounds 2–8v

3.2.1. 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid (2)

A catalytic amount of 10% Pd/C (0.43 g) was added to a solution of ferulic acid (1, 6.0 g, 30.9 mmol) in degassed EtOAc (100 mL). The reaction flask was then sealed with a rubber septum and freed of air. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature (RT) overnight under H₂ atmosphere. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was filtered through a bed of celite, and concentrated to afford the known compound 2 [26] (6.1 g, quant.) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, which matches the literature [26], Figure S1) δ 10.50 (very br s, 1H, CO₂H), 6.82 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 6.69 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.68 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 5.60 (very br s, 1H, OH), 3.85 (s, 3H, PhOCH₃), 2.87 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H, PhCH₂CH₂CO₂H), 2.64 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H, PhCH₂CH₂CO₂H).

3.2.2. 6-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (3)

A solution of compound 2 (6.3 g, 32.1 mmol) in methanesulfonic acid (50 mL) was refluxed at 120 °C for 1 h. After cooling to RT, the reaction mixture was poured into ice-water, stirred for 5 min, and filtered to afford a crude dark brown solid, which was recrystallized from EtOH to afford the known compound 3 [20] (3.8 g, 67%) as a yellow solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, (CD₃)₂SO, which matches the lit. [20], Figure S2) δ 9.38 (s, 1H, OH), 7.03 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.89 (s, 1H, aromatic), 3.83 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 2.92 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H, CH₂CH₂C=O), 2.49 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H, CH₂CH₂C=O).

3.2.3. 6-[tert-Butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (4)

TBDMSCl (3.2 g, 21.3 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 3 (1.9 g, 10.7 mmol), DMAP (0.5 g, 4.3 mmol) and Et₃N (3.0 mL, 21.3 mmol) in freshly distilled CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT overnight before being quenched with H₂O (100 mL). The organic layer was separated, washed with H₂O (2 × 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous Mg₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a crude dark brown solid, which was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure hexanes to hexanes:EtOAc/3:1, R_f 0.44 in Hexanes:EtOAc/3:1) to yield a brown solid, which was further triturated in hexanes to give compound 4 (2.8 g, 90%) as a white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S3) δ 7.17 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.84 (s, 1H, aromatic), 3.87 (s, 3H, PhOCH₃), 3.02 (app. t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H, CH₂CH₂C=O), 2.64 (app. t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H, CH₂CH₂C=O), 0.98 (s, 9H, SiC(CH₃)₃), 0.14 (s, 6H, Si(CH₃)₂); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S4) δ 205.7 (C=O), 157.5 (C), 150.9 (C), 145.2 (C), 130.0 (C), 114.1 (CH), 107.8 (CH), 55.6 (CH₃), 36.6 (CH₂), 25.62 (CH₃, three carbons), 25.56 (CH₂), 18.4 (C), −4.7 (CH₃, two carbons); m/z calcd. for C₁₆H₂₅O₃Si⁺ [M + H]⁺ 293.1567; found 293.1563.

3.2.4. (E)-2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methylene]-6-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (6)

To a solution of compound 4 (1.00 g, 3.42 mmol) and N-benzylpiperidine-4-carboxaldehyde (5, 0.68 mL, 3.42 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) was added KOH (0.5 g), and the mixture was refluxed at 65 °C. After 1 h, the reaction was analyzed by TLC (CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1, R_f 0.30 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude yellow solid, which was re-dissolved in H₂O (10 mL). 1 N aqueous HCl was then slowly added until pH 5 to yield a yellow precipitate, which was recrystallized in MeCN to afford compound 6 (0.81 g, 65%) as a yellow solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S5) δ 7.32–7.24 (m, 6H, aromatic), 6.87 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.63 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H, C=CH), 5.70 (br s, 1H, OH), 3.98 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.56 (s, 2H), 3.51 (s, 2H), 2.91 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 2H), 2.30 (m, 1H), 2.04 (t, J = 11.6 Hz, 2H), 1.70–1.60 (m, 4H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S6) δ 192.6 (C=O), 152.6 (C), 145.8 (C), 143.4 (C), 139.9 (C), 138.2 (C), 135.5 (CH), 132.5 (CH), 129.2 (CH, two carbons), 128.2 (CH, two carbons), 127.0 (C), 108.7 (CH), 106.8 (CH), 63.5 (CH₂), 56.2 (CH₃), 53.1 (CH₂, two carbons), 37.2 (CH₂), 31.2 (CH₂, two carbons), 29.5 (CH); m/z calcd. for C₂₃H₂₆NO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 364.1907; found 364.1909.

3.2.5. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (7)

To a solution of compound 6 (101 mg, 0.28 mmol) in degassed THF (2.5 mL), 10% Pd/C was added (wet support, Sigma 520829-10G, 10 mg). The reaction flask was then sealed with a rubber septum and freed of air. Thioanisole (14.2 × 10⁻⁷ mL, obtained using 5 μL of a stock solution comprising 14.2 μL of thioanisole in 50 mL of anhydrous THF) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT overnight under H₂ atmosphere. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was filtered through a bed of celite, and concentrated to yield the known compound 7 (96 mg, 94%) as a yellow solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S7) δ 7.30–7.20 (m, 6H, aromatic), 6.82 (s, 1H, aromatic), 3.96 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.49 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.20 (dd, J₁ = 18.0 Hz, J₂ = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (m, 2H), 2.66 (dt, J₁ = 13.6 Hz, J₂ = 3.6 Hz, 2H), 1.98–1.82 (m, 3H), 1.72–1.63 (m, 2H), 1.48 (m, 1H), 1.39–1.24 (m, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S8) δ 207.8 (C=O), 152.9 (C), 147.6 (C), 145.8 (C), 138.3 (C), 130.0 (C), 129.3 (CH, two carbons), 128.1 (CH, two carbons), 126.9 (CH), 108.1 (CH), 106.9 (CH), 63.4 (CH₂), 56.2 (CH₃), 53.7 (CH₂, two carbons), 45.3 (CH), 38.7 (CH₂), 34.4 (CH₂), 33.4 (CH₂), 32.9 (CH₂), 31.7 (CH); m/z calcd. for C₂₃H₂₈NO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 366.2064; found 366.2065. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 17.17 min (96%; Figure S9).

3.2.6. tert-Butyl N-(3-chloropropyl)carbamate (Boc-protected 3-chloropropylamine).

A solution of NaHCO₃ (5.9 g, 70.8 mmol) in H₂O (15 mL) was slowly added to a mixture of 3-chloropropylamine hydrochloride (1.0 g, 7.69 mmol), Boc₂O (3.0 g, 13.8 mmol) and 1,4-dioxane (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, hexanes:EtOAc/5:1; R_f 0.31 in hexanes:EtOAc/5:1) to yield the known compound tert-butyl N-(3-chloropropyl)carbamate [27] (0.55 g, 36%) as a colorless oil: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, which matches the lit. [27], Figure S10) δ 4.65 (br s, 1H, NH), 3.56 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H, ClCH₂CH₂), 3.26 (q, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H, CH₂CH₂NHBoc), 1.94 (p, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H, CH₂CH₂CH₂), 1.42 (s, 9H, C(CH₃)₃).

3.2.7. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(3-tert-butyl-N-propylcarbamate)oxy]-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (Boc-protected compound 8a)

A solution of compound 7 (215 mg, 0.59 mmol), tert-butyl N-(3-chloropropyl)carbamate (228 mg, 1.18 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (575 mg, 1.76 mmol), and TBAI (109 mg, 0.29 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.55 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/9:1) to yield 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(3-tert-butyl-N-propylcarbamate)oxy]-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (276 mg, 90%) as a white foam: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S11) δ 7.30–7.20 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.11 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.82 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.52 (very br t, 1H, NH), 4.08 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 3.93 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.49 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.34 (q, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H, CH₂CH₂NHBoc), 3.20 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (m, 2H), 2.67 (m, 2H), 2.02–1.85 (m, 5H), 1.72–1.62 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H, C(CH₃)₃), 1.36–1.02 (m, 4H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S12) δ 207.7 (C=O), 156.0 (CH), 155.6 (C=O), 148.9 (C), 148.4 (C), 138.3 (C), 129.2 (CH, two carbons), 128.1 (CH, three carbons), 126.9 (C), 107.4 (CH), 105.3 (CH), 78.9 (C), 68.3 (CH₂), 63.4 (CH₂), 56.0 (CH₃), 53.74 (CH₂), 53.72 (CH₂), 45.4 (CH), 39.1 (CH₂), 38.7 (CH₂), 34.4 (CH₂), 33.4 (CH₂), 33.0 (CH₂), 31.7 (CH), 29.0 (CH₂), 28.5 (CH₃, three carbons); m/z calcd. for C₃₁H₄₃N₂O₅⁺ [M + H]⁺ 523.3166; found 523.3131.

3.2.8. 6-[(3-Aminopropyl)oxy]-2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8a)

A solution of the 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(3-tert-butyl-N-propylcarbamate)oxy]-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (100 mg, 0.19 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was treated with TFA (1 mL) and allowed to stir at RT for 5 min. The reaction was then quenched by addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and the resulting mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.12 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/9:1) to yield compound 8a (53 mg, 65%) as a white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S13) δ 7.28–7.18 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.13 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.81 (s, 1H, aromatic), 4.09 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 3.90 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.47 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.19 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.84–2.90 (m, 4H), 2.67 (m, 2H), 1.99–1.84 (m, 7H), 1.72–1.58 (m, 2H), 1.45 (m, 1H), 1.38–1.23 (m, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S14) δ 207.8 (C=O), 155.7 (C), 148.73 (C), 148.66 (C), 138.4 (C), 129.2 (CH, three carbons), 128.1 (CH, two carbons), 126.9 (C), 107.5 (CH), 105.6 (CH), 67.4 (CH₂), 63.4 (CH₂), 56.2 (CH₃), 53.76 (CH₂), 53.74 (CH₂), 45.4 (CH), 39.4 (CH₂), 38.7 (CH₂), 34.4 (CH₂), 33.3 (CH₂), 33.0 (CH₂), 32.5 (CH₂), 31.8 (CH); m/z calcd. for C₂₆H₃₅N₂O₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 423.2642; found 423.2656. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 15.86 min (96%; Figure S15).

3.2.9. tert-Butyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate.

A solution of NaHCO₃ (6.7 g, 79.3 mmol) in H₂O (15 mL) was slowly added to a mixture of 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride (1.0 g, 8.6 mmol), Boc₂O (3.4 g, 15.5 mmol) and 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to RT and was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, Hexanes:EtOAc/9:1; R_f 0.55 in hexanes:EtOAc/4:1) to yield the known compound tert-butyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate [28] (1.25 g, 83%) as a colorless oil: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, which matches the lit. [28], Figure S16) δ 4.94 (br s, 1H, NH), 3.57 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H, ClCH₂CH₂), 3.44 (q, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H, CH₂CH₂NHBoc), 1.47 (s, 9H, C(CH₃)₃).

3.2.10. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(3-tert-butyl-N-ethylcarbamate)oxy]-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (Boc-protected compound 8b).

A solution of compound 7 (216 mg, 1.20 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (196 mg, 0.60 mmol), and TBAI (56 mg, 0.15 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.48 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/9:1) to yield 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(3-tert-butyl-N-ethylcarbamate)oxy]-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (93 mg, 61%) as a pale yellow solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S17) δ 7.34–7.20 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.14 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.83 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.05 (m, 1H, NH), 4.05 (br t, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 3.92 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.53 (m, 4H, NCH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂NHBoc), 3.21 (dd, J₁ = 17.2 Hz, J₂ = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 2.67 (m, 2H), 1.99 (m, 2H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.43 (m, 10H), 1.37–1.23 (m, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S18) δ 207.6 (C=O), 155.8 (C and C=O), 149.2 (C), 148.3 (C), 138.3 (C), 129.3 (CH, two carbons), 128.1 (CH, three carbons), 126.9 (C), 107.7 (CH), 106.7 (CH), 79.5 (C), 68.8 (CH₂), 63.4 (CH₂), 56.1 (CH₃), 53.7 (CH₂, two carbons), 45.4 (CH), 39.9 (CH₂), 38.7 (CH₂), 34.4 (CH₂), 33.3 (CH₂), 32.9 (CH₂), 31.7 (CH), 28.4 (CH₃, three carbons); m/z calcd. for C₃₀H₄₁N₂O₅⁺ [M + H]⁺ 509.3010; found 509.3025.

3.2.11. 6-[(3-Aminoethyl)oxy]-2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8b)

A solution of 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(3-tert-butyl-N-ethylcarbamate)oxy]-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (83 mg, 0.16 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was treated with TFA (1 mL) and allowed to stir at RT. After 1 h, the reaction was analyzed by TLC (CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/9:1, R_f 0.19 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/9:1). The reaction was then quenched by addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and the resulting mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield compound 8b (62 mg, 93%) as a white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S19) δ 7.32–7.20 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.15 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.83 (s, 1H, aromatic), 4.03 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 3.92 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.57 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.21 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.11 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H, OCH₂CH₂), 2.95 (m, 2H), 2.67 (m, 2H), 2.03 (m, 2H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.71 (m, 2H), 1.52 (m, 2H), 1.44–1.23 (m, 4H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S20) δ 207.7 (C=O), 155.8 (C), 148.9 (C), 148.6 (C), 138.1 (C), 129.3 (CH, four carbons), 129.2 (CH), 128.1 (CH, two carbons), 127.0 (C), 107.6 (CH), 106.0 (CH), 71.1 (CH₂), 63.3 (CH₂), 56.1 (CH₃), 53.68 (CH₂), 53.65 (CH₂), 45.4 (CH), 41.2 (CH₂), 38.6 (CH₂), 34.3 (CH₂), 33.3 (CH₂), 32.8 (CH₂), 31.7 (CH); m/z calcd. for C₂₅H₃₃N₂O₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 409.2486; found 409.2496. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 15.74 min (95%; Figure S21).

3.2.12. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5-methoxy-6-propoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8c).

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (95 mg, 0.68 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 1-bromopropane (0.06 mL, 0.68 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.38 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8c (53 mg, 95%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S22) δ 7.32–7.20 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.13 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.82 (s, 1H, aromatic), 3.98 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H, CH₃CH₂CH₂OAr), 3.92 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.51 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.20 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 2.66 (dt, J₁ = 14.0 Hz, J₂ = 3.6 Hz, 2H), 1.98 (m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.85 (sextet, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H, CH₃CH₂CH₂OAr), 1.73–1.64 (m, 2H), 1.49 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.24 (m, 3H), 1.02 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H, CH₃CH₂CH₂OAr); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S23) δ 207.8 (C=O), 155.8 (C), 148.9 (C), 148.5 (C), 129.3 (CH, two carbons), 129.2 (C), 128.2 (CH, three carbons), 127.1 (C), 107.5 (CH), 105.5 (CH), 70.5 (CH₂), 63.2 (CH₂), 56.2 (CH₃), 53.7 (CH₂), 53.6 (CH₂), 45.4 (CH), 38.6 (CH₂), 34.3 (CH₂), 33.3 (CH₂), 32.7 (CH₂), 31.6 (CH), 22.2 (CH₂), 10.3 (CH₃); m/z calcd. for C₂₆H₃₄NO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 408.2533; found 408.2524. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 19.30 min (96%; Figure S24).

3.2.13. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(chloroethyl)oxy]-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8d)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (189 mg, 1.37 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 1,2-dichloroethane (0.11 mL, 1.37 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.38 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8d (50 mg, 85%) as a brown oil: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S25) δ 7.30–7.20 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.14 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.84 (s, 1H, aromatic), 4.25 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.82 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.49 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.20 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (m, 2H), 2.66 (dt, J₁ = 14.4 Hz, J₂ = 2.8 Hz, 2H), 1.99–1.93 (m, 2H), 1.92–1.85 (m, 1H), 1.72–1.63 (m, 2H), 1.47 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.23 (m, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S26) δ 207.6 (C=O), 155.9 (C), 149.5 (C), 148.0 (C), 138.1 (C), 129.3 (CH, two carbons), 129.2 (CH), 128.1 (CH, two carbons), 127.0 (C), 107.9 (CH), 106.6 (CH), 69.0 (CH₂), 63.3 (CH₂), 56.2 (CH₃), 53.68 (CH₂), 53.65 (CH₂), 45.4 (CH), 41.4 (CH₂), 38.6 (CH₂), 34.3 (CH₂), 33.3 (CH₂), 32.8 (CH₂), 31.7 (CH); m/z calcd. for C₂₅H₃₁ClNO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 428.1987; found 428.1984. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 18.90 min (96%; Figure S27).

3.2.14. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(bromoethyl)oxy]-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8e)

A solution of compound 7 (100 mg, 0.27 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (380 mg, 2.74 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 1,2-dibromoethane (0.24 mL, 2.74 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.49 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8e (70 mg, 54%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S28) δ 7.30-7.20 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.15 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.85 (s, 1H, aromatic), 4.32 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.65 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.49 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.21 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (m, 2H), 2.67 (dt, J₁ = 14.0 Hz, J₂ = 2.8 Hz, 2H), 1.98–1.86 (m, 3H), 1.72–1.62 (m, 2H), 1.47 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.24 (m, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S29) δ 207.6 (C=O), 155.9 (C), 149.5 (C), 147.8 (C), 138.4 (C), 129.2 (CH, 3 carbons), 128.1 (CH, 2 carbons), 126.9 (C), 108.0 (CH), 106.6 (CH), 68.8 (CH₂), 63.4 (CH₂), 56.3 (CH₃), 53.75 (CH₂), 53.72 (CH₂), 45.4 (CH), 38.7 (CH₂), 34.4 (CH₂), 33.4 (CH₂), 33.0 (CH₂), 31.8 (CH), 28.4 (CH₂); m/z calcd. for C₂₅H₃₁BrNO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 472.1482; found 472.1477. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 19.10 min (97%; Figure S30).

3.2.15. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(bromobutyl)oxy]-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8f)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (189 mg, 1.37 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 1,4-dibromobutane (0.16 mL, 1.37 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.38 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8f (63 mg, 93%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S31) δ 7.32–7.22 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.13 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.83 (s, 1H, aromatic), 4.04 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.52 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.48 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.20 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 2.67 (m, 2H), 2.10–1.93 (m, 6H), 1.92–1.85 (m, 1H), 1.73–1.64 (m, 2H), 1.48 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.23 (m, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S32) δ 207.8 (C=O), 155.8 (C), 148.8 (C), 148.6 (C), 129.4 (CH, two carbons), 129.2 (C), 128.2 (CH, three carbons), 127.2 (C), 107.5 (CH), 105.6 (CH), 68.0 (CH₂), 63.2 (CH₂), 56.2 (CH₃), 53.6 (CH₂, two carbons), 45.3 (CH), 38.6 (CH₂), 34.2 (CH₂), 33.3 (CH₂, two carbons), 32.6 (CH₂), 31.5 (CH), 29.4 (CH₂), 27.6 (CH₂); m/z calcd. for C₂₇H₃₅BrNO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 500.1795; found 500.1794. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 20.22 min (95%; Figure S33).

3.2.16. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(bromododecyl)oxy]-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8g)

A solution of compound 7 (100 mg, 0.27 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (380 mg, 2.74 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 1,12-dibromododecane (900 mg, 2.74 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.49 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8g (53 mg, 32%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S34) δ 7.32–7.22 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.13 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.82 (s, 1H, aromatic), 3.99 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.53 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.38 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.20 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (m, 2H), 2.66 (dt, J₁ = 14.0 Hz, J₂ = 3.6 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (m, 2H), 1.92–1.78 (m, 5H), 1.78–1.62 (m, 3H), 1.44–1.38 (m, 6H), 1.36–1.22 (m, 13H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S35) δ 207.8 (C=O), 155.8 (C), 148.9 (C), 148.5 (C), 129.3 (CH, two carbons), 129.2 (C), 128.2 (CH, three carbons), 127.1 (C), 107.4 (CH), 105.5 (CH), 69.1 (CH₂), 63.2 (CH₂), 56.2 (CH₃), 53.6 (CH₂, two carbons), 45.4 (CH), 38.6 (CH₂), 34.3 (CH₂), 34.1 (CH₂), 33.3 (CH₂), 32.8 (CH₂), 32.6 (CH₂), 31.6 (CH), 29.5 (CH₂, two carbons), 29.4 (CH₂), 29.3 (CH₂), 28.9 (CH₂), 28.7 (CH₂), 28.1 (CH₂), 26.9 (CH₂), 25.9 (CH₂); m/z calcd. for C₃₅H₅₁BrNO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 612.3047; found 612.3045. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 25.00 min (96%; Figure S36).

3.2.17. 6-[(Benzyl)oxy-2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8h)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (38 mg, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with benzyl bromide (20 μL, 0.16 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and filtered. After standing at RT overnight, white solids precipitated out, which were filtered off. The filtrate was further concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.37 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8h (51 mg, 82%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S37) δ 7.42 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 7.35 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 7.31–7.28 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.24 (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.19 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.85 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.13 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.93 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.51 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.20 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (m, 2H), 2.63 (dt, J₁ = 14.0 Hz, J₂ = 4.0 Hz, 2H), 1.97 (m, 2H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.73–1.64 (m, 2H), 1.48 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.23 (m, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S38) δ 207.6 (C=O), 156.0 (C), 148.9 (C), 148.5 (C), 136.3 (C), 129.4 (CH, two carbons), 129.2 (C), 128.6 (CH, two carbons), 128.2 (CH, two carbons), 128.0 (CH, two carbons), 127.4 (CH, two carbons), 127.1 (C), 107.6 (CH), 106.4 (CH), 70.8 (CH₂), 63.2 (CH₂), 56.2 (CH₃), 53.6 (CH₂, two carbons), 45.3 (CH), 38.6 (CH₂), 34.3 (CH₂), 33.4 (CH₂), 32.7 (CH₂), 31.6 (CH); m/z calcd. for C₃₀H₃₄NO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 456.2533; found 456.2528. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 20.05 min (96%; Figure S39).

3.2.18. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5-methoxy-6-[(4-methylbenzyl)oxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8i)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (38 mg, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 4-methylbenzyl bromide (30 mg, 0.16 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and filtered. After standing at RT overnight, the white solids precipitated out, which were filtered off. The filtrate was further concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.35 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8i (37 mg, 58%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S40) δ 7.31 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 7.31–7.29 (m, 4H, aromatic), 7.24 (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.18 (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.15 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 6.83 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.09 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.92 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.51 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.20 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (m, 2H), 2.63 (dt, J₁ = 13.6 Hz, J₂ = 3.6 Hz, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H, CH₃Ph), 1.97 (m, 2H), 1.91–1.84 (m, 1H), 1.72–1.64 (m, 2H), 1.47 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.23 (m, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S41) δ 207.6 (C=O), 156.0 (C), 148.9 (C), 148.5 (C), 137.8 (C), 133.3 (C), 129.30 (CH, two carbons), 129.25 (CH, two carbons), 129.17 (C), 128.2 (CH, three carbons), 127.5 (CH, 2 carbons), 127.0 (C), 107.6 (CH), 106.4 (CH), 70.7 (CH₂), 63.3 (CH₂), 56.2 (CH₃), 53.7 (CH₂, 2 carbons), 45.4 (CH), 38.7 (CH₂), 34.3 (CH₂), 33.4 (CH₂), 32.8 (CH₂), 31.7 (CH), 21.2 (CH₃); m/z calcd. for C₃₁H₃₆NO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 470.2690; found 470.2681. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 20.65 min (95%; Figure S42).

3.2.19. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5-methoxy-6-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8j)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (189 mg, 1.37 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 4-methoxybenzyl chloride (0.19 mL, 1.37 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.30 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8j (24 mg, 36%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S43) δ 7.34 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 7.33–7.26 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.19 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.87 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 6.83 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.05 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.91 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.78 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.56 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.20 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (m, 2H), 2.65 (dt, J₁ = 13.6 Hz, J₂ = 3.6 Hz, 2H), 2.08–1.98 (m, 2H), 1.92–1.82 (m, 1H), 1.76–1.64 (m, 2H), 1.53 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.23 (m, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S44) δ 207.6 (C=O), 159.5 (C), 156.0 (C), 148.9 (C), 148.5 (C), 137.2 (C), 129.5 (CH, two carbons), 129.2 (CH, two carbons), 129.1 (C), 128.4 (CH), 128.2 (CH, two carbons), 127.3 (C), 114.0 (CH, 2 carbons), 107.6 (CH), 106.5 (CH), 70.6 (CH₂), 63.1 (CH₂), 56.2 (CH₃), 55.3 (CH₃), 53.6 (CH₂), 53.5 (CH₂), 45.3 (CH), 38.6 (CH₂), 34.1 (CH₂), 33.4 (CH₂), 32.4 (CH₂), 31.4 (CH); m/z calcd. for C₃₁H₃₆NO₄⁺ [M + H]⁺ 486.2639; found 486.2635. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 19.93 min (95%; Figure S45).

3.2.20. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5-methoxy-6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)oxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8k).

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (38 mg, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 4-nitrobenzyl bromide (35 mg, 0.16 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and filtered. After standing at RT overnight, white solids precipitated out, which were filtered off. The filtrate was further concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.37 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8k (44 mg, 65%) as a brown foam: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S46) δ 8.22 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 7.60 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 7.31–7.28 (m, 4H, aromatic), 7.24 (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.14 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.88 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.23 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.97 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.50 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.22 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (m, 2H), 2.68 (m, 2H), 1.96 (m, 2H), 1.87 (m, 1H), 1.72–1.63 (m, 2H), 1.47 (m, 1H), 1.36–1.23 (m, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S47) δ 207.5 (C=O), 155.9 (C), 149.5 (C), 147.8 (C), 147.6 (C), 143.8 (C), 129.3 (CH), 129.2 (CH), 128.2 (CH, two carbons), 127.5 (CH, three carbons), 127.0 (C), 123.9 (CH, two carbons + C), 107.9 (CH), 106.6 (CH), 69.5 (CH₂), 63.3 (CH₂), 56.3 (CH₃), 53.7 (CH₂, two carbons), 45.4 (CH), 38.6 (CH₂), 34.3 (CH₂), 33.4 (CH₂), 32.8 (CH₂), 31.6 (CH); m/z calcd. for C₃₀H₃₃N₂O₅⁺ [M + H]⁺ 501.2384; found 501.2385. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 19.98 min (96%; Figure S48).

3.2.21. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(4-bromobenzyl)oxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8l)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (38 mg, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 4-bromobenzyl bromide (41 mg, 0.16 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and filtered. After standing at RT overnight, white solids precipitated out, which were filtered off. The filtrate was further concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.37 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8l (61 mg, 84%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S49) δ 7.47 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 7.30 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 7.31–7.28 (m, 4H, aromatic), 7.24 (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.14 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.85 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.07 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.94 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.51 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.21 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (m, 2H), 2.67 (dt, J₁ = 14.4 Hz, J₂ = 4.0 Hz, 2H), 1.96 (m, 2H), 1.87 (m, 1H), 1.72–1.63 (m, 2H), 1.47 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.23 (m, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S50) δ 207.6 (C=O), 155.9 (C), 149.1 (C), 148.2 (C), 135.4 (C), 131.7 (CH, two carbons + C), 129.4 (CH), 129.2 (CH), 129.0 (CH, three carbons), 128.2 (CH, two carbons), 127.1 (C), 122.0 (C), 107.7 (CH), 106.5 (CH), 70.1 (CH₂), 63.2 (CH₂), 56.2 (CH₃), 53.6 (CH₂, two carbons), 45.3 (CH), 38.6 (CH₂), 34.2 (CH₂), 33.4 (CH₂), 32.7 (CH₂), 31.6 (CH); m/z calcd. for C₃₀H₃₃BrNO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 534.1638; found 534.1650. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 21.05 min (96%; Figure S51).

3.2.22. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(4-fluorobenzyl)oxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8m)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (38 mg, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 4-fluorobenzyl bromide (20 μL, 0.16 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.31 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8m (56 mg, 86%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S52) δ 7.40 (dd, J₁ = 8.8 Hz, J₂ = 5.6 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 7.30 (m, 4H, aromatic), 7.24 (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.18 (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.04 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 6.85 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.08 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.93 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.51 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.21 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 2.67 (dt, J₁ = 14.0 Hz, J₂ = 3.6 Hz, 2H), 1.98 (m, 2H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.49 (m, 1H), 1.36–1.23 (m, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S53) δ 207.6 (C=O), 163.8–161.3 (d, ¹J_C-F = 245.2 Hz, C, one carbon), 155.9 (C), 149.1 (C), 148.3 (C), 138.1 (C), 132.14–132.11 (d, ⁴J_C-F = 3.8 Hz, C, one carbon), 129.4–129.27 (d, ³J_C-F = 8.4 Hz, CH, two carbons), 129.28 (CH, two carbons), 129.2 (CH), 128.2 (CH, two carbons), 127.0 (C), 115.6–115.4 (d, ²J_C-F = 21.2 Hz, CH, two carbons), 107.7 (CH), 106.4 (CH), 70.1 (CH₂), 63.3 (CH₂), 56.2 (CH₃), 53.70 (CH₂), 53.68 (CH₂), 45.4 (CH), 38.7 (CH₂), 34.3 (CH₂), 33.3 (CH₂), 32.8 (CH₂), 31.7 (CH); m/z calcd. C₃₀H₃₃FNO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 474.2439; found 474.2442. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 20.14 min (96%; Figure S54).

3.2.23. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8n)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (38 mg, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 3-fluorobenzyl bromide (20 μL, 0.16 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and filtered. After standing at RT overnight, the white solids precipitated out, which were filtered off. The filtrate was further concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.31 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8n (57 mg, 88%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S55) δ 7.34–7.26 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.24 (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.18–7.12 (m, 3H, aromatic), 6.98 (td, J₁ = 8.4 Hz, J₂ = 2.4 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 6.86 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.12 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.95 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.54 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.21 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (m, 2H), 2.67 (dt, J₁ = 14.4 Hz, J₂ = 4.4 Hz, 2H), 2.0 (m, 2H), 1.87 (m, 1H), 1.73–1.66 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 1H), 1.40-1.26 (m, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S56) δ 207.6 (C=O), 164.2–161.8 (d, ¹J_C-F = 245.2 Hz, C, 1 carbon), 155.9 (C), 149.2 (C), 148.2 (C), 139.0–138.9 (d, ³J_C-F = 7.6 Hz, C, one carbon), 137.4 (C), 130.2–130.1 (d, ³J_C-F = 7.6 Hz, CH, one carbon), 129.4 (CH, two carbons), 129.1 (CH), 128.2 (CH, two carbons), 127.2 (C), 122.7–122.6 (d, ⁴J_C-F = 3.1 Hz, CH, one carbon), 115.0–114.8 (d, ²J_C-F = 20.5 Hz, CH, one carbon), 114.2–114.0 (d, ²J_C-F = 22.0 Hz, CH, one carbon), 107.7 (CH), 106.4 (CH), 69.9 (CH₂), 63.1 (CH₂), 56.2 (CH₃), 53.6 (CH₂), 53.5 (CH₂), 45.3 (CH), 38.6 (CH₂), 34.2 (CH₂), 33.4 (CH₂), 32.5 (CH₂), 31.5 (CH); m/z calcd. for C₃₀H₃₃FNO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 474.2439; found 474.2426. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 20.20 min (96%; Figure S57).

3.2.24. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(2-fluorobenzyl)oxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8o)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (38 mg, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 2-fluorobenzyl bromide (20 μL, 0.16 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and filtered. After standing at RT overnight, white solids precipitated out, which were filtered off. The filtrate was further concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.31 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8o (56 mg, 86%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S58) δ 7.49 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 7.31–7.25 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.24 (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.23 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 7.12 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 7.06 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 6.85 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.18 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.93 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.52 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.21 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 2.67 (m, 2H), 1.98 (m, 2H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.73–1.65 (m, 2H), 1.49 (m, 1H), 1.36–1.23 (m, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S59) δ 207.6 (C=O), 161.7–159.2 (d, ¹J_C-F = 245.9 Hz, C, one carbon), 156.0 (C), 149.2 (C), 148.3 (C), 129.8 (CH), 129.7 (CH), 129.57-129.53 (d, ³J_C-F = 3.8 Hz, CH, one carbon), 129.3 (C, two carbons), 129.2 (CH), 128.2 (CH, two carbons), 127.1 (C), 124.23–124.20 (d, ³J_C-F = 3.8 Hz, CH, one carbon), 123.66–123.51 (d, ²J_C-F = 14.4 Hz, CH, one carbon), 115.5–115.3 (d, ²J_C-F = 20.5 Hz, CH, one carbon), 107.7 (CH), 106.6 (CH), 64.80–64.75 (d, ³J_C-F = 4.5 Hz, CH₂, one carbon), 63.2 (CH₂), 56.2 (CH₃), 53.6 (CH₂, two carbons), 45.4 (CH), 38.6 (CH₂), 34.3 (CH₂), 33.4 (CH₂), 32.7 (CH₂), 31.6 (CH); m/z calcd. for C₃₀H₃₃FNO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 474.2439; found 474.2429. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 20.06 min (96%; Figure S60).

3.2.25. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(2-trifluoromethylbenzyl)oxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8p)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (38 mg, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 2-trifluoromethylbenzyl bromide (25 μL, 0.16 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.41 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8p (65 mg, 90%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S61) δ 7.75 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 7.67 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 7.54 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 7.39 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 7.31–7.27 (m, 4H, aromatic), 7.24 (m, 1H, aromatic), 7.18 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.88 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.31 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.96 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.51 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.22 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 2.68 (dt, J₁ = 14.4 Hz, J₂ = 3.2 Hz, 2H), 1.97 (m, 2H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.24 (m, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S62) δ 207.6, 156.0, 149.4, 148.2, 138.1, 135.07, 135.06, 132.1, 129.3 (two carbons), 129.2, 128.4, 128.2 (two carbons), 127.8, 127.5, 127.2, 127.0, 126.01, 125.95, 125.90, 125.8, 125.6, 122.9, 107.8, 106.6, 67.04, 67.01, 63.3, 56.2, 53.71. 53.68, 45.4, 38.7, 34.3, 33.4, 32.8, 31.7; m/z calcd. for C₃₁H₃₃F₃NO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 524.2407; found 524.2401. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 20.90 min (96%; Figure S63).

3.2.26. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8q)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (38 mg, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 2,4-difluorobenzyl bromide (21 μL, 0.16 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.17 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8q (57 mg, 85%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S64) δ 7.46 (dd, J₁ = 14.8 Hz, J₂ = 8.4 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 7.31–7.27 (m, 4H, aromatic), 7.24 (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.22 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.88–6.79 (m, 3H, aromatic), 5.12 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.93 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.52 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.22 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 2.67 (dt, J₁ = 14.4 Hz, J₂ = 3.2 Hz, 2H), 1.98 (m, 2H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.49 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.26 (m, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S65) δ 207.6, 164.2, 164.0, 161.9, 161.8, 161.7, 161.6, 159.4, 159.3, 156.0, 149.3, 148.2, 137.9, 130.81, 130.75, 130.72, 130.66, 129.3 (two carbons), 129.2, 128.2 (two carbons), 127.0, 119.7, 119.6, 119.54, 119.50, 111.55, 111.51, 111.34, 111.30, 107.7, 106.6, 104.2, 103.9, 103.7, 64.34, 64.30, 63.3, 56.2, 53.7, 53.6, 45.4, 38.6, 34.3, 33.4, 32.8, 31.6; m/z calcd. for C₃₀H₃₂F₂NO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 492.2345; found 492.2353. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 20.25 min (95%; Figure S66).

3.2.27. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8r)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (38 mg, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 2,5-difluorobenzyl bromide (21 μL, 0.16 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.17 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8r (67 mg, 85%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S67) δ 7.32–7.28 (m, 4H, aromatic), 7.24 (m, 2H, aromatic), 7.19 (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.02 (td, J₁ = 8.8 Hz, J₂ = 4.0 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 6.97–6.91 (m, 1H, aromatic), 6.87 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.16 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.95 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.54 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.22 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (m, 2H), 2.68 (dt, J₁ = 14.0 Hz, J₂ = 3.6 Hz, 2H), 2.05 (m, 2H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.51 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.24 (m, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S68) δ 207.5, 160.02, 160.00, 157.62, 157.60, 157.21, 157.19, 155.9, 154.79, 154.77, 149.4, 148.0, 137.7, 129.4 (two carbons), 129.2, 128.2 (two carbons), 127.1, 125.6, 125.5, 125.4, 125.3, 116.6, 116.5, 116.3, 116.2, 116.0, 115.9, 115.8, 115.7, 115.6, 115.43, 115.38, 107.8, 106.5, 64.2, 64.1, 63.2, 56.2, 53.60, 53.57, 45.3, 38.6, 34.2, 33.4, 32.6, 31.5; m/z calcd. for C₃₀H₃₂F₂NO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 492.2345; found 492.2350. Purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 20.28 min (96%; Figure S69).

3.2.28. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8s)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (38 mg, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 2,6-difluorobenzyl bromide (34 mg, 0.16 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.34 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8s (62 mg, 93%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S70) δ 7.32–7.27 (m, 6H, aromatic), 7.24 (m, 1H, aromatic), 6.90 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 6.84 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.14 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.88 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.53 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.22 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (m, 2H), 2.68 (dt, J₁ = 14.4 Hz, J₂ = 4.4 Hz, 2H), 2.00 (m, 2H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.24 (m, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S71) δ 207.6, 163.3, 163.2, 160.8, 160.7, 156.2, 149.5, 148.4, 137.7, 131.0, 130.9, 130.8, 129.4 (two carbons), 129.2, 128.2 (two carbons), 127.1, 112.4, 112.2, 112.0, 111.6, 111.5, 111.4, 111.3, 107.8, 107.3, 63.2, 59.19, 59.15, 59.11, 56.2, 53.61, 53.58, 45.4, 38.6, 34.2, 33.4, 32.7, 31.6; m/z calcd. for C₃₀H₃₂F₂NO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 492.2345; found 492.2352. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 19.99 min (96%; Figure S72).

3.2.29. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8t)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (38 mg, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl bromide (44 mg, 0.16 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.56 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8t (69 mg, 91%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S73) δ 7.37 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 7.31–7.26 (m, 6H, aromatic), 7.24 (m, 1H, aromatic), 7.19 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.86 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.12 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.93 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.51 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.22 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 2.68 (dt, J₁ = 14.4 Hz, J₂ = 3.2 Hz, 2H), 1.98 (m, 2H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.48 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.24 (m, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S74) δ 207.5, 161.4, 158.8, 155.9, 149.4, 148.0, 138.1, 130.63, 130.58, 129.3 (two carbons), 129.2, 128.1 (two carbons), 127.64, 127.60, 127.0, 123.0, 122.8, 122.2, 122.1, 119.2, 119.0, 107.8, 106.6, 64.3, 64.2, 63.3, 56.2, 53.70, 53.68, 45.4, 38.6, 34.3, 33.4, 32.9, 31.7; m/z calcd. for C₃₀H₃₂BrFNO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 552.1544; found 552.1546. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 21.25 min (96%; Figure S75).

3.2.30. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(2,4,6-trifluorobenzyl)oxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8u)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (38 mg, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 2,4,6-trifluorobenzyl bromide (22 μL, 0.16 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and filtered. After standing at RT overnight, white solids precipitated out, which were filtered off. The filtrate was further concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.31 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8u (65 mg, 93%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S76) δ 7.32-7.29 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.24 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.84 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.68 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 5.08 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.89 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.54 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.22 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (m, 2H), 2.68 (dt, J₁ = 14.4 Hz, J₂ = 3.2 Hz, 2H), 2.02 (m, 2H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.51 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.26 (m, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S77) δ 207.6, 164.6, 164.5, 164.3, 163.7, 163.6, 163.5, 163.4, 162.1, 162.0, 161.8, 161.1, 161.04, 161.00, 160.9, 152.2, 149.6, 148.2, 137.7, 129.4 (two carbons), 129.2, 128.2 (two carbons), 127.1, 108.92, 108.87, 108.72, 108.67, 108.53, 108.48, 107.9, 107.4, 100.69, 100.67, 100.6, 100.5, 100.44, 100.42, 100.39, 100.35, 100.2, 100.1, 63.2, 58.80, 58.76, 58.7, 56.2, 53.63. 53.59, 45.4, 38.6, 34.2, 33.4, 32.7, 31.6; m/z calcd. for C₃₀H₃₁F₃NO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 510.2251; found 510.2255. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 20.30 min (95%; Figure S78).

3.2.31. 2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-6-[(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)oxy-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one (8v)

A solution of compound 7 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (38 mg, 0.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was treated with 2,3,4,5-pentafluorobenzyl bromide (25 μL, 0.16 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with H₂O (3×) and brine (3×), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂ gel, pure CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1; R_f 0.34 in CH₂Cl₂:MeOH/19:1) to yield compound 8v (61 mg, 81%) as an off-white solid: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S79) δ 7.32–7.24 (m, 6H, aromatic), 6.86 (s, 1H, aromatic), 5.13 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.90 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.53 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph), 3.23 (dd, J₁ = 17.6 Hz, J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (m, 2H), 2.69 (dt, J₁ = 13.6 Hz, J₂ = 4.0 Hz, 2H), 2.00 (m, 2H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.51 (m, 1H), 1.40–1.24 (m, 3H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, Figure S80) δ 207.4, 156.2, 150.1, 147.8, 147.20, 147.16, 147.12, 147.08, 147.04, 147.01, 146.97, 146.93, 144.70, 144.66, 144.62, 144.58, 144.55, 144.51, 144.47, 144.43, 143.23, 143.16, 143.10, 143.05, 142.97, 140.7, 140.61, 140.56, 140.5, 140.4, 138.93, 138.90, 138.8, 138.7, 138.65, 138.60, 138.59, 137.6, 136.42, 136.38, 136.30, 136.26, 136.23, 136.13, 136.10, 129.4 (two carbons), 129.2, 128.5, 128.2 (two carbons), 127.1, 109.91, 109.87, 109.74, 109.70, 109.6, 109.5, 108.0, 107.8, 63.1, 58.7, 56.2, 53.6, 53.5, 45.3, 38.6, 34.2, 33.4, 32.6, 31.5; m/z calcd. for C₃₀H₂₉F₅NO₃⁺ [M + H]⁺ 546.2062; found 546.2058. The purity of the compound was further confirmed by RP-HPLC: R_t = 20.84 min (95%; Figure S81).

3.3. In Vitro Cholinesterase (ChE) Inhibition Assays

Experiments were performed as previously described [11,13]. Briefly, donepezil analogues (102 pm to 200 μM) were dissolved in sodium phosphate buffer ((100 μL), 0.1 M, pH 8.0) (Buffer A) and subjected to a 5-fold serial dilution. ChE (either EeAChE or EfBChE) was added to the solution of inhibitors (50 μL, containing 0.08 U/mL ChE (final concentration for both EeAChE and EfBChE) in Buffer A. The mixture of inhibitor and enzyme was incubated for 10 min before initiation with DTNB (50 μL, 0.25 mM final concentration) and acylthiocholine (acetylthiocholine for EeAChE and butyrylthiochholine for EfBChE) (0.5 mM final concentration) in phosphate buffer. The reaction was monitored at 412 nm taking measurements every 30 s for 10 min using a Spectra Max M5 plate reader (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA) at 25 °C. Data was corrected with the negative control (no acylthiocholine), and normalized to the positive control (no inhibitor) using the initial rates (first 5 min). All assays were performed in duplicate or triplicate. HsAChE was treated in the same manner with the following exceptions: the final concentration of HsAChE was 0.16 μg/mL (~0.16 U/mL), and reactions were performed at 37 °C. The data was fitted to a sigmoidal curve, and IC₅₀ values were calculated using Sigmaplot 14.0 (Systat Software, San Jose, CA, USA). The IC₅₀ curves for EeAChE and EfBChE inhibition are presented in Table 1 and Figures S82 and S83 (for EeAChE) and Figures S84 and S85 (for EfBChE). The IC₅₀ curves for HsAChE inhibition are presented in Table 2 and Figure S86.

3.4. BACE1 Inhibition

Inhibition of BACE1 was tested using the commercial kit (cat CS0010-1KT, Millipore-Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) following the directions accompanying the kit. All compounds were tested in duplicate at a single concentration (200 μM) in order to confirm any activity. All compounds that showed BACE1 inhibitory activity were then tested in a concentration-dependent manner. Dilutions were originally performed in DMSO, and 2 μL added to the reaction in order to account for any moderation of activity from the vehicle. Fluorescent measurements were taken after 2 h. The resulting rates were normalized to the reaction without inhibitor. In order to get an appropriate sigmoidal fit, two additional points (400 and 1000 μM) were added to the data when needed. Since the activity of the enzyme was already negligible at 200 μM, these points aid the sigmoidal nature of the curve fit. These data are presented in Table 3 and Figure S87.

3.5. Molecular Docking of Donepezil and Compound 8l with BACE1

To further validate the biochemical results obtained against BACE1, we modeled donepezil and compound 8l using a known crystal structure of BACE1 with an inhibitor, sharing the vicinyl dioxygen substitution of donepezil as a model (PDB# 4FM7 [25]). Swiss Dock [29,30] was used to identify the potential binding sites of donepezil or compound 8l with the crystal structure. Once docking calculations were completed, Chimera [31] was used to compare the potential binding sites with that of the known inhibitors. The closest alignments were selected, and they are presented in Figure 1.

4. Conclusions

We have synthesized 22 new donepezil analogues, 8a–v, and evaluated their biochemical capabilities, along with that of the parent donepezil and its 6-O-desmethyl adduct 7. Without exception, these compounds were all able to inhibit the action of EeAChE and EfBChE in the low-to-sub-micromolar ranges. Compound 8t, one of the better inhibitors of EeAChE and EfBChE was also a very efficient inhibitor of HsAChE showing the highest preference for this medically relevant enzyme. Attachment of an alkyl/aromatic group at the 6-O-position of the indanone ring also seems to enhance their efficacy. While their inhibitory capabilities were greater against EeAChE than EfBChE, the donepezil analogues 8h–v with aromatic substituents displayed a much improved potency when compared to donepezil against EfBChE than EeAChE. The analogues 8a–g with alkyl substituents showed proportional change with respect to donepezil against both EeAChE and EfBChE. The donepezil analogues 8c, 8e, 8f, and 8l also displayed potent BACE1 inhibitory activities, and thus appeared to be multifunctional compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Abbreviations

Aβ	amyloid-β
APP	amyloid precursor protein
BACE	β-secretase
ChE	cholinesterase
EeAChE	acetylcholinesterase (from Electrophorus electricus)
EfBChE	butyrylcholinesterase (from Equus ferus)
HsAChE	acetylcholinesterase (from Homo sapiens)
IC50	half maximal inhibitory concentration
KOH	potassium hydroxide
MsOH	methanesulfonic acid
TBDMS	tert-butyldimethylsilyl

Supplementary Materials

The Supplementary Materials include ¹H and ¹³C-NMR spectra for the molecules synthesized, as well as HPLC traces of compounds tested for activity (Figures S1–S81). The IC₅₀ curves for the inhibition of EeAChE, HsAChE, EfBChE, and BACE1 are also provided (Figures S82–S87). The SwissDock modeling is also provided (Figure S88). These materials are available free of charge via the internet.

Author Contributions

M.Y.F. synthesized all the compounds and conducted the EeAChE and EfBChE inhibition assays; K.D.G. performed the HsAChE and BACE1 assays; K.D.G., M.Y.F., and S.G.-T. analyzed the data and wrote the paper.

Funding

This work was supported by startup funds (to S.G.-T.) from the College of Pharmacy at the University of Kentucky. Molecular graphics and analyses were performed with UCSF Chimera, developed by the Resource for Biocomputing, Visualization, and Informatics at the University of California, San Francisco, with support from NIH P41-GM103311.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.