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. 2019 Mar 22;9:5019. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41394-9

≤ Cyclin D1 protein affecting global women’s health by regulating HPV mediated adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix

Richa Tripathi 1,2, Gayatri Rath 3, Poonam Jawanjal 3, Mausumi Bharadwaj 1,✉, Ravi Mehrotra 2,✉
PMCID: PMC6430791  PMID: 30903019

Abstract

Adenocarcinoma (ADC) of the uterine cervix (UC) is a rare form of cervical cancer (CC) caused due to the infection of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Cyclin D1 is one of the downstream targets of aberrantly activated Notch signaling, contribute to the etiology of CC. However, little is known about the role of Cyclin D1 in the modulation of cervical ADC and is controversial. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of Cyclin D1 protein and to elucidate the combined analysis with Notch signaling proteins in HPV associated ADCs of CC. A total of 60 biopsy samples (40 normal and 20 ADCs of CC) were analyzed for the expression of Cyclin D1 in HPV associated ADCs via immunohistochemistry and by immunoblotting. HPV-16 positive ADC patients showed a strong association with the Cyclin D1 expression (p = 0.007). The significant mean difference (p = 0.0001) and the pairwise comparison between Cyclin D1/JAG1 (p = 0.0001), and Cyclin D1/Notch-3 (p = 0.0001) were observed. The above Notch signaling proteins showed their synergistic role in modulating Cyclin D1 which in-turn regulates HPV-16 associated ADC of the uterine cervix (UC), affecting women’s global health.

Introduction

Cervical cancer (CC), with an estimated incidence rate 528,000 annually has been emerged as the fourth most leading women related cancer worldwide1. Hence, newer diagnostic methodologies have led to improve early cancer diagnosis of CC, leading to minimize morbidity and better disease prognosis. However, CC is detected in 80% of advanced cancer stage in  India with 453.02 million women population are at risk of developing cervical cancer and contributes more than 1/5th of global burden due to inappropriate screening. It ranked second among women affecting cancers with age group of 15–44 years with its alarming effect due to social and economic cost1.

Harold zur Hausen, a German virologist showed first time the association between genital HPV infections and cervical cancer in the early 1980s. High-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV)-16/18, the major etiological factor and the overexpression of HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 are reported to be linked in malignant transformation and the development of CC2. However, HPV infections are not found to be solely associated with the development of CC as many of them are transient3. Therefore, the other factors including deregulated interconnected signaling pathways like Notch, WNT/β-catenin have also been associated with HPV infected CC patients4. Besides above, the altered molecular mechanisms for pathway activation modulating their effector target proteins leading to CC remain unknown.

CC is classified into invasive squamous cell carcinoma (ISCC, 85 to 90% in India) and Adenocarcinoma (ADC, 10–15%)5. ADC of uterine cervix (UC) is a rare form of cervical cancer (CC) which develops from mucinous endocervical epithelium5,6. Persistent HPV infection result in the development of invasive ADC. Although, the prevalence of ISCC is significantly decreased1 but for ADC it is reported to be distressingly increased worldwide6. In North Indian hospitals, ADC patients of CC are rare and therefore, difficult to be included in the study. Majority of ADC patients report to the hospitals at late stages and therefore, diagnosis occurs at late stage, and hence, accounted with worse prognosis outcome as there is no effective systemic therapy. In addition, there is no targeted therapy for ADC of uterine cervix due to poor understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the development and progression of ADC, strengthening the need for its early diagnosis and treatment via targeted therapies.

Notch signaling pathway plays an important role in cancer cell proliferation, differentiation, cell fate specification, maintaining multicellular homeostastsis, vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metastasis7. However, the complete mechanism is poorly understood. Five ligands including (three Delta-like and two Jagged/Serrate) and four Notch homologues (Notch 1–4) were reported to be associated with Notch signaling8. Previously, our laboratory showed upregulation of JAG1 and Notch-3 leading to the activation of JAG1 induced Notch-3 signaling pathway in cervical cancer9,10. This activation of Notch signaling leads to translocation of cleaved intracellular Notch C-terminal fragment to nucleus resulting in accumulation of CSL(CBF1, Suppressor of Hairless, Lag1), Mastermind-like proteins (MAML1, 2 and 3) and p300 proteins and alters the transcription of various downstream target genes11. Recently, we have shown the role of upregulated HES1 (Hairy and enhancer of split homolog-1) protein, downstream effector target of mammalian Notch signaling in HPV-16 associated ADCs of CC12.

Cyclin D1 is also one of the important target gene of Notch signaling pathway and is one of the family members of the D-type cyclins which regulates the G1/S phase transition of cell cycle and is reported to be associated with tumor biology of human cells13. Till date, little and controversial data is available14–19 about the expression of Cyclin D1 in invasive ADC. Continuing our focus on Notch signaling, this study aims to study the expression of Cyclin D1 protein along with association among Cyclin D1 and Notch signaling proteins- Notch-3 and Jagged-1. In addition, this study determines the biological as well as clinical relevance of Cyclin D1 in the development and the progression of HPV associated invasive ADCs of UC.

Results

Cyclin D1 and HPV infected ADC cases

The association of Cyclin D1 with HPV-16 positive ADC patients was observed to be significant (p = 0.007, Table 1). We could not do the comparison of HPV-18 positive/negative ADC patients with the expression of Cyclin D1 as only one patient was observed to be infected with HPV-18.

Table 1.

Correlation of Cyclin D1 expression in HPV infected ADC cases.

HPV type Status ADC cases (n = 20) CyclinD1 nuclear p-value
−n (%) +n (%)
HPV-16 No 03 02 (66.6) 01 (33.3) 0.007
HPV-16 Yes 17 01 (5.9) 16 (94.1)
HPV-18 No 19 03 (15.8) 16 (84.2) 0.666
HPV-18 Yes 01 0 (0) 01 (100)
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Abbreviations: ADC, Adenocarcinoma; n, number of subjects.

Cyclin D1 protein regulates cell cycle in the nucleus whose increased expression levels in the nucleus confirms it’s regulation by Notch signaling pathway via synergizing with HPV-16 in ADC.

Combined impact of Notch signaling proteins on ADC

The combined effect of Notch signaling proteins- Cyclin D1, JAG1 and Notch-3 on ADC was analyzed for which the JAG1 data of ADC from our recent publication9 and Notch-3 data of ADC from our unpublished records (IHC figures available upon request) was used. Among all three Notch signaling pathway proteins (Cyclin D1, Notch-3 and JAG1) the significant mean difference (p = 0.0001, Table 2) and the pairwise comparison between Cyclin D1 and Notch-3, Cyclin D1 and JAG1 were found to be statistically significant (p = 0.015; p = 0.0001, Table-S2) respectively. The above results suggest the significant upregulation and interlinking of Notch-3, JAG1 and Cyclin D1. Hence, the upregulated Notch-3 binds with upregulated JAG1, leading to the activation of Notch signaling in conjuction with HPV-16 which, in turn, alters the expression of downstream target of Notch Signaling Cyclin-D1 in ADC of UC. Therefore, all the three linked proteins should be studied further to understand the complete molecular cascade regulation ADC (Fig. 1).

Table 2.

Total expression score (Intensity score + Percentage positivity) of Cyclin D1, JAG1 and Notch-3 expression in Normal and ADC tissues.

Proteins Normal (n = 40) ADC (n = 20)
Mean ±S.E SD Mean ±S.E S.D Median *p-value **p-value
Cyclin D1 1.02 0.28 1.83 4.70 0.50 2.25 6.0 0.0001 0.0001
JAG1 0.95 0.21 1.35 4.20 0.40 1.80 5.0 0.0001
Notch-3 0.70 0.20 1.30 1.20 0.49 2.12 6.0 0.0001
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Abbreviations: n, number of subjects; p, pvalue; S.D, standard deviation; S.E, standard error.

*The comparison of mean between normal vs. ADC independently in Cyclin D1, JAG1 and Notch-3 via chi-square test.

**The overall significant mean difference between Cyclin D1, JAG1 and Notch-3 proteins through Kruscal wallis test.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Overview of Cyclin D1 regulation in ADC of uterine cervix. Notch-3 and JAG1 along with HPV-16 signals activates Notch signaling pathway by binding of Notch-3 with JAG1. The NICD domain of Notch-3 further translocates to nucleus and along with signals of HPV-16 resulted in upregulated transcription and translation of Cyclin D1 in the nucleus which regulates cell cycle in ADC of uterine cervix. NICD, Notch Intracellular domain.

Cyclin D1 expression in ADC and Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis

The expression profile (Fig. 2a–c; Table 2) of Cyclin D1 in the nucleus was observed in Normal, and ADC tissues. Around four-fold increase of nuclear expression was identified in N (Mean ± S.E, 1.02 ± 0.28) vs. ADC (Mean ± S.E, 4.70 ± 0.50; p = 0.0001). The immunohistochemical total expression scores of Cyclin D1 protein in normal cervix, and ADC biopsies were depicted in Fig. 2d.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Expression analysis of Cyclin D1 in normal and ADC tissues of uterine cervix. IHC depicting (a) negative control in normal tissue, 200X (b) Loss of nuclear expression of CyclinD1 in normal cervix, 200X (c) intense nuclear localization of Cyclin D1 in ADC, (d) Bar graph showing expression of Cyclin D1 in normal and ADC (e) Receiver operating characteristic curve of nuclear Cyclin D1 in Normal vs. ADC; Y-axis represents true-positive fraction whereas the X-axis shows false positive fraction. (f) Western blots depict the expression of Cyclin D1 in normal (N1, N2) and ADC (A1, A2) of cervical cancer tissues.

ROC Analysis

Potential determination of Cyclin D1 expression in order to distinguish ADC from normal cervix tissue

For Cyclin D1, the area-under-the-curve (AUC) values for ADC (0.86; p = 0.0001) along with their sensitivity (80%) and specificity (80%) were observed (Fig. 2e and Table S1).

High sensitivity and specificity of Cyclin D1 in ADC support the clinical utility of Cyclin D1 for progression of ADC.

Immunoblotting

The findings of immunohistochemistry were validated by immunoblotting. The results of immunoblotting showed the increase in the expression of Cyclin D1 (32 kDa) identified in ADC patient samples (Fig. 2f).

Discussion

High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is currently indicated to be associated in the carcinogenesis of ADC of UC16. There is lack of targeted therapy in CC due to poor understanding of signaling pathways underlying CC development and progression. Since, altered signaling pathways are important to understand the complete molecular mechanism affecting CC, therefore, the activation of JAG1 induced Notch signaling via interacting synergistically with HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 in ISCC and ADC of CC was previously reported from our laboratory9,10. Our previous findings on HPV associated ISCCs showed the significant loss of Notch-1 in 18.4% (18/98) and gain of Notch-3 protein in 84.7% (83/98) respectively10. In addition, increased expression of JAG1 protein was observed earlier in ISCC as well as ADC cases9 confirming the deregulated Notch pathway leading to uncontrolled cell cycle and genetic alterations. This results in triggering of E6 and E7 HPV oncoproteins suggesting the complex interaction between Notch signaling and papillomaviruses strengthening the development of CC. Recently, our laboratory also reported the association of HPV-16 positive ADC with altered HES1(Hairy enhancer split 1), downstream molecule of Notch signaling pathway12.

Cyclin D1 expression is found to be an  another downstream target protein of Notch signaling pathway in cervical cancer11,20–22 and is suggested to be induced by Notch-ICD domain23. However, in diverse cellular situations, a cross-talk between Notch and NF-κB signaling pathways has been reported, affecting the expression of Cyclin D124. Cyclin D1, is an important protein in-charge of regulating cellular cycles from G1 (gap1) to S (synthesis) phase transition in various cell types17,25. Cyclin D1 associates along with cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 6 or CDK4 at G1 stage which joins with retinoblastoma protein (pRb) for regulating G1/S phase check point in order to induce proliferation of cells26. Higher Cyclin D1 levels may reduce time period of G1 phase and increase cell proliferation27. Hence, it functions in cellular adhesion, motility, proliferation and stromal invasion leading to carcinogenesis22,23. This study has recruited 20 HPV associated invasive ADC of UC patients and 40 normal controls to compare the Cyclin D1 expression in HPV-16/18 negative and positive ADC of UC. Cyclin D1 was found to be significantly associated with HPV-16 infected ADC patients. Significant combined impact of Notch signaling proteins- Cyclin D1, JAG1 and Notch-3 and significant mean difference of ‘Cyclin D1 and JAG1’ and ‘Cyclin D1 and Notch-3’ was observed in ADC. Hence, Cyclin D1, JAG1, and Notch-3 are found to be interrelated which confirms Cyclin D1 as an effector target of JAG1 induced Notch signaling and have potential clinical utility in diagnosing ADC of CC. Hence, previously shown altered Notch pathway, in-turn, modulates Cyclin D1 regulating cell cycle of HPV-16 associated ADC of UC.

Various studies have shown the role of cyclin D1 protein in neoplastic transformation and progression of variety of cancers28,29. In ISCC of CC, there is discrepancy in the expression of Cyclin D1 as few authors reported the elevated levels14,30 and others reported the decreased levels14,31. Similarly, in ADC patients of CC, discrepancy in the expression pattern of Cyclin D1 has been observed. Bae et al. reported decreased Cyclin D1 expression in only 3 early stage ADC patients (FIGO stage Ib-IIa) and no invasive ADC was recruited in study31. Similarly, Park et al.17, Schorge et al.32, Little et al.19 and Cho et al.14 found downregulated expression of Cyclin D1 in invasive ADC patients with recruitment of only 8, 32, 19 and 6 ADC patients respectively. Balan et al.15 and Tong et al.18 recruited 15 and 6 ADC cases respectively and concluded Cyclin D1 as highly expressed invasion marker. Our results are in concordance with Balan et al.15 and depicted that the expression of Cyclin D1 in ADC of UC was found to be significantly upregulated as compared to normal cervix tissue. We have extended our work with respect to the expression of Cyclin D1 in HPV-16 associated ADC of UC and have shown the association of Cyclin D1 with Notch signaling pathway proteins. This study has also validated the results of immunohistochemistry by western blotting. Hence, this increase of Cyclin D1 may be associated with its invasive potential33 in ADC. In addition, various studies have been elucidated the role of cyclin D1 in cell migration34. Cyclin D1 may promote cancer cell migration by regulating Rho/Rho-associated protein kinase signaling and matrix deposition of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) an extracellular matrix protein35. Our result of four-fold higher cyclin D1 expression in the invasive ADC suggests that the activated Notch signaling leads to the progression, migration and invasion of ADC through the induction of cyclin D1. This may in-turn, alters the progression of G1-S phase of cell cycle causing dysregulated cell cycle or apoptosis however, the complete biological mechanism needs to be explored in future. In addition, ROC curve analysis of Cyclin D1 supports the strong clinical significance of nuclear Cyclin D1 for the detection of ADC patients due to its high sensitivity and specificity.

In conclusion, our results unveiled the HPV-16 linked JAG1 driven Notch signaling affecting the transcription of its downstream effector Cyclin D1 gene and further translation and expression of its Cyclin D1 protein in the nucleus. Hence, in order to improve the diagnostic and treatment modalities of ADC of UC, targeted therapies with more sensitivity and specificity and the combined analysis of Cyclin D1, JAG1 and Notch-3 in ADC are required. This pilot study was carried out in an unusual sub-type of CC i.e., adenocarcinoma to understand the role of altered Cyclin D1 induced by activated HPV-16 associated Notch signaling pathway in cell cycle regulation. Moreover, this study also provides the preliminary evidences highlighting the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of this protein in cervical ADC. It is suggested that the therapeutic inhibition of Cyclin D1 protein may prove as a revolutionized therapeutic strategy for high-risk HPV infected cervical ADC patients. But further huge scale longitudinal studies implying larger numbers of cervical ADC patients are warranted to logistically validate and quantify the clinical significance of these proteins. Hence, briefly, this study may help in understanding the molecular mechanism modulating ADC of UC, designing the future studies, and treatment of these patients by targeting Cyclin D1 for improvement of global women’s health.

Methods

Tissue samples collection

The research and ethics committee of Safdarjang Hospital provided the approval before commencement of this study. 40 normal controls (UV-prolapse, non-neoplastic tissues) and 20 untreated ADCs with no family history of CC were enrolled from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India. All the patients provided a written informed consent. Histopathological diagnosis along with the molecular analysis was done in all the samples by two independent pathologists. Also, the study confirms that all experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

Immunohistochemical Analysis

Fine sectioning (5 μm) was done in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens on poly-L-lysine (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) coated slides, followed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The antigen retrieval for Cyclin D1 was performed in 10 mM tris-EDTA buffer (pH-9.0) at 900W for 15 min/360W for 5 min. The sections were consecutively washed in Tris buffer saline (TBS; 0.1M; pH: 7.4) and then incubated with primary antibody of Primary rabbit monoclonal of Cyclin D1 (monoclonal, M3635, Dako cytomation Glostrup, Denmark; 1:200 dilution) overnight followed by the use of polymer based secondary antibody (Envision System peroxidase kit, DAKO, Carpinteria, CA) for 1 hr at room temperature after washing with TBS. Previous studies from our laboratory have mentioned the complete methodological details9,10.

Scoring of IHC

The detailed scoring criterion for IHC results of Cyclin D1 protein was described by Tripathi et al.9,10 previously from our laboratory. Percentage positivity and intensity scores were added for calculating a total score value.

Immunoblotting

Like previous studies from our laboratory, immunoblotting from the cervical tissues was done9,10. Polyclonal anti-human antibodies of Cyclin D1, β-actin (rabbit monoclonal β-actin antibody (1:2000, Abcam) and diluted secondary antibody HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-IgG (Abcam,) were used to determine the expression levels of Cyclin D1 in tumor tissues. Expression levels were further quantitated and compared in normal tissues and were evaluated by densitometry using Alpha Digidoc version 4.1.0 (Alpha Innotech Corporation, IL) as described in our previous reports9,10.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was carried out using statistical software SPSS 20.0. Chi-square test was done to evaluate the expression of the Cyclin D1 protein in ADC. For overall comparison of Cyclin D1, JAG1, and Notch-3, non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test was used. Pairwise comparison was done through Mann Whitney’s U Test between groups (i) Cyclin D1 and JAG1, (ii) Cyclin D1 and Notch-3. p ≤ 0.05 is considered to be significant.

Research data Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files. The raw data files used in the article can be provided upon request.

Supplementary information

Table S1, Table S2, Original blot (290.9KB, pdf)

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) New Delhi for providing the Post-doc fellowship Grant (no. 3/1/3/PDF-2010/HRD-11/2nd batch).

Author Contributions

R.T. designed the study, collected the samples, performed the experiments, analyzed data, interpreted the results, and wrote the manuscript. G.R. contributed reagents/material/analysis tools, interpreted the results, corrected the manuscript. P.J. performed the experiments. M.B. designed the study, provided the reagents/material/analysis tools corrected the manuscript. R.M. critically reviewed the manuscript.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Footnotes

Publisher’s note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Contributor Information

Mausumi Bharadwaj, Email: mausumi.bharadwaj@gmail.com.

Ravi Mehrotra, Email: directornicpr@gmail.com.

Supplementary information

Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1038/s41598-019-41394-9.

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Associated Data

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Supplementary Materials

Table S1, Table S2, Original blot (290.9KB, pdf)

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