Plant Proteomic Research 2.0: Trends and Perspectives

Plants being sessile in nature are constantly exposed to environmental challenges resulting in substantial yield loss. To cope with the harsh environment, plants have developed a wide range of adaptation strategies involving morpho-anatomical, physiological, and biochemical traits [1]. In recent years, there has been phenomenal progress in the understanding of plant responses to environmental cues at the protein level. Advancements in the high-throughput “Omics” technique have revolutionized plant molecular biology research. Proteomics offers one of the best options for the functional analysis of translated regions of the genome and generates much detailed information about the intrinsic mechanisms of plant stress response. This special issue has 29 articles, which includes one review and 28 original articles on proteomic and transcriptomic studies. Various proteomic approaches are being exploited extensively for elucidating master regulatory proteins, which play key roles in stress perception and signaling. They largely involve gel-based and gel-free techniques, including both label-based and label-free protein quantification.

In this special issue, out of the 27 original proteomic publications, 21 articles use the gel-free technique, in which nine are label-free and 12 are label-based. Progress has been fueled by the advancement in mass spectrometry techniques, complemented with genome-sequence data and modern bioinformatic analysis; however, until now the two-dimensional electrophoresis based proteomic technique was used [2] as shown in six articles of this special issue. The review by Ray et al. [3] summarized the potential and limitations of the proteomic approaches and focused on Quercus ilex as a model species for other forest tree species. Regarding the progress of techniques in proteomics with other plant species, the research in Q. ilex moved from a gel-based strategy to a gel-free shotgun workflow. New directions in Q. ilex research leads to the identification of allergens in pollen grains/acorns and the characterization of wood materials, which are objectives clearly approached by proteomics [3]

The impact of diseases on crop production negatively reflects on sustainable food production and the overall economic health of the world. Five publications focus on biotic stress using various proteomic techniques. Khoza et al. [4] used a proteomic technique to identify Arabidopsis plasma-membrane associated candidate proteins in response to fungal treatment as well as those possibly interacting with the microbe-associated molecular pattern as ligands. They identified defense-related proteins and elucidated unknown signaling responses to this microbe-associated molecular pattern, including endocytosis. Furthermore, proteomic techniques were used to identify the mechanism in crops such as tomato [5], sugarcane [6], potato [7], and wheat [8] under biotic stress. Plants and pathogens are entangled in a continual arms race. Because plants have evolved dynamic defense and immune mechanisms to resist infection and enhance immunity for second wave attacks from the same or different types of pathogenic species, proteomics is a very useful technique for comprehensive analysis.

Wang et al. [9] and Gao et al. [10] performed proteomic analysis using the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification of castor and jojoba, respectively, under cold stress. Wang et al. [9] summarized that certain processes they identified cooperatively work together to establish the beneficial equilibrium of physiological and cellular homeostasis under cold stress. Gao et al. [10] indicated that photosynthesis suppression, cytoskeleton and cell wall adjustment, lipid metabolism/transport, reactive oxygen species scavenging, and carbohydrate metabolism were closely associated with the cold stress response. On the other hand, Inomata et al. [11] and Hao et al. [12] performed proteomics to identify the mechanisms in rice and lettuce, respectively, under high temperature. Inomata et al. [11] suggested that their results provide additional insights into carbohydrate metabolism regulation under ambient and adverse conditions. Hao et al. [12] indicated that a high temperature enhances the function of photosynthesis and auxin biosynthesis to promote the process of bolting, which is in line with the physiology and transcription levels of auxin metabolism. Furthermore, drought stress [13] and ultraviolet-B stress [14] were also used for mechanism analyses in maize and Clematis terniflora DC, respectively.

To facilitate the biotechnological improvement of crop productivity, genes, and proteins that control crop adaptation to a wide range of environments will need to be identified. This special issue includes many functional mechanisms of plants with nitrogen utilization [15], ammonium nutrition [16], cadmium exposure [17], nanoparticle treatment [18], and plant-derived smoke treatment [19]. Furthermore, various plants were used such as rice mutants [20], barley [21], Morus alba [22], pea cultivars [23], maize [24], tea [25], Brunfelsia acuminate [26], potato [27], and Phalaenopsis [28]. Due to the challenges faced in text/data mining, there is a large gap between the data available to researchers and the hundreds of published plant stress proteomic articles. PlantPReS is a valuable database for most researchers working in proteomics and plant stress areas [29].

Despite recent advancements, more emphasis needs to be given to the protein-extraction protocols, especially for proteins that are not abundant. Matsuta et al. [30] and Nishiyama et al. [31] used the mass spectrometry technique to identify heterotrimeric G γ4 and γ3 subunit proteins that are not abundant. As RGG4/DEP1/DN1/qPE9-1/OsGGC3 mutants exhibited dwarfism, the tissues that accumulated Gγ4 corresponded to the abnormal tissues observed in RGG4/DEP1/DN1/qPE9-1/OsGGC3 mutants [30]. On the other hand, as RGG3/GS3/Mi/OsGGC1 mutants show the characteristic phenotype in flowers and consequently in seeds, the tissues that accumulated Gγ3 corresponded to the abnormal tissues observed in RGG3/GS3/Mi/OsGGC1 mutants [31]. An amalgamation of diverse mass spectrometry technique, complemented with genome-sequence data and modern bioinformatics analysis, offers a powerful tool to identify and characterize novel proteins. This allows for researchers to follow temporal changes in relative protein abundances in developing/growing plant stage or under adverse environmental conditions.

Furthermore, organelle function, post-translational modifications, and protein-protein interactions, which are progress of proteomic research, provide deeper insight into protein molecular function. The major subcellular organelles and compartments in plant cells are nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, and plasma membrane. The intracellular organelles and their interactions during stressful conditions represent the primary defense response. Subcellular proteomics has the potential to elucidate localized cellular responses and investigate communications among subcellular compartments during plant development and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. This special issue includes the proteomic results in plasma membrane [4,30,31], chloroplast [11], and cell wall [17]. Additionally, the progress of proteomic research is understanding the post-translational modification such as phosphorylation [11,21,27].

Furthermore, proteomic data will be improved with convention regarding metabolomics and transcriptomics [32]. Although there have been significant advances over the years, a big gap still exists between the number of protein-coding genes and proteins detected with sufficient experimental evidence [33]. The guest editor hopes that proteomic data can detect the proteins with less experimental evidence and identify the missing proteins, which mainly use mass spectrometry-based experimental approaches. Although proteomic articles are independently published, the systematic collaborative network will be useful for further functional analyses in the near future. The articles in this special issue will be of general interest to proteomic researchers, plant biologists, and environmental scientists.

The guest editor hopes that this special issue will provide readers with a framework for understanding plant proteomics and insights into new research directions within this field. The guest editor thanks all of the authors for their contributions and thanks the reviewers for their critical assessments of these articles. Moreover, the guest editor renders heartiest thanks to the Assistant Editor, Ms. Chaya Zeng for giving me the opportunity to serve “Plant Proteomic Research 2.0” as guest editor.

Author Contributions

S.K. has made substantial, direct and intellectual contributions to the work, and approved it for publication.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.