Muscle activity of Bulgarian squat. Effects of additional vibration, suspension and unstable surface

Joan Aguilera-Castells; Bernat Buscà; Jose Morales; Mònica Solana-Tramunt; Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe; Fernando Rey-Abella; Jaume Bantulà; Javier Peña

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221710

. 2019 Aug 26;14(8):e0221710. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221710

Muscle activity of Bulgarian squat. Effects of additional vibration, suspension and unstable surface

Joan Aguilera-Castells ^1,^#, Bernat Buscà ^1,^*,^#, Jose Morales ^1,^‡, Mònica Solana-Tramunt ^1,^‡, Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe ^1,^2,^‡, Fernando Rey-Abella ^2,^‡, Jaume Bantulà ^1,^‡, Javier Peña ^3,^#

Editor: Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández⁴

PMCID: PMC6709890 PMID: 31449568

Abstract

Practitioners of strength and conditioning are increasingly using vibration and unstable environments to enhance training effects. However, little evidence has been found comparing the use of suspension devices and vibratory platforms used in the Bulgarian squat. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the effect of suspension devices (TRX^®), unstable surfaces (BOSU^®), and vibration plates on muscle activity and force during the Bulgarian squat. Twenty physically active male students (age = 24.40 ± 3.63 years) performed a set of five repetitions of Bulgarian squats, suspended lunges, suspended lunges-BOSU, suspended lunges-Vibro30, and suspended lunges-Vibro40 (vibration 30 Hz or 40 Hz and 4 mm of amplitude). A randomized within-subject design was used to compare leg muscle activity, vertical ground reaction forces, and force exerted on the strap across the five exercises. Results showed no significant differences in muscle activity between the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge (p = 0.109, d = 2.84). However, the suspended lunge significantly decreased muscle activation compared to the suspended lunge-BOSU (p = 0.012, d = 0.47), suspended lunge-Vibro30 (p = 0.001, d = 1.26), and suspended lunge-Vibro40 (p = 0.000, d = 1.51). Likewise, the Bulgarian squat achieved lower activity than the suspended lunge-Vibro40 (p = 0.010, d = 0.96). The force on the strap significantly decreased in the suspended lunge-BOSU compared to the suspended lunge-Vibro30 (p = 0.009, d = 0.56). The suspended lunge achieved higher front leg force production than the Bulgarian squat (p = 0.006, d = 0.48). In conclusion, leaning the rear leg on a suspension device does not provoke an increase in the activation of the front leg during the Bulgarian squat but increases the vertical ground reaction forces. Thus, the use of unstable surfaces or vibration plates for the front leg increased muscular activity when performing a suspended lunge.

Introduction

In strength and conditioning, recent trends support the use of functional exercises to improve the efficacy of multidirectional sports skills, enhancing the quality of resistance training. These skills include locomotor, manipulative, and stability actions while maintaining control of the kinetic chain [1]. Most of these actions involve unilateral actions of multidirectional jumping, change of direction, and sprinting using different techniques, with a significant anteroposterior, lateral rotational force-vector application [2–4]. Thus, Bulgarian [5] and single-leg squats [6] or side-steps and backward lunges [2] have been a part of effective sport-specific training programs. Nuñez et al. [7] found significant improvements in a 90° change of direction in a unilateral resistance training group compared that in a bilateral training group in team sports. Moreover, Bogdanis et al. [8] showed some evidence supporting the benefits of unilateral resistance training in jumping and rate of force development in physical education students. In the same direction, Gonzalo-Skok et al. [2] demonstrated higher improvements in functional tests (180° change of direction, lateral jump, and one-leg horizontal jump) for a unilateral resistance training group in team sports. The same leading author also found a between limb imbalance reduction following this training paradigm in basketball players [9]. Therefore, due to their specificity and transferability to sports skills, the step-up, standard lunge (two feet on the floor), or Bulgarian squat (rear foot elevated) are among the most widely used exercises to enhance lower body strength [10].

Instability

Coaches, athletes, and fitness enthusiasts are continuously searching for new challenges to increase training demands through the complexity of the exercises, for instance, by modifying the amount of instability or intensity [11]. Thus, the use of devices that create instability has become popular (i.e., BOSU^® Ball, Wobble Board^®). Primarily, unstable devices are used to increase the load of traditional exercises by providing higher muscular demands through superior motor unit recruitment. Such devices also improve neuromuscular coordination to maintain balance during training exercises [12]. As Behm et al. [11] stated, strength training on unstable surfaces or unstable implements provides an augmented degree of instability compared to stable surfaces. Hence, destabilizing environments provide more varied and effective training stimuli, enhancing neuromuscular adaptations [13]. Likewise, some evidence supports the idea that instability training elicits higher activity of several upper body and trunk muscles than traditional exercises such as push-ups, sit-ups, and back extensions. Anderson et al. [14] recruited highly trained individuals to examine triceps brachii, erector spinae, rectus abdominis, internal oblique and soleus activation while performing traditional and unstable push-ups in the single (hands or feet on the unstable surface) or dual (both hands and feet on the unstable surface) condition. The authors found that the dual condition provoked the highest percentage of change (>150%) for all the analyzed muscles than the other conditions. Besides, a significant linear effect was found between the amount of instability provided and level of muscle activity in all muscles and exercise conditions. Cosio-Lima et al. ‘s study [15] showed that after 5 weeks of sit-up and back extension unstable training (Swiss ball) in untrained college women, muscle activity of rectus abdominis and erector spinae significantly increased compared to that of a control group. Furthermore, some evidence of this has been found in lower body exercises such as standard lunges [16] and Bulgarian squats [17]. Concretely, performing standard lunges and Bulgarian squats involves the activation of the gluteus maximus and medius, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and gastrocnemius [18,19]. In order to assess muscle activity during a standard lunge, Boudreau et al. [18] used surface electromyography to measure the activity of rectus femoris, gluteus medius, and gluteus maximus in healthy individuals and demonstrated that the activation of gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, and rectus femoris ranged from low to moderate (from <21% to 40%) maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Others authors [19] have examined the effect of performing a Bulgarian squat (loaded) on the activity of gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and gastrocnemius and reported that Bulgarian squats provoked higher muscular recruitment (>638 mV) in the quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and lateralis) than in the hamstrings (biceps femoris and semitendinosus), gluteus maximus, and gastrocnemius (all of them <396 mV). DeForest et al. [19] reported that all analyzed muscles achieved higher activation during the concentric phase than in the eccentric phase.

Regarding the effects of unstable conditions in the lower body, only Andersen et al. [17] examined the effect of performing a standardized Bulgarian squat (6-RM loaded) under stable (front leg on the floor) and unstable (front leg on a foam cushion) conditions on the hip and thigh muscles of healthy trained participants. Bulgarian squats significantly increased the activation of biceps femoris under stable conditions compared to those under unstable conditions (stable vs. unstable: 215.5 ± 106.7% MVIC vs. 193.3 101.5% MVIC, p = 0.030), and there were no significant differences for rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and gastrocnemius, and all of them achieved a high activation (>60% MVIC) under both exercise conditions. In contrast, Youdas et al. [16] found that surface (stable vs. unstable) and sex have a significant effect on the activations of rectus femoris (women vs. men in stable surface: 33.9% MVIC vs. 20.1% MVIC, respectively; p = 0.04) and hamstring (men vs. women in unstable surface: 37.9% MVIC vs. 19.9% MVIC, respectively; p = 0.04) during the extension of a standard lunge in healthy recreational athletes. Thus, evidence that the use of unstable surfaces increases muscular demands during Bulgarian squat and standard lunge exercises is weak.

Whole-body vibrations

Other devices such as whole-body vibration (WBV) platforms are commonly used to increase neuromuscular performance in strength training. These platforms modify workloads through vibration (side-alternating vibration or synchronous vibration), frequency (in Hz), and amplitude (peak to peak displacement, in mm) and, as a consequence, the magnitude of acceleration following the muscle tuning paradigm [20,21]. WBV is applied to the muscle or tendon to elicit tonic vibration reflex [22], and the beneficial effects of WBV have been demonstrated in lower limb exercises (squat, half-squat, Bulgarian squat, or lunge) in different cohorts such as untrained, recreationally active, and older adults [23,24]. As for muscle activation, vastus lateralis recruitment increases when performing 60 s of static half-squat with 100° of knee flexion at three different WBV frequencies (30, 40, and 50 Hz) with 10 mm of amplitude [25]. Likewise, Di Giminiani [26] reported that performing 20 s of static half-squat in four different positions (knee flexion angle ranging from 90° to 120°) with WBV (45–55 Hz and 1 mm of amplitude) increased the activation of vastus lateralis compared to a half-squat with no vibration applied in male sport sciences students. Moreover, Ritzmann et al. [27] found that a progressive increase in WBV frequencies (from 5 to 30 Hz) and amplitudes (from 2 to 4 mm) causes a progressive increase in the activation of vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris while performing 10 s of static half-squat. Thus, frequencies ranging from 30 to 55 Hz and amplitudes from 2 to 5 mm elicited the highest response in the muscles mentioned above [23,27,28]. Although WBV increases the activation of thigh muscles during lower body exercises, such as the squat, Bulgarian squat, or lunge, there is a rising interest in enhancing muscular activity through the use of different suspension devices. Furthermore, the use of a combination of different methods to increase muscular activation has been investigated [29–31]. Vibratory platforms, flywheels, rubber bands, or pulley machines have been used together with other devices such as Pielaster^®, Swiss Balls, Freeman plates, and BOSU^® to create instability. Moras et al. [32] recently compared the variability in force production of a stable and unstable bilateral squat using a flywheel machine and found no significant differences between both conditions in terms of sample entropy in healthy trained men. Nevertheless, combinations of suspension devices with other training methods are still unexplored.

Suspension devices

In suspension training, a suspension device is required to create an unstable condition. This method utilizes a system of straps with handles on the bottom and attached to a single anchor point [33]. This device acts as a pendulum by rotating around the singular anchor point. The suspension device uses body weight and fundamental principles (vector resistance, stability, and pendulum) to enhance motor unit recruitment [34]. The effects of using a suspension device on lower body muscle activity have been investigated while performing a hamstring curl. Specifically, Malliaropoulos et al. [35] examined the effect of ten hamstring loading exercises (standard lunge, single-leg Romanian deadlift T-drop, kettlebell swing, bridge, suspended hamstring curl, hamstring bridge, curl, Nordic exercise, Swiss ball flexion and slide leg exercise) on biceps femoris and semitendinosus recruitment in elite female track and field athletes and reported that the biceps femoris and semitendinosus achieved a very high activation (>60% MVIC) in the suspended hamstring curls compared to the high-to-low activity (<60% MVIC) for the standard lunge, single-leg Romanian deadlift T-drop, kettlebell swing, bridge, hamstring bridge, curl, and Nordic exercise. However, the suspended hamstring curl was less demanding for the biceps femoris (84% MVIC) and semitendinosus, (75% MVIC) than the Swiss ball flexion and the slide leg exercise, both with muscle activity >90% MVIC. Recently, Krause et al. [36] assessed the activation of hip and thigh muscles during a suspended lunge (rear leg leaning on the suspension device cradles) and its counterpart. The suspended lunge exercise achieved significantly higher activation in the hamstring, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and adductor longus than the standard lunge. Despite this, the authors did not find significant differences in the rectus femoris between the exercise conditions.

Forces in suspension training

Apart from muscular activation, force production is also useful in assessing the load involved in strength exercises. Several studies have examined the forces exerted in different lower limb exercises. Comfort et al. [37] reported that single-leg squat achieved greater peak vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF) and higher ankle-joint moment, but a lower hip-moment, compared to the joint kinetics and kinematics analyses of forward and reverse lunges. Other studies have assessed the load on the suspension strap and VGRF in upper body exercises. Melrose and Dawes [38] measured the force exerted on the suspension strap while performing an isometric suspended inverted row in college students. These authors found that the percentage of body mass resistance on the suspension strap increases from 37.4% to 79.4% when the trunk-leg inclination is closer to the floor (from 30° to 75°). Likewise, Gulmez [39] recruited male sport sciences students to examine the force on the suspension strap and VGRF while performing isometric suspended push-ups under two conditions (elbow flexion and elbow extension). The study found that when trunk-leg inclination is modified (from 45° to 0°), the percentage of body mass resistance increases (elbow flexion: 36.8% to 75.3%; elbow extension: 11.9% to 50.4%), while VGRF decreases (elbow flexion: 80.7% to 32.2%; elbow extension: 97.5% to 46.6%). However, the effect of load on the suspension strap while performing lower body exercises such as squats, standard lunges, Bulgarian squats, or hamstring curls has apparently not been assessed yet. Conversely, the effects of other sources of instability on force production have been examined for lower body exercises. Previous studies have shown that an unstable environment leads to decreased force output [40,41]. Saeterbakken & Fimland [42] examined squat exercise on four different unstable surfaces and the BOSU^® condition, obtaining the lowest force output value compared to a stable squat condition. Likewise, another investigation reported that BOSU^® and T-Bow^® deadlift conditions significantly decreased force production in deadlift on the floor [43]. Although the literature review suggests that unstable surfaces reduce force production, the dual condition (two destabilizing materials or WBV with an unstable surface) might increase muscle activation [29,44]. However, Byrne et al. [45] reported no significant difference when studying the dual condition on the suspended plank.

To the best of our knowledge, there is insufficient evidence of muscle activity and force production when a suspended lower body exercise is performed. Therefore, our primary purpose is to study the effect of suspension devices on muscle activity during a Bulgarian squat. Second, we aim to determine the effect of adding an unstable surface and WBV on muscle activity in the suspended lunge. Regarding force production, the objective was to quantify the effect of adding an unstable surface and WBV on the forces exerted on the suspension strap by the rear leg. We also compared the VGRF produced by the front leg between the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge. Therefore, it was hypothesized that 1) a suspended lunge results in greater muscle activation than a Bulgarian squat, 2) muscle activation under Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge conditions (suspended, suspended-BOSU, suspended-vibration 30 Hz, and suspended-vibration 40 Hz) significantly differs in all analyzed muscles (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris of the rear leg), 3) the force exerted on the suspension strap is significantly lower in suspended lunge-BOSU than under the other suspended lunge conditions, and 4) the suspended lunge condition elicits a higher VGRF load on the front leg than the Bulgarian squat.

Materials and methods

Design

A repeated measures design was used to compare electromyographic activity and force output (force exerted on the suspension strap and VGRF) during the Bulgarian squat and under four suspended lunge conditions. Twenty participants were recruited to perform the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunges. Bulgarian squats were performed with the front foot on the floor and the rear foot leaning on a bench. Suspended lunge conditions were a) suspended lunge (front foot on the floor and the rear foot leaning within the suspension device cradle), b) suspended lunge-BOSU (same as the previous exercise with front foot on BOSU^®), c) suspended lunge-Vibro30 (front foot on the WBV platform at 30 Hz and 4 mm of amplitude), and d) suspended lunge-Vibro40 (same as the previous exercise with 40 Hz and 4 mm of amplitude). All suspended lunge conditions were executed using a TRX Suspension Trainer^™ device. An S-Type Load Cell was used to measure the force exerted on the suspension strap by the suspended lower limb. The load cell was displayed on the suspension device. A force plate was utilized to register VGRF from the front leg in both the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to measure muscle activity in the dominant leg (front leg). The following muscles were analyzed: 1) rectus femoris, 2) biceps femoris, 3) gluteus medius, 4) vastus medialis, and 5) vastus lateralis. Additionally, activity in the rectus femoris of the rear leg was registered across the five exercises.

Participants

Twenty healthy and physically active male university students (mean age = 24.40 ± 3.63 years, range: 20–31 years, height = 1.79 ± 0.06 m, body mass = 78.06 ± 1.70 kg, body mass index = 24.35 ± 1.58 kg·m^-2) were voluntarily recruited for this study. Subjects had been physically active with at least three sessions per week with a minimum duration of 30 min. Additionally, eight of the included subjects played soccer, six played basketball, three played handball, and three played tennis. Subjects were excluded if they presented any injuries and/or pain related to cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, or neurological disorders. All subjects were asked to come to the experimental session after refraining from high intensity physical activity for 24 h before the testing, and they consumed no food, drinks, or stimulants (i.e., caffeine) 3–4 h before testing. During the familiarization session, all subjects signed the written informed consent after receiving a clear explanation of the experimental procedures, exercise protocol, benefits, and possible risks associated with their participation. The Ethics and Research Committee Board at Blanquerna Faculty of Psychology and Educational and Sports Sciences of Ramon Llull University of Barcelona approved this study with reference number 1819005D. All protocols conducted in this research complied with the requirements specified in the Declaration of Helsinki (revised in Fortaleza, Brazil, 2013). In accordance with the PLOS consent guidelines, participants gave their written informed consent for their images to be reproduced in this manuscript.

Procedures

The study was conducted in two sessions: familiarization and experimental. They were performed at the same time in the morning, separated by a week. During the familiarization session, researchers recorded the age, weight, and height of each subject, and measured leg length, which was defined as the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus of the tibia [18]. Leg dominance was determined by asking subjects which leg they would use to kick a ball [46]. The dominant leg was used as the front leg in the Bulgarian squat and under suspended lunge conditions. To verify adherence to pre-test instructions, all subjects completed a standardized questionnaire. Subjects were familiarized with the exercise procedures by performing two sets of five repetitions under each exercise condition (Bulgarian squat, suspended lunge, suspended lunge-BOSU, suspended lunge-Vibro30, and suspended lunge-Vibro40), to achieve proper technique before data collection. A 1-min resting period between repetitions and a 2-min resting period between exercises were allowed to avoid fatigue.

During the experimental session, subjects were outfitted with surface electrodes and completed a MVIC test. Before the MVIC test, subjects performed a standardized warm-up, which consisted of 5 minutes of cycling with 100 W of cadence maintaining 60 revolutions per minute. After the MVIC test protocol, each subject performed a set of five consecutive repetitions of the Bulgarian squat and the suspended lunge exercises. The objective was to perform the different tasks at a controlled pace, maintaining posture as consistently as possible. The suspended lunge was performed under 4 conditions: 1) suspended lunge, 2) suspended lunge-BOSU, 3) suspended lunge-Vibro30 (WBV at 30 Hz and 4 mm of amplitude), and 4) suspended lunge-Vibro40 (WBV at 40 Hz and 4 mm of amplitude). In the suspended lunge-Vibro30 and -Vibro40, the WBV plate was set at 30 and 40 Hz, respectively. These frequencies show the highest demands for the knee thigh muscles in similar tasks [23,27,28]. The strength and conditioning methods used in the study procedures, including suspension, unstable surfaces, and WBV, are frequently used in several sports where the inclusion of additional weight is less common (i.e., soccer, field hockey, tennis, paddle tennis, and badminton).

The Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge exercise orders were randomized between subjects and 90 seconds of rest between exercises was allowed to prevent fatigue. Pace was standardized using a metronome (Pro Metronome application, version 3.13.2; EUM Lab-Xannin Technology Gmbh., Hangzhou, CHN) set at 70 beats per minute (bpm), and the tether of a positional encoder (WSB 16k-200; ASM Inc., Moosinning, DEU) was attached to the hip and used to measure its vertical displacement during all exercises. Trials were discarded and repeated if subjects were unable to perform the exercises with the correct technique.

Surface electromyography signal

All sEMG values were recorded using a BIOPAC MP-150 at a sampling rate of 1.0 kHz. Data were analyzed using the AcqKnowledge 4.2 software (BIOPAC System, INC., Goleta, CA). sEMG signals were bandpass filtered at 50–500 Hz while utilizing a 4^th order Butterworth filter. Root mean square sEMG signals were recorded throughout each exercise. The mean root mean square data were then normalized to the maximal voluntary isometric contraction and reported as % MVIC.

Bipolar sEMG electrodes (Biopac EL504 disposable Ag-AgCl) with an inter-electrode distance of 2 cm were used. Surface electrodes were placed on the dominant leg (front leg) on the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gluteus medius, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis. An additional electrode was placed on the rectus femoris of the rear leg. Before affixing the electrodes, the subject’s skin sites were prepared for application through shaving, exfoliation, and alcohol cleansing in order to reduce impedance from dead surface tissue and oils [47]. After that, the electrodes were placed following the SENIAM Project recommendations [47]. Electrodes for the rectus femoris (front and rear leg) were placed at 50% on the line running from the anterior spine iliac superior to the superior part of the patella, those for the biceps femoris were placed at 50% on the line between the ischial tuberosity and lateral epicondyle of the tibia, those for the gluteus medius were placed at 50% on the line from the crista iliac to the trochanter, those for the vastus medialis were placed at 80% on the line between the anterior spine iliac superior and joint space in front of the anterior border of the medial ligament, and those for the vastus lateralis were placed at 2/3 on the line from the anterior superior spine iliac to the lateral side of the patella. A ground surface electrode was placed directly over the right anterior superior iliac spine.

Force measurements

VGRF was measured using a force plate (Kistler 9260AA, Winterthur, Switzerland) equipped with a data acquisition system (Kistler 5695b, Winterthur, Switzerland). Raw data were acquired (sampling rate 1,000 Hz) using the MARS software (Kistler, Winterthur, Switzerland). Calibration of the system was performed according to the MARS software recommendations. While the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge were performed, subjects centered their forward foot at a fixed position on the force plate.

To record the load on the suspension device, an S-Type Load Cell (model CZL301C; Phidgets Inc., Alberta, CAN) was displayed between the anchor point (2.95 m from the ground) and suspension device straps. Data were collected (sampling rate 200 Hz) using BIOPAC MP-150 (BIOPAC System, INC., Goleta, CA) and its original software (AcqKnowledge 4.2; BIOPAC System, INC., Goleta, CA). The system was calibrated according to the manufacturer’s recommendations in the manual.

Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)

Prior to the exercise trials described below, subjects performed three 5-s MVICs for each muscle, and the trial with the higher sEMG signal was selected in accordance with Jakobsen et al. [48]. Subjects were instructed to increase muscle contraction force gradually towards maximum for a period longer than 2 s, sustain the MVIC for 3 s, and release the force again slowly. Three minutes of rest was allowed between each MVIC, and standardized verbal encouragement was provided to motivate all subjects to achieve maximal muscle activation. Positions during the MVICs were based on the Konrad [49] protocol for the dominant leg (front leg) muscles: rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gluteus medius; and for rectus femoris of the rear leg. To obtain the MVIC of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis, subjects performed an isometric 90° single leg knee extension in a seated position against matched resistance (i.e., resistance forceful enough to elicit an isometric contraction from the subject). The resistance was matched using an ankle bracelet attached to a cable that was anchored to a stretcher, thereby guaranteeing a fixed position. To obtain the MVIC of the biceps femoris, subjects performed an isometric 20–30° single-knee flexion in a prone-lying position against a matched resistance. Lastly, the MVIC for the gluteus medius was performed with subjects in a fixed side-lying position. An isometric hip abduction was then performed against a matched resistance. The exercise trials were performed once all MVICs were collected.

Exercise trials

To normalize the height and stepped distance under all the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge conditions, the height of both the Bulgarian squat bench and suspension device straps was normalized to 60% of the subject’s leg length; this length added the height of the force plate, BOSU^®, and WBV platform (i.e., total height strap = 60% of subject’s leg length + BOSU^®’s height). The distance that the subjects stepped in all the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge conditions was normalized to 80% of their leg length, measured as the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus of the tibia, in accordance with Boudreau et al. [18]. Regarding the exercise load, all subjects used their bodyweight as a load in the Bulgarian squat and under the suspended lunge conditions. The proper techniques for the exercises were as follows:

Bulgarian squat: Subjects were instructed to stand upright with one foot in front and the other behind the body. Subjects held their arms crossed on their chest, and their upper body was maintained upright with a lower back natural sway throughout the exercise. Subjects lowered the body (eccentric phase) until the forward knee flexed to 90°, and subsequently returned the body to the starting position with a full knee extension of the forward leg (concentric phase), maintaining an erect trunk position, as required for subjects. The forward foot was placed at a fixed position with the heel contact on a force plate. The rear foot (instep) was leaned on a horizontal press bench. To adjust the height of the rear leg, EVA foam play mat pieces were used and fixed with a cinch strap (Fig 1). The contact point between the horizontal press bench and foot was controlled so that it was identical in all repetitions.
Suspended lunge: Prior to performing this exercise, a TRX Suspension Trainer (Fitness Anywhere, San Francisco, CA) was secured in the anchor point. Subjects were instructed to assume a lunge position with the rear foot placed within the suspension device cradle with a slight plantar flexion (Fig 1). The forward foot was placed on a force plate. Then, subjects performed the lunge as previously described.
Suspended lunge-BOSU: A BOSU^® ball (BOSU^®, Ashland, OH) was used to perform this exercise. Subjects assumed the above-stated position but with the forward foot placed upon the BOSU^®, dome side up (Fig 1).
Suspended lunge-Vibro30: A WBV platform (Compex^® Winplate; DJO UK Ltd., Guildford, GBR) was used to perform this exercise. Subjects were instructed to place the forward foot and maintain the heel in contact upon the Compex Winplate. The WBV platform setting was 30 Hz of frequency and 4 mm of amplitude (high) (Fig 1). Subjects then performed the lunge as previously described.
Suspended lunge-Vibro40: Subjects performed the lunge with a WBV platform set at 40 Hz of frequency and 4 mm of amplitude (high). They placed the rear foot in the suspension straps using the same techniques as previously described (Fig 1).

Data analysis

All sEMG signal analyses were performed using the AcqKnowledge 4.2 (BIOPAC System, INC., Goleta, CA). The sEMG signals related to isometric exercises were analyzed by using the three middle seconds of the 5-s isometric contraction. The sEMG signals of the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge conditions were analyzed by taking the average of the three middle repetitions. The first and fifth repetitions were excluded from data analysis. The sEMG amplitude in the domain was quantified using the root mean square. The mean root mean square values were selected for every trail and normalized to the maximum EMG (%MVIC). The global mean of all muscles (i.e., rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gluteus medius, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris of the rear leg) was also calculated (arithmetic mean) and analyzed. To facilitate comparison of muscle activation between conditions, activation was categorized into four levels: >60%, very high; 41–60%, high; 21–40%, moderate; and <21%, low [50].

Recorded load data from the force plate and load cell were analyzed using the entire lunge phase (eccentric-concentric repetition). Maximum force values reached in the entire phase were used during the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge conditions. The first and fifth repetitions were excluded from data analysis.

To normalize the load, an equation was calculated for each subject based on load and body weight (load_norm = load / body weight x 100) in accordance with Gulmez [39]. The normalized values were expressed as a percentage of the total load.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was accomplished using SPSS (Version 20 for Mac; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The sEMG signal of each muscle analyzed through all the Bulgarian and suspended lunge conditions, forces exerted on the suspension strap, VGRF, and MVICs assessment were measured. The intra-rater reliability of all the dependent variables was assessed using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and their 95% confidence intervals based on mean-rating (k = 3), absolute-agreement, two-way mixed effects model. The ICC was interpreted using the recommendations of Koo & Li [51] such as poor (<0.5), moderate (0.5–0.75), good (0.75–0.90), or excellent (>0.90) reliability. The number of subjects chosen was based on effect size 0.30 SD with an α level of 0.05 and power at 0.95 using G Power Software (University of Dusseldorf, Germany). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to confirm that data were normally distributed to approve the use of parametric techniques. The results are reported as mean ± standard deviation. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to examine the effect of exercise condition on mean muscle activation and the forces exerted on the suspension straps. A paired t-test was conducted to compare VGRF produced by the front leg on the force plate in Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge. The Greenhouse-Greisser correction was used when the assumption of sphericity (Mauchly’s test) was violated. Post hoc analysis with Bonferroni correction was used in case of significant main effects. Effect sizes are reported as partial eta-squared (η_p²), with cut-off values of 0.01–0.05, 0.06–0.13, and >0.14 for small, medium, and large effects, respectively. For pairwise comparison, the Cohen’s d effect size was calculated [52], and the magnitude of the effect size was interpreted as <0.2 = trivial; 0.2–0.6 = small; 0.6–1.2 = moderate; 1.2–2.0 = large; >2.0 = very large [53]. Significance was accepted when p value was <0.05.

Results

The ICC demonstrated good to excellent reliability under all exercise conditions for the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gluteus medius, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris of the rear leg (Table 1). The MVIC assessment demonstrated an excellent reliability for the rectus femoris (0.955; 95% CI: 0.90–0.98), rectus femoris of the rear leg (0.973; 95% CI: 0.94–0.98), vastus medialis (0.945; 95% CI: 0.88–0.97), vastus lateralis (0.956; 95% CI: 0.90–0.98), biceps femoris (0.956; 95% CI: 0.90–0.98), and gluteus medius (0.987; 95% CI: 0.97–0.99). The ICC for the forces exerted on the suspension straps for the suspended lunge (0.982; 95% CI: 0.95–0.99), suspended lunge-BOSU (0.956; 95% CI: 0.90–0.98), suspended lunge-Vibro30 (0.978; 95% CI: 0.95–0.99), and suspended lunge-Vibro40 (0.973; 95% CI: 0.94–0.98) demonstrated an excellent reliability. The ICC showed an excellent reliability for VGRF under the Bulgarian squat (0.996; 95% CI: 0.99–0.99) and suspended lunge (0. 995; 95% CI: 0.98–0.99).

Table 1. Reliability values for each muscle analyzed under the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge conditions.

Intra-rater reliability is expressed as ICC (95% CI).

	Exercise condition	ICC (95% CI)
Rectus Femoris	Bulgarian squat	0.943 (0.88–0.97)
	Suspended lunge	0.882 (0.75–0.95)
	Suspended lunge-BOSU	0.888 (0.76–0.95)
	Suspended lunge-Vibro30	0.899 (0.78–0.95)
	Suspended lunge-Vibro40	0.945 (0.88–0.97)
Biceps Femoris	Bulgarian squat	0.919 (0.83–0.96)
	Suspended lunge	0.871 (0.73–0.94)
	Suspended lunge-BOSU	0.878 (0.74–0.94)
	Suspended lunge-Vibro30	0.795 (0.57–0.91)
	Suspended lunge-Vibro40	0.990 (0.97–0.99)
Gluteus Medius	Bulgarian squat	0.895 (0.78–0.95)
	Suspended lunge	0.894 (0.77–0.95)
	Suspended lunge-BOSU	0.946 (0.88–0.97)
	Suspended lunge-Vibro30	0.941 (0.87–0.97)
	Suspended lunge-Vibro40	0.925 (0.84–0.96)
Vastus Medialis	Bulgarian squat	0.947 (0.88–0.97)
	Suspended lunge	0.914 (0.82–0.96)
	Suspended lunge-BOSU	0.935 (0.86–0.97)
	Suspended lunge-Vibro30	0.904 (0.79–0.95)
	Suspended lunge-Vibro40	0.918 (0.82–0.96)
Vastus Lateralis	Bulgarian squat	0.880 (0.74–0.94)
	Suspended lunge	0.916 (0.82–0.96)
	Suspended lunge-BOSU	0.926 (0.84–0.96)
	Suspended lunge-Vibro30	0.758 (0.49–0.89)
	Suspended lunge-Vibro40	0.922 (0.83–0.96)
Rectus Femoris_RL	Bulgarian squat	0.887 (0.76–0.95)
	Suspended lunge	0.855 (0.69–0.93)
	Suspended lunge-BOSU	0.856 (0.70–0.93)
	Suspended lunge-Vibro30	0.911 (0.78–0.96)
	Suspended lunge-Vibro40	0.959 (0.91–0.98)

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RL = Rear leg; CI = Confidence interval

The main effects of exercise condition were identified for mean muscle activation of the rectus femoris [F_(2.57,48.79) = 8.557 p = 0.000, η_p² = 0.31], biceps femoris [F_(4,76) = 3.495 p = 0.011, η_p² = 0.15], gluteus medius [F_(4,76) = 17.467 p = 0.000, η_p² = 0.47], vastus medialis [F_(4,76) = 5.578 p = 0.001, η_p² = 0.23], vastus lateralis [F_(4,76) = 6.074 p = 0.003, η_p² = 0.24], rectus femoris of the rear leg [F_(4,76) = 5.501 p = 0.001, η_p² = 0.23]; mean muscle activation of the front leg muscles (Global_FL) [F_(4,76) = 18.611 p = 0.000, η_p² = 0.49]; and mean muscle activation of all muscles (Global) [F_(4,76) = 10.524 p = 0.000, η_p² = 0.36]. The suspended lunge provided lower but non-significant activations than the Bulgarian squat for the biceps femoris (p = 0.392, d = 1.33), gluteus medius (p = 1.000, d = 0.27), vastus medialis (p = 1.000, d = 0.63), vastus lateralis (p = 0.647, d = 1.66), Global_FL (p = 1.000, d = 1.78), and Global (p = 0.109, d = 2.84). Furthermore, the suspended lunge showed significantly lower activations than the suspended lunge-BOSU, suspended lunge-Vibro30, and suspended lunge-Vibro40 in the muscles above (Table 2). Pairwise comparisons details between exercise conditions and all muscle activation data are presented in Table 2. The percentage of electromyographic activations for all suspended lunges related to the Bulgarian squat conditions is shown in Fig 2.

Table 2. Normalized electromyographic activation for each lower body muscle under different lunge conditions as a percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC).

Values are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM).

	Bulgarian Squat (a)	Suspended Lunge (b)	Suspended Lunge-BOSU (c)	Suspended Lunge-Vibro30 (d)	Suspended Lunge-Vibro40 (e)	P-value (effect size d)
						a-c	b-c	d-c	d-e
RF_FL	32.72 ± 3.48^†	33.50 ± 3.45^†	45.30 ± 4.28	35.16 ± 3.96^†^§	44.90 ± 5.72	0.010 (0.72)	0.002 (0.68)	0.001 (0.55)	0.012 (0.44)
						b-d	b-e
BF	24.50 ± 2.40	21.48 ± 2.14^☨^§	27.21 ± 2.21	28.07 ± 2.30	26.92 ± 2.38	0.044 (0.66)	0.014 (0.54)
						a-c	a-e	b-c	b-d	b-e
Gmed	46.53 ± 4.18^†^§	45.54 ± 3.15^†^☨^§	65.67 ± 4.85	55.73 ± 4.67	65.59 ± 4.98	0.000 (0.95)	0.001 (0.93)	0.000 (1.10)	0.022 (0.57)	0.000 (1.08)
						a-e	b-e
VM	64.58 ± 3.75^§	62.18 ± 3.90^§	67.61 ± 2.87	69.05 ± 4.45	76.23 ± 4.57	0.014 (0.62)	0.006 (0.74)
						b-d	b-e
VL	72.34 ± 4.81	64.92 ± 4.13^☨^§	76.79 ± 3.80	81.13 ± 6.31	87.63 ± 5.49	0.038 (0.68)	0.03 (1.05)
						c-a
RF_RL	33.51 ± 3.76	24.69 ± 3.87	23.61 ± 2.56^*	26.31 ± 3.09	28.60 ± 3.00	0.019 (0.69)
						a-c	a-e	b-c	b-d	b-e	d-e
GL_FL	47.94 ± 1.40^†^§	45.52 ± 1.31^†^☨^§	56.31 ± 1.96	53.83 ± 1.89^§	60.26 ± 2.32	0.005 (1.10)	0.000 (1.44)	0.000 (1.44)	0.001 (1.14)	0.000 (1.75)	0.043 (0.68)
						a-e	b-c	b-d	b-e
GL	46.75 ± 1.48^§	42.76 ± 1.33^†^☨^§	50.64 ± 2.20	50.53 ± 1.46	54.37 ± 2.03	0.010 (0.96)	0.012 (0.97)	0.001 (1.26)	0.000 (1.51)

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RF_FL = Rectus femoris front leg; BF = Biceps femoris; Gmed = Gluteus medius; VM = Vastus medialis; VL = Vastus lateralis; RF_RL = Rectus femoris rear leg; GL_FL = Global mean of the five front leg muscles; GL = Global mean of the six muscles

* = Significantly lower than Bulgarian squat;

^† = Significantly lower than Suspension lunge-BOSU

^☨ = Significantly lower than Suspension lunge-Vibro30;

^§ = Significantly lower than Suspension lunge-Vibro40

Fig 2 — **Each bar represents the mean, and the error bar represents the standard error of the mean (SEM)**. FL = Front leg; RL = Rear leg.

Fig 3 shows the forces exerted on the suspension straps by the rear leg for each suspended lunge condition and VGRF produced by the front leg in the Bulgarian and suspended lunge exercises. An exercise condition main effect was found for the forces exerted by the rear leg on the suspension strap [F_(3,57) = 5.106 p = 0.003, η_p² = 0.21]. The force exerted on the suspension strap was significantly lower during the suspended lunge-BOSU than during the suspended lunge-Vibro30 (p = 0.009, d = 0.56) (Fig 3a). Furthermore, the front leg force production was significantly higher during the suspended lunge than during the Bulgarian squat (t₍₁₉₎ = -3.106, p = 0.006, d = 0.48) (Fig 3b).

Discussion

The main findings of the study were that the effect of the suspension strap does not provoke an increase of the muscle activity in the front leg in the suspended lunge and the lack of a consistent support point was equally demanding for the analyzed muscles. Thus, similar muscle activation of suspended lunges as that of Bulgarian squats ranged from moderate (rectus femoris and biceps femoris) to high (gluteus medius) and very high (vastus medialis and lateralis), which reinforces this argument. All the suspended lunge conditions, except the suspended lunge-BOSU, showed a higher but non-significant activation of the rectus femoris compared to the Bulgarian squat. The suspended lunge-BOSU achieved a significantly higher activation of the rectus femoris compared to the moderate activity in the Bulgarian squat (p = 0.010, d = 0.72). The same recruitment patterns for the rectus femoris were found by Krause et al. [36] who reported non-significant differences in the activation of the rectus femoris in the standard lunge compared to that in the suspended lunge (22.1 ± 22.2%MVIC vs. 24.5 ± 22.0%MVIC, p = 0.434). Furthermore, Andersen et al. [17] did not find significant differences in the activation of the rectus femoris while performing a 6-RM Bulgarian squat under stable and unstable conditions (stable vs. unstable: 70.7 ± 18.3%MVIC vs. 68.9 ± 16.1%MVIC). On the other hand, it seems that performing a unilateral lower limb exercise with a suspension strap on the rear leg or an unstable surface on the front leg causes higher demands for the rectus femoris. This is because the primary role of the rectus femoris in the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge could be the control of the hip flexion and knee extension movements, instead of stabilizing the abduction, adduction, and rotational movements of the hip and pelvis [36].

Regarding the remaining front leg muscles, the Bulgarian squat showed a slightly greater but non-significant muscle recruitment compared to the suspended lunge. For the biceps femoris, the activation was moderate; in the gluteus medius, the activation was high; and in the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis, the activation was very high among the conditions. As reported in previous studies, the vastus medialis and lateralis achieved a higher, but non-significant, very-high activation during a 6-RM Bulgarian squat compared to the unstable Bulgarian squat [17]. The study conducted by Mausehund et al. [54], in healthy and moderate strength-trained students, indicated that the activation of the vastus lateralis was higher, but not significant, for the 6-RM Bulgarian squat than for the 6-RM split squat and single-leg squat, even though both exercises registered a very high level of activity. These authors also showed non-significant differences for the gluteus medius while performing the Bulgarian squat and split squat, even though these two exercises provided a moderate activity of the gluteus medius. The Bulgarian squat was more gluteus medius demanding. Likewise, DeForest et al. [19] reported that during the concentric phase of a loaded Bulgarian squat, the activation of the biceps femoris (around 390 mV) and vastus medialis (around 640 mV) and lateralis (around 670 mV) was higher than that of a bilateral and split squat. In contrast, Krause et al. [36] reported that the suspended lunge increases significantly the muscle recruitment for the hamstring and gluteus medius (13.1 ± 20.1% MVIC; 24.1 ± 15.1%MVIC, respectively) compared to a standard lunge (hamstring: 8.7 ± 13.2%MVIC, p = 0.01; gluteus medius: 15.3 ± 11.4% MVIC, p = 0.01). Exercise technique may explain the differences in muscle activity because previous studies showed that when performing a standard lunge, in healthy subjects, the muscle activity of the biceps femoris was low [55,56], that of the gluteus medius ranged from low to moderate [18,55], and that of the vastus medialis and lateralis ranged from high to very high [55,56]. Differently, the Bulgarian squat is more demanding than the standard lunge. Previous studies showed that the activity of the biceps femoris and vastus (medialis and lateralis) was very high [17,54] and that of the gluteus medius was moderate [54]. Thus, performing a Bulgarian squat with the front leg on the floor demands a higher hip and thigh muscle recruitment than a standard lunge, and therefore, the difference in the muscle activation between the traditional and suspended exercises is higher in case of a standard lunge than the Bulgarian squat. Furthermore, leaning the rear leg on the suspension strap appears to produce a decrease in the recruitment of these muscles.

Another finding was the need for a dual condition to elicit higher muscle activation, in the front leg (suspended lunge-BOSU, suspended lunge-Vibro30, and suspended lunge-Vibro40) but not in the rear leg. The two conditions eliciting higher activation of the rectus femoris and gluteus medius in the front leg were suspended lunge-BOSU (45.30 ± 4.28%MVIC; 65.67 ± 4.85%MVIC, respectively) and suspended lunge-Vibro40 (44.90 ± 5.72%MVIC; 65.59 ± 4.98%MVIC, respectively). For these muscles, the stimulus provoked by the BOSU^® conditions could be equivalent, in terms of muscle activation, with those offered by the WBV platform at 40 Hz-high, but not at 30 Hz-high. Pollock et al. [57] found in healthy participants standing on a WBV platform at 30 Hz of frequency and 5.5 mm of amplitude that the rectus femoris recruitment was significantly higher than when WBV was set at 5 Hz of frequency and the same amplitude. These authors indicated that muscle recruitment for the rectus femoris depends on the frequency and amplitude of vibration. This finding suggests that dual conditions with WBV and compliant environments compromised the postural stability, leading to increased muscle tuning mechanisms and muscle contraction [29,58]. Furthermore, gluteus medius was solicited to stabilize the body during the dynamic flexo-extension of the front leg, which characterizes lunges under a suspended-BOSU condition, but also to absorb the vibration offered by the vibration plate. Moreover, the activation found in the antagonist (biceps femoris) and vastus (medialis and lateralis) was similar and not significantly different in the three dual conditions, being higher in the Vibro40 condition. The equivalences of the effects between BOSU^® and vibratory conditions might be caused by the contribution of multiple neural pathways with distinct functional roles to rapid motor control response to a perturbation [59]. Thus, the neuromuscular response for maintaining the posture on a BOSU^® may be more intelligent than merely a voluntary or a reflex mechanism [60] integrating the modulation of the long-latency stretch reflexes. Sensitivity increases of these reflexes were reported when subjects interacted with compliant environments, and this suggests its significant role in maintaining the limb stability in such conditions [59]. According to this, the reflex motor response during the BOSU^® condition and the vibratory tonic reflex on the WBV platforms might induce similar activation in the involved muscles. This finding, also reflected in the global activation (the mean of all analyzed muscles), might be explained by the particular requirements of absorbing the vibration or maintaining the stability on a BOSU^®. Hence, performing dynamic tasks on a BOSU^®, subjects experiment a muscular trembling (micro amplitude changes), provoked by body mass variations projected on the forward leg, leaned on a compliant surface like this during the whole range of movement. These micro amplitude changes are described as one of the muscle tuning mechanisms for vibration training [20]. Additionally, WBV has been proven as beneficial improving the coordination of the synergistic muscles and increasing the inhibition of the antagonists, together with increases in hormonal responses of testosterone and growth hormone [61], besides the beneficial effects on bone mineral density [62], muscle blood volume [63] or balance control, and muscle endurance [64].

In terms of global activation, the use of WBV platforms, together with devices such as BOSU^®, enhances muscle activity in the suspended lunge in physically active young adults. Thus, the simple use of a suspension device is not demanding enough for the studied exercise and needs to be complemented with other loading sources. So, inclusion of additional methods increasing the instability (BOSU^®, Swiss ball, Pielaster^®, rubber mats), vibration with demanding amplitudes and frequencies, and extra weights (weighted vests and belts, barbells, kettlebells) is necessary to increase the muscle activation of the involved muscles and the force produced.

The third finding of this study was that the force produced on the suspension straps was significantly lower for suspended lunge-BOSU than for suspended lunge-Vibro30 (21.3% ± 6.7 vs. 25.1% ± 6.93, p = 0.009), and this force was lower, but not significant, than the suspended lunge and suspended lunge-Vibro40. Thus, the present study shows that the percentage of body mass resistance exerted by the rear leg on the suspension strap could not be influenced by the front leg lean (on the floor or the WBV platform). However, to perform the suspended lunge under dual condition with a device such as BOSU^® provokes an increase in the amount of instability, and thus, the load exerted by the rear leg on the suspension strap decreases in accordance with Behm et al. [40] and their hierarchy of force outputs proposal, which states that the degree of stability or instability affects limb force production directly. This finding is according to Saeterbakken & Fimland [42] who reported that in healthy subjects, the isometric force output achieved while performing a squat on BOSU^® (603 ± 208 N) was significantly lower than the force produced under a stable squat on the floor (749 ± 222 N) or less unstable surfaces as squats on the power board (694 ± 220 N).

The VGRF exerted by the front leg on the force plate was significantly higher during a suspended lunge than during the Bulgarian squat (113.01% ± 9.24 vs. 108.65% ± 9.05, p = 0.006). This finding suggests that leaning the rear leg on a suspension strap provokes a transfer of a certain amount of body mass resistance towards the front leg, maintaining the trunk position, which exerts a force on the ground to attempt to keep the posture. Also, the increase of VGRF in the suspended lunge may be due to the low activation of rectus femoris of the rear leg. Consequently, maintaining the rear leg on a suspension device could inhibit the role of rectus femoris as a hip flexor and contribute to the increase of the VGRF in the front leg.

There were some limitations associated with this study. Results of the present study may be influenced by subjects’ experiences with similar exercises to those performed in the present investigation. Each individual has a different level of motor control for the same task, and this might be taken into account when assessing muscle electrical signals. Therefore, participants’ characteristics might constitute a limitation to infer the results of the present study. This study did not use functional tests to determine participants’ laterality, together with their neuromuscular and performance level. Moreover, the lack of quantification about the amount of instability produced by the device should be considered. Another limitation may be that a goniometer did not control the knee flexion angle. However, the displacement during each repetition of the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge conditions was measured with a positional encoder. Further research should examine the muscle activity and force output when performing suspended lunges to compare the muscle recruitment between lower body suspension and traditional resistance training exercises. Furthermore, the assessment of the perturbation related to the use of unstable surfaces with an accelerometer would be interesting.

In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that suspended lunges provide no additional benefit than Bulgarian squats to enhance lower body muscle activity. Performing a lunge at dual conditions increases exercise muscle activity compared with a Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge. However, dual conditions decrease the load on the suspension strap when the front leg leans on an unstable surface (i.e., BOSU^®), and the VGRF exerted by the front leg in the suspended lunge (compared to its traditional counterparts) is enhanced to overcome the instability generated by the suspension device.

Supporting information

S1 File. STROBE checklist of the study.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(35.5KB, docx)}

S2 File. Clinical studies checklist.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(34.5KB, docx)}

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to all the study subjects for their participation.

Data Availability

All relevant data files are available from the FIGSHARE database here: https://figshare.com/s/53fc813b0039ba7552af or here: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8174639.

Funding Statement

Author JAC received funding for conducted this study from the Secretariat of University and Research of the Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia and the European Social fund under Grant [2019 FI_B1 00165]; and the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport of the Government of Spain under Grant [311327]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221710.r001

Decision Letter 0

Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández

23 Jul 2019

PONE-D-19-14691

Muscle activity of Bulgarian squat. Effects of additional vibration, suspension and unstable surface

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Buscà,

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Comments to the Author

1. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Partly

**********

2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: N/A

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

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Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

5. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: General considerations

- Consistence BOSU ®

- There are very long sentences without full stops or commas.

- I would recommend to improve the wording, fluency (use connectors) and to be careful with the sections that include many acronyms, which difficult the understanding of the ideas (establish an order, make the method very clear, comparisons).

- An interesting article by Moras G. has been recently published.

- We suggest that it would more explicit in the bibliographical citations (results, type of sample, sport, more information).

Abtsract

Line 26-28: some pause in the sentence

Line 28: ‘different suspended lunges’. Clarify the meaning.

Line 30: Bosu (like in a methods section) more consistent. ‘®’

Line 30: you didn’t define Vibro30 previously.

Line 31: males

Line 32: 24.40 _ space ‘±’

Line 33: consistency , you don’t define the BOSU like an unstable Surface , you worte directly Vibro30, and then just electromiography, can you be more consistent.

Line 34: five’

Introduction

We suggest to introduce a first part of functional exercises, differences, bilateral/ unilateral relationship, relations with performance / health (the area which you want to focus the proposal on), detail and justify exercises you’ve chosen. Shorten other sections. (line 57-75)…

and introduce in separate sections the different methods

- Inestability

- Vibration

- suspension

Line 48: Can you report some ref./ demands on?

Line 49-51: can you clarify this sentence

Line 51-53: some commas/full stops in the sentence

Line 53: can you report more ref, and more information…

Line 55: ref2 . in relation to upper body?

Line 56: ref 4, can you cite some more info (sample, gender, athlets…)

Line 56:

- you could connect this phrase and make it clearear.

- 'promising markers' you can use different terminology than the original article

- can you report the tests and the sample T-Test, sprint 10m….

Line 57: Different authors disagree wiht the comparisons in different levels of participants (Maloney et al).. we consider that it should introduce a sentence, in relation to which the level of the participants can become a limitation in the results ... methods .....

Line 57-63. All the paragraph are related to the ref. 6?

Line 59. Can you support this idea with references ..(Comfort, P……

Line 63. Before ‘Perfoming’, can you introduce some connectors in this sentence.

Line 66: order and calrify the sentence

Line 63-65: can you cite more information (methods to analyse these activation, all the muscles involved in concentric/eccentric phase in the same %, and in the same function)

Line 69: Little ¿ can you improve this

Line 70: in bulgarian squat?

Line 69-72: can you rewrite and try to make it more fluent.

Line 73: hamstrings? Can you be more precisley

Line 76: can you report the diferences why (this transferability in sport line 58)) , for example differences in unilateral and bilateral; vectors force; can you report examples, relations with a … performance, (health,techinque)

Line 85: exercises? Can you report more information

Line 100-104: Can you write in a clear and concrete way.

Line 118-119: can you justify why you add this ref, and can you report more data in relation these studies (in upper body)

Line 123: you explain the effects in muscle activation, and to ‘decreased force output’, but I recommended to explain the positive effects in neuromuscular control?

Line 128, can you cite some ref?

Methods

Line 151-154: some pause in the sentence, and repport more information and clarify the idea

Line 164: could be influnced by the difference of age 20-31 in the results , could be influenced by the experience , sport, in the results?

Line 168: can you repport more information

Procedures

Line 184: could you explain the familiarisation procedures

Line 189: ref? dominance?

if it’s posible can you disscuss (not in the text) why this test and not another one.

The analyzed capacity (exercise) could influence the dominance (Bishop, C, and another recent authors ...)

We believe that dominance could have been determined with the same task previously. This could be a limitation of the study.

Excuse me, but I haven’t been able to find which legs are being analyzed (we understand that the dominant leg) it could improve the explanation of the leg analyzed in the text..and in different sections.

If you have only analyzed the dominant leg, do not consider analyzing the non-dominant leg in the future and establish the differences, asymmetries, and the behavior of dom / non-dom legs in different situations?

Line 204-208 can you rewrite

Line 357: Why don’t use the newer scale?

(Cohen d < 0.2 = trivial; 0.2-0.6 = small; 0.6-1.2 = moderate; 1.2-2.0 = large; > 2.0 = very large)

Discussion

I recommend adding the scales or results of the differences found, as well as the results of the studies you are comparing, to see the comparison.

We also recommend to add more information from the comparative studies, in relation to the sample, sports

Line 438: than 'the' bulgarian

Line 174: the vibration does not provide other benefits? you could add some information that explains the benefits in other 'systems'

Line 477-493: the same idea is repeated on several occasions, could you clarify it and bemore precise. This part should to be considerably shorter.

Line 505-508: can rewrite

Limitations

In the introduction, note the importance of adaptations to a specific level. Do you consider that a limitation might not apply functional tests?

Reviewer #2: Summary of the research

This research study aims to compare the muscle activity and force production of different exercise conditions (bulgarian squat, suspended lunge, suspended lunge with instability and suspended lunge with two different vibration frequencies). The topic is interesting; however the study has significant flaws and requires major and minor revisions in order to meet the journal’s requirements.

Major issues

Abstract section.

First of all, while the study is interesting, the structure of the abstract is unclear, making it difficult to follow. I advise the authors to re-write the abstract section in order to clarify primary and secondary aims of the study and how they were approached to improve the flow and readability of the text. At the last paragraph of the introduction section appears to be clearer than in the abstract section.

Secondly, when authors mention differences found, it would be helpful to report the magnitude of this differences and the exact p values in order to allow the reader to evaluate clinical significance of the results.

Minor issues

Introduction section.

Lines 56 and 57.

The authors stated “Unstable surfaces have also been used to strengthen the lower body and have been demonstrated as promising markers of athletic performance in sprint and agility”, however the reference used (Cressey 2007), would not be appropriate. While results in sprint and T-test improved as cited, these improvements were always much lower than the stable group and the other variables assessed obtained impaired results. In fact, the author himself concludes “These results indicate that unstable training using inflatable rubber discs attenuates performance improvements in healthy, trained athletes. Such implements have proved valuable in rehabilitation, but caution should be exercised when applying unstable training to athletic performance and general exercise scenarios”. I would suggest to use another reference to justify their argument.

Lines 82-84

The authors stated: “…and the beneficial effects of WBV have been demonstrated in lower limb exercises (squat, half squat, Bulgarian squat or lunge) (15,16)”, however the vast majority of the participants in this references were untrained or post-menopausal making it difficult to extrapolate their results to other populations, this fact should be annotated.

Procedures section

Line 188

The authors determined the leg dominance of the participants but nothing else is explained about how this characteristic is used at the protocol of the study.

Line 207

The words “complementary methods” should be corrected by “complementary means of training”. Suspension, unstable surface and WBV are instruments used in order to apply a training load not a systematic approach to overload the athlete.

Exercise trials section

In order not to be confusing, it should be annotated that the participants executed the exercise only with their own bodyweight as a load.

Related to this, the fact of using the same absolute intensity in all exercises (bodyweight), implies that different relative intensities were used at the different conditions of the study. The most convenient way in order to compare the effects of instability, suspension and vibration conditions would have been to use the same relative load, at least in terms of load lifted, in all exercises. This is a limitation to be annotated.

Results section

Lines 383 y 384

The authors stated: “The suspended lunge provided the lowest activations for BF, Gmed, VM, VL, Global_FL and Global among the conditions”. The sentence is correct at descriptive level, but pairwise comparisons’ p values of table 2 does not reflect the same and it has not been mentioned or analysed in text either. For example, none of the EMG values of the suspended lunge condition achieve significant differences respect to Bulgarian squat.

Discusion section

Line 420

The authors stated: “The lower muscle activation of suspended lunges compared to Bulgarian squats for the RF_RL, BF, Gmed, VM, and VL (but not the RF_FL) reinforces this argument”. But any significant analysis is reported and % difference of Gmed and VM shown in fig 2 seems not statistically significant.

Line 422

The authors stated: “All suspended lunge conditions increase RF_FL activity in comparison with the Bulgarian squat”. But any significant analysis is reported and % difference shown in fig. 2 seems not significant.

Line 433

The authors stated: "Regarding the rest of the FL muscles, BF, VM, VL, and Gmed showed a greater activity under Bulgarian squat condition, as reported in previous studies (8–10)”. In table 2 seems to be non-statistically significant.

**********

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Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

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PLoS One. 2019 Aug 26;14(8):e0221710. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221710.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

9 Aug 2019

Responses to Reviewer

Please note that:

[R1] = comments from Reviewer #1.

[R2] = comments from Reviewer #2.

[A] = answers from the authors.

{…} = text modified in the revised manuscript.

________________________________________________

Reviewer #1: General Considerations

[R1] “- Consistence BOSU®”

[A]

The authors use the term BOSU® to refer to the unstable surface. However, we maintain the term suspended lunge-BOSU to refer to the exercise condition (independent variable).

[R1] “- There are very long sentences without full stops or commas.”

[A]

Some sentences have been shortened.

[R1] “- I would recommend to improve the wording, fluency (use connectors) and to be careful with the sections that include many acronyms, which difficult the understanding of the ideas (establish an order, make the method very clear, comparisons).”

[A]

The wording fluency has been improved. We have introduced more connectors to improve the reading experience. Moreover, the muscles abbreviation have been replaced by the muscle names; also the abbreviations to refer to front leg (FL) and the rear leg (RL) have been replaced into the body of the manuscript. We only maintain the abbreviations of the vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF), the whole body vibration (WBV), the percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC), the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the surface electromyography (sEMG).

[R1] “- An interesting article by Moras G. has been recently published.”

[A]

The study carried out by Moras et al. (2019) has been added in the introduction to add more information on the combination of training methods. Thank you for your suggestion.

[R1] “- We suggest that it would more explicit in the bibliographical citations (results, type of sample, sport, more information).”

[A]

Thank for your comment. We have try more explicit in the bibliographical citation reporting the type of the sample, sport and results.

Specific comments:

Abstract

[R1] “Line 26-28: some pause in the sentence”

[A]

Amended.

[R1] “Line 28: ‘different suspended lunges’. Clarify the meaning.”

[A]

The abstract has been re-written and the meaning of the different suspended lunges has been clarified.

[R1] “Line 30: Bosu (like in a methods section) more consistent. ‘®’ ”

[A]

Amended.

[R1] “Line 30: you didn’t define Vibro30 previously.”

[A]

The meaning of suspended-Vibro30 and suspended-Vibro40 has been added to the abstract.

[R1] “Line 31: males”

[A]

Amended.

[R1] “Line 32: 24.40 _ space ‘±’ ”

[A]

Amended.

[R1] “Line 33: consistency, you don’t define the BOSU like an unstable Surface, you wrote directly Vibro30, and then just electromyography, can you be more consistent.”

[A]

Some parts of the abstract have been re-written to improve the consistency and we have defined BOSU® as an unstable surface, providing the meaning of Vibro30 and Vibro40.

[R1] “Line 34: five’ ”

[A]

Amended.

Introduction

[R1] “We suggest to introduce a first part of functional exercises, differences, bilateral/ unilateral relationship, relations with performance / health (the area which you want to focus the proposal on), detail and justify exercises you’ve chosen. Shorten other sections. (line 57-75)…

and introduce in separate sections the different methods

- Inestability

- Vibration

- suspension”

[A]

We have introduced a paragraph as suggested. The different training methods have been separate in sections.

[R1] “Line 48: Can you report some ref./ demands on?”

[A]

We have added the reference of the study conducted by Behm et al. (2015).

[R1] “Line 49-51: can you clarify this sentence”

[A]

The sentence has been re-written to provide a better meaning.

{… Thus, the use of devices that create instability has become popular …}

[R1] “Line 51-53: some commas/full stops in the sentence”

[A]

The sentence has been modified as follows:

{… Primarily, unstable devices are used to increase the load of traditional exercises by providing higher muscular demands through superior motor unit recruitment. Such devices also improve neuromuscular coordination to maintain balance during training exercises …}

[R1] “Line 53: can you report more ref, and more information…”

[A]

We have added more information and some references related to use of unstable surfaces and the neuromuscular adaptations.

[R1] “Line 55: ref2 . in relation to upper body?”

[A]

We have provided more information and details about the reference (ref2).

Anderson et al. analyzed trunk muscles and upper body muscles (triceps brachii).

[R1] “Line 56: ref 4, can you cite some more info (sample, gender, athlets…)”

[A]

This reference has been removed. Saeterbakken et al. (2019) examined the hip and thigh muscles under three squat conditions (stable and unstable conditions) so, these muscles are not from the upper body nor the trunk. Sorry for this mistake.

[R1] “Line 56:

- you could connect this phrase and make it clearear.

[A]

The sentence has been re-written to make it clearer and a connector has been added.

- 'promising markers' you can use different terminology than the original article

- can you report the tests and the sample T-Test, sprint 10m….”

[A]

This sentence and the reference have been removed. Reviewer #2 has suggested that we remove this reference because it was not accurate enough.

[R1] “Line 57: Different authors disagree wiht the comparisons in different levels of participants (Maloney et al).. we consider that it should introduce a sentence, in relation to which the level of the participants can become a limitation in the results ... methods .....”

[A]

In the paragraph where we indicate the limitations of the study we have include your suggestion.

[R1] “Line 57-63. All the paragraph are related to the ref. 6?”

[A]

The paragraph has changed according to your suggestions. The reference was not precise so we have changed the wording of the text.

[R1] “Line 59. Can you support this idea with references ..(Comfort, P……”

[A]

This sentence has been removed and the idea has been developed in the first paragraph using other references.

[R1] “Line 63. Before ‘Perfoming’, can you introduce some connectors in this sentence.”

[A]

A connector has been added.

[R1] “Line 66: order and calrify the sentence”

[A]

The sentence has been re-written in order to clarify the meaning.

[R1] “Line 63-65: can you cite more information (methods to analyse these activation, all the muscles involved in concentric/eccentric phase in the same %, and in the same function)”

[A]

We have provided more information about the involvement of different muscles in a standard lunge and a Bulgarian squat.

[R1] “Line 69: Little ¿ can you improve this”

[A]

The sentence has been re-written.

[R1] “Line 70: in bulgarian squat?”

[A]

We have clarified this sentence.

[R1] “Line 69-72: can you rewrite and try to make it more fluent.”

[A]

The paragraph has been changed according to the reviewer suggestion.

[R1] “Line 73: hamstrings? Can you be more precisely”

[A]

Yes, the authors of the cited study (Youdas et al. 2007) did not provide the exact hamstring muscles analyzed.

[R1] “Line 76: can you report the diferences why (this transferability in sport line 58)) , for example differences in unilateral and bilateral; vectors force; can you report examples, relations with a … performance, (health, techinque)”

[A]

The transferability of the different type of exercises to sports considering laterality, directions, techniques and its relation to functional performance has been developed previously as suggested by the reviewer.

[R1] “Line 85: exercises? Can you report more information”

[A]

We have reported more information about the exercises examined in the cited references.

[R1] “Line 100-104: Can you write in a clear and concrete way.”

[A]

These sentences have been re-written to improve the meaning and we have provided more details and information about the cited study.

[R1] “Line 118-119: can you justify why you add this ref, and can you report more data in relation these studies (in upper body)”

[A]

The effect of suspension devices on force production has been examined in upper body exercises like push-ups and inverted row in the past. For this reason, we cited these references. Although we studied a lower body exercise (Bulgarian squat) we honestly think that they have a similar scope. These references provide evidence of the methods used to measure force under suspended conditions. Besides, these cited references used a force plate and a load cell to assess VGRF and the force on the suspension strap, respectively. These references could be helpful to understand the force behavior under suspended conditions.

We have added more data about Melrose and Dawes (2015) and Gulmez (2017).

[R1] “Line 123: you explain the effects in muscle activation, and to ‘decreased force output’, but I recommended to explain the positive effects in neuromuscular control?”

[A]

We appreciate the reviewer comment, but the present study aimed at examining the effects of suspension, unstable surfaces and vibration on muscle activity and force (VGRF and force exerted on the suspension strap), for this reason, we have provided a consistent explanation of the effects in muscle activation and force. Perhaps, adding additional information about the positive effects in neuromuscular control would be out of our main aims. The effects in neuromuscular control could be interesting for future research related to the effects of unstable surfaces and suspended devices on rehabilitation, return to play…

[R1] “Line 128, can you cite some ref? ”

[A]

Additional literature is cited in the previous lines. Saeterbakken and Fimland (2013), Chulvi-Medrano et al. (2010).

Methods

[R1] “Line 151-154: some pause in the sentence, and repport more information and clarify the idea”

[A]

We have shortened the sentences and we have re-written them to clarify the idea.

[R1] “Line 164: could be influnced by the difference of age 20-31 in the results , could be influenced by the experience , sport, in the results? ”

[A]

Only one subject was older than 30. The rest of the participants were between 22 and 26 years old. In terms of sports and experience, the sample was less homogenous, but no subject was a high-level athlete.

[R1] “Line 168: can you report more information”

[A]

Sport practiced by the study participants has been added.

Procedures

[R1] “Line 184: could you explain the familiarisation procedures”

[A]

We have added the familiarization procedure.

[R1] “Line 189: ref? dominance?

[A]

The reference Meylan et al. (2009) has been introduced.

[R1] if it’s posible can you disscuss (not in the text) why this test and not another one.

The analyzed capacity (exercise) could influence the dominance (Bishop, C, and another recent authors ...)

We believe that dominance could have been determined with the same task previously. This could be a limitation of the study.”

[A]

We have chosen the kicking leg to determine the dominant leg because this criterion is used in many previous studies such as Mayer et al. (2009), Miyaguchi and Demura (2010) or Theoharopoulos et al. (2000). Regarding the performance of lower limb exercises, Kibele et al. (2009) determined the dominant leg as the leg preferred to kick a ball, in order to analyze squat performance. Furthermore, the studies conducted by Youdas et al. (2007) and Boudreau et al. (2009) when testing muscle activity in the standard lunge, determined the front leg as the leg preferred to kick a ball. For this reason, we decided on this test.

According to the reviewer's suggestions, we have added this element in the limitations section. Thanks.

[R1] “Excuse me, but I haven’t been able to find which legs are being analyzed (we understand that the dominant leg) it could improve the explanation of the leg analyzed in the text..and in different sections.

[A]

We have improved the explanation of the analyzed legs in different sections of the manuscript.

[A]

We appreciate the reviewer comment. However, the aim of the present study was not analyzing muscular asymmetries. Leg dominance has only been used to refer to the front leg (dominant leg) to measure the muscle activity in the dominant leg muscles. Although, the reviewer suggestion can be taken into account for future research.

[R1] “Line 204-208 can you rewrite”

[A]

The sentences have been re-written.

[R1] “Line 357: Why don’t use the newer scale?

(Cohen d < 0.2 = trivial; 0.2-0.6 = small; 0.6-1.2 = moderate; 1.2-2.0 = large; > 2.0 = very large)”

[A]

According to the reviewer suggestion, we have added the newer scale to interpret the magnitude of the effect size based on Hopkins et al. (2009).

Discussion

[R1] “I recommend adding the scales or results of the differences found, as well as the results of the studies you are comparing, to see the comparison.

We also recommend to add more information from the comparative studies, in relation to the sample, sports”

[A]

The discussion section is now incorporating the scales of muscle activity (low, moderate, high, and very high) and the results of the differences (p-values or effects size). Additionally, we have added the results of the studies used to compare and discuss our results. Besides, we have shown information about the sample, as the reviewer suggested. However, many of the cited studies recruited healthy subjects but did not inform about their sports background.

[R1] “Line 438: than 'the' bulgarian”

[A]

Amended.

[R1] “Line 474: the vibration does not provide other benefits? you could add some information that explains the benefits in other 'systems' ”

[A]

Some benefits of WBV have been added.

[R1] “Line 477-493: the same idea is repeated on several occasions, could you clarify it and be more precise. This part should to be considerably shorter.”

[A]

This paragraph has been re-written and shortened in order to clarify what we exactly meant.

[R1] “Line 505-508: can rewrite”

[A]

These sentences have been re-written.

Limitations

[R1] “In the introduction, note the importance of adaptations to a specific level. Do you consider that a limitation might not apply functional tests? ”

[A]

Although the purpose of the present study was to study the suspended lunge and the Bulgarian squat, this might be a limitation of our study. Therefore, we have added this element as a limitation.

Reviewer #2: Specific comments

Abstract section

[R2] “First of all, while the study is interesting, the structure of the abstract is unclear, making it difficult to follow. I advise the authors to re-write the abstract section in order to clarify primary and secondary aims of the study and how they were approached to improve the flow and readability of the text. At the last paragraph of the introduction section appears to be clearer than in the abstract section.

[A]

The authors have re-written the major part of the abstract according to the reviewer comments.

The magnitude of the differences and the exact p-values have been added to the abstract.

Introduction section

[R2] “Lines 56 and 57.

[A]

We have removed this reference following the reviewer suggestions. Also, we have re-written some paragraphs of the introduction, and we have removed this idea because it does not suit our intentions.

[R2] “Lines 82-84

[A]

We have added the participants included in the cited studies. However, we would make the reviewer note that the systematic review conducted by Rehm et al. (2006) includes recreationally resistance-trained men (Ronestad et al., 2004), sprint trained athletes (Delecluse et al., 2005) and the rest of the studies included healthy untrained people and older adults. Furthermore, the meta-analysis carried out by Osawa et al. (2013) analyzes the WBV effects on the lower limb in young and older adults separately. For the WBV effects in youth, studies included untrained, physically or recreationally active participants and skiers.

Procedures section

[R2] “Line 188

The authors determined the leg dominance of the participants but nothing else is explained about how this characteristic is used at the protocol of the study.”

[A]

We have added this information according to the reviewer comment.

[R2] “Line 207

[A]

The paragraph has been re-written to clarify its meaning. “Complementary methods” has been removed, and we have used different wording to express this idea.

Exercise trials section

[R2] “In order not to be confusing, it should be annotated that the participants executed the exercise only with their own bodyweight as a load.

[A]

We have added this information to clarify the exercise load. Thank you.

Sorry, but we do not understand the second comment. From our point of view, all subjects performed all conditions under their relative bodyweight load. This load did not change, and neither the pace nor the ROM. These procedures are the ones used in all the cited studies when comparing different conditions without extra loads; for instance, the studies conducted by Snarr et al. (2016), Calatayud et al. (2014) or Borreani et al. (2015).

Snarr, R., Hallmark, A. V., Nickerson, B. S., & Esco, M. R. (2016). Electromyographical Comparison of Pike Variations Performed With and Without Instability Devices. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(12), 3436–3442. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001436

Calatayud, J., Borreani, S., Colado, J., Martin, F., Rogers, M., Behm, D., & Andersen, L. (2014). Muscle activation during push-ups with different suspension training systems. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 13(3), 502–510.

Borreani, S., Calatayud, J., Colado, J. C., Moya-Nájera, D., Triplett, N. T., & Martin, F. (2015). Muscle activation during push-ups performed under stable and unstable conditions. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 13(2), 94–98. doi: 10.1016/j.jesf.2015.07.002

Results section

[R2] “Lines 383 y 384

[A]

According to the reviewer suggestion, we have re-written the explanation of these results. We have provided the p-values and the effect size between the Bulgarian squat and the suspended lunge for the mentioned muscles.

We have wanted to highlight that the suspended lunge showed the lower but no significant activations compared to the Bulgarian squat.

Discussion section

[R2] “Line 420

[A]

We have amended this idea to be consistent with the results obtained in the present study. Thanks for the comment.

[R2] “Line 422

[A]

We have indicated that the different suspended lunge conditions showed higher but non-significant activations for the rectus femoris compared to the Bulgarian squat. Although, the suspended lunge-BOSU reached a significant greater rectus femoris activation than the Bulgarian squat (p = 0.010, d = 0.72).

[R2] “Line 433

[A]

For the Bulgarian squat, muscle activation of the mentioned muscles was higher, but not high enough to be significant, compared to the suspended lunge. So, we have modified the wording.

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(44.4KB, docx)}

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221710.r003

Decision Letter 1

Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández

14 Aug 2019

Muscle activity of Bulgarian squat. Effects of additional vibration, suspension and unstable surface

PONE-D-19-14691R1

Dear Dr. Buscà,

We are pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it complies with all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you will receive an e-mail containing information on the amendments required prior to publication. When all required modifications have been addressed, you will receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will proceed to our production department and be scheduled for publication.

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With kind regards,

Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Reviewers' comments:

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221710.r004

Acceptance letter

Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández

19 Aug 2019

PONE-D-19-14691R1

Muscle activity of Bulgarian squat. Effects of additional vibration, suspension and unstable surface

Dear Dr. Buscà:

I am pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper at this point, to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

For any other questions or concerns, please email plosone@plos.org.

Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE.

With kind regards,

PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff

on behalf of

Dr. Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

S1 File. STROBE checklist of the study.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(35.5KB, docx)}

S2 File. Clinical studies checklist.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(34.5KB, docx)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(44.4KB, docx)}

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data files are available from the FIGSHARE database here: https://figshare.com/s/53fc813b0039ba7552af or here: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8174639.

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PERMALINK

Muscle activity of Bulgarian squat. Effects of additional vibration, suspension and unstable surface

Joan Aguilera-Castells

Bernat Buscà

Jose Morales

Mònica Solana-Tramunt

Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe

Fernando Rey-Abella

Jaume Bantulà

Javier Peña

Roles

Abstract

Introduction

Instability

Whole-body vibrations

Suspension devices

Forces in suspension training

Materials and methods

Design

Participants

Procedures

Surface electromyography signal

Force measurements

Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)

Exercise trials

Fig 1. Bulgarian squat (a), suspended lunge (b), suspended lunge-BOSU (c), and suspended lunge-Vibro30 and Vibro-40 (d).

Data analysis

Statistical analysis

Results

Table 1. Reliability values for each muscle analyzed under the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge conditions.

Table 2. Normalized electromyographic activation for each lower body muscle under different lunge conditions as a percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC).

Fig 2. Electromyographic activations for all conditions relative to the Bulgarian squat.

Fig 3. Force values during the Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge conditions: a) Comparison between forces exerted by rear leg on the suspension strap and exercise condition, b) Front leg force production comparison between Bulgarian squat and suspended lunge.

Discussion

Supporting information

Acknowledgments

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández

Roles

Acceptance letter

Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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