Japanese Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Autoimmune Pancreatitis, 2018

Abstract

Supplemental digital content is available in the text.

To the Editor:

In 2010, the International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria (ICDC) for autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) were proposed to address the pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of AIP on a global level.¹ The ICDC were the first to enable the diagnosis and comparison of the 2 distinctive subtypes of AIP: type 1 and type 2. Because the diagnosis of AIP in Western countries was based mainly on pathological findings using endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) in contrast to the Japanese diagnostic procedures giving priority to image findings using endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) especially for differentiation from pancreatic cancer, the ICDC were exempt from the ERP procedure, whereas previous Japanese diagnostic criteria and Asian criteria required it.^2–4 The ICDC also adopted the diagnostic item of steroid therapy effectiveness as a treatment option.

However, the ICDC were somewhat complicated for general use, and extremely few cases of type 2 AIP have been confirmed in Japan. Accordingly, the Japan Pancreas Society (JPS) and the Research Program on Intractable Disease from the Ministry of Labor, Health, and Welfare of Japan (RPID-MLHWJ) amended the ICDC into the Japanese clinical diagnostic criteria for AIP 2011 (JPS2011), which adhered closely to the basic concepts of the ICDC.^5,6 The JPS2011 incorporated elements of both the previous Japanese criteria and type 1 AIP in the ICDC as much as possible and was designed to be simple for general physician use. The JPS2011 included: (1) diffuse/segmental/focal classification on pancreatic imaging; (2) IgG4 alone as a serological marker; (3) sclerosing cholangitis, sclerosing sialadenitis, and retroperitoneal fibrosis as other organ involvement (OOI); (4) no classifications of level 1/2 in serum IgG4 or OOI; and (5) optional steroid trial only after excluding malignancy by EUS-FNA. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography was basically required for focal/segmental type AIP, but not for the typical diffuse type. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) was not an item in the JPS2011 due to inadequate resolution at the time.

Because the diagnostic use of ERP is limited in Japan and the quality of MRCP images has improved recently, JPS and RPID-MLHWJ have proposed revision of the JPS2011 mainly to establish a procedure that includes MRCP and negative findings of malignancy by EUS-FNA to complement the diagnostic ability of ERP. In 2018, a report entitled “Japanese Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Autoimmune Pancreatitis, 2018: Revision of Japanese Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Autoimmune Pancreatitis 2011” was published in Suizo, the official journal of the JPS.⁷ To better understand the Japanese clinical picture in AIP diagnosis, we herein introduce the English version of the JPS2018: Revision of the JPS2011 (Supplemental Table 1, http://links.lww.com/MPA/A751) in Pancreas, the official journal of JPS and American Pancreas Association, with the permission of the respective Editors-in-Chief of Suizo and Pancreas, Professors Sata and Go.

Because advancements in MRI, such as 3T units, have rendered the image quality of MRCP nearly equivalent to that of ERP, MRCP is now considered to complement ERP to some extent and has been included in diagnostic procedures. The diagnostic criteria of “II. Image findings showing irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct” have been divided into ERP and MRCP, and a statement on MRCP findings was added to the Explanations section as “Narrowing or invisibleness of the main pancreatic duct is seen on MRCP and is extended to a certain degree, sometimes appearing as a multiple skip lesion. No significant dilation is observed above the narrowed area upstream of the main duct. It is usually difficult to evaluate side branches arising from narrowed portions of the main pancreatic duct. Although image quality of MRCP depends on the MR unit and scan parameters, it is necessary to acquire sufficient good quality images for the detailed evaluation of the pancreatic duct.” In addition, the item of “No neoplastic cells detected by EUS-FNA” was added to the section of “IV. Pathological finding” to indicate negative findings of malignancy by EUS-FNA as IVc. Regarding diagnostic ability, ERP was adjusted to be equivalent to the combination of MRCP and IVc (negative findings of malignancy by EUS-FNA) in the diagnostic procedure.

Many RPID-MLHWJ and JPS members have expressed difficulty in excluding malignancy by EUS-FNA. Even so, at the time of EUS-FNA, negative findings of malignancy combined with other results, such as elevated serum IgG4 and OOIs, are able to identify the possibility of AIP. To clarify this, we have added the following statement to the section “IV. Pathological findings of the pancreas”: “Although EUS-FNA is a useful tool to exclude cancer, the absence of neoplastic cells alone is insufficient; it is also important to exclude cancer using the image findings shown in I-2). Moreover, the diagnostic process should be done carefully, with comprehensive evaluation of serological findings and other organ involvement.” Additionally, useful image findings to differentiate between AIP and pancreatic cancer were proposed by a radiological committee and incorporated into the section of “I. Enlarged pancreas” as “Abdominal CT▪MRI: It is recommended to perform dynamic contrast-enhanced CT▪MRI with bolus injection of contrast medium wherever possible. Useful findings for differentiation from pancreatic cancer are speckled/dotted enhancement and capsule-like rim at the parenchymal phase as well as delayed homogeneous enhancement. Capsule-like rim is seen as a band-like low-intensity area on T2-weighed images. Duct-penetrating sign is another characteristic finding of focal AIP and is rarely seen,” as well as “Even when characteristic findings for AIP can be found, careful diagnostic procedures should be conducted to exclude the possibility of pancreatic cancer if concurrent findings suggestive of cancer are present, such as upstream dilation of the main pancreatic duct, heterogeneous delayed enhancement, or severe stenosis of involved arteries.”

As kidney lesion was already included as an OOI in the ICDC, it seemed logical to add it to the OOI list of the JPS2011, which also contained sclerosing cholangitis, sclerosing dacryoadenitis/sialadenitis, and retroperitoneal fibrosis.

The JPS2018 revisions are expected to improve diagnostic accuracy for AIP and enable earlier disease identification and treatment.

Shigeyuki Kawa, MD, PhD
Department of Internal Medicine
Matsumoto Dental University
Shiojiri, Japan
shigeyuki.kawa@mdu.ac.jp
Terumi Kamisawa, MD, PhD
Department of Internal Medicine
Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital
Tokyo, Japan
Kenji Notohara, MD, PhD
Department of Anatomic Pathology
Kurashiki Central Hospital
Kurashiki, Japan
Yasunari Fujinaga, MD, PhD
Department of Radiology
Shinshu University School of Medicine
Matsumoto, Japan
Dai Inoue, MD, PhD
Department of Radiology
Kanazawa University Graduate
School of Medical Science
Kanazawa, Japan
Takashi Koyama, MD, PhD
Department of Diagnostic Radiology
Kurashiki Central Hospital
Kurashiki, Japan
Kazuichi Okazaki, MD, PhD
Department of Gastroenterology
and Hepatology
Kansai Medical University Osaka
Osaka, Japan
On behalf of the Working Group Members
of the Japan Pancreas Society
and The Research Program on
Intractable Diseases from the
Ministry of Labor and Welfare of Japan