Abstract
Background
Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a cost-effective, internationally recommended intervention for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Referral is predominately led by primary healthcare practitioners (PHCPs), but referral and patient uptake is poor.
Aim
To understand barriers and enablers for PHCPs when considering patient referral to PR, to explore the influence of patient characteristics, and to understand how referral rates may be increased.
Design and setting
PHCPs who care for and refer patients with COPD to PR were purposively selected from general practices across Cambridgeshire and Peterborough, and the West Midlands.
Method
A qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken to theme saturation, exploring PR referral. Images depicting patients with varying COPD severity were used to stimulate memory and associative recall. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using rapid qualitative analysis.
Results
A total of 19 PHCPs were interviewed. Barriers to PR referral included limited awareness of the clinical benefits, little knowledge of local PR providers, consultation time constraints, and presumed low patient motivation. While practice nurses had the greatest knowledge, they still described difficulty in promoting PR. PHCPs frequently described assessing patient suitability based on presumed accessibility, social, and disease-specific characteristics rather than the clinical benefits of PR. Referrals were facilitated by financial incentives for the practice and positive feedback from patients and providers.
Conclusion
There were more barriers to PR referral than enablers. Providers must engage better with PHCPs, patients with COPD, and carers, and actively promote PR. Increasing PHCPs’ awareness of the benefits of PR, financial incentives, and alternative referral pathways should be considered.
Keywords: COPD; pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive; pulmonary rehabilitation; referral
INTRODUCTION
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic debilitating disease, the fifth leading cause of death in the UK.1 Emergency hospital admissions remain high,2 and annual general practice COPD consultations have risen from a mean of 6.6 per patient with COPD in 2002 to 12.7 in 2010.3
Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a cost-effective, nationally, and internationally recommended intervention for patients with COPD.1,4–6 It comprises structured multidisciplinary group sessions that combine individualised exercise with disease-related education.7 Studies consistently demonstrate that PR improves patients’ symptoms, in stable disease and post-exacerbation.8–11 Box 1 summarises the main benefits of PR experienced by patients with COPD.
Box 1.
Benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in stable disease and post-COPD exacerbation requiring hospital admission10,11
|
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
In the UK, referral is largely undertaken by primary healthcare practitioners (PHCPs),12 but less than 10%–15% of eligible patients with COPD are being referred, consequently practitioners are being asked to improve PR promotion.12–14
Qualitative studies among patients with COPD repeatedly highlight barriers that impede referral acceptance, include fears around exercise and breathlessness, and feelings of guilt. Functional barriers include accessibility of PR, and impacts on family and work.15–21 Patients also report their referral acceptance is highly influenced by their HCP, citing information about PR, referrer’s manner, and professional conviction about PR as important.15–18,21–23
To date, only two UK primary care studies13,24 have sought to understand PHCPs’ PR referral experiences. These studies suggest that time constraints, limited knowledge of PR, patient’s physicality, and personal culpability for COPD inhibit referral acceptance. Both studies suggest PHCPs’ attitudes to PR could be important reasons for low referral numbers.
However, one of the studies,24 based on five focus groups with 21 HCPs from three general practices in a limited geographical area was conducted over a decade ago when PR availability was limited.25 The second13 was based on a pre-post evaluation of multiple interventions to overcome low PR referral, using semi-structured surveys with HCPs. While some potentially useful strategies were identified, the small number of participants (nine out of 22 responded to follow-up), shortcomings in the survey design, and data analysis process limit interpretation of the study findings.
A 2018 systematic scoping review, which included a summary of articles exploring HCPs’ perceived barriers and enablers to PR referral,26 identified nine worldwide studies including two from the UK.13,24 Poor knowledge of PR was a commonly perceived barrier, with a need for education identified as a potential enabler. However, the included studies were not limited to primary care settings (a setting which is particularly varied worldwide); included surveys that limit exploration of the full range of potential barriers; and were dominated by several studies from the same researchers.27–29 The design and contextual variations limit interpretation of PHCPs’ PR referral experiences relevant to a UK primary care setting. Such understanding is critical for informing interventions to increase referral rates.
How this fits in
| Referral to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an important activity, yet it is infrequently carried out by primary healthcare staff. It is suggested that increasing healthcare professionals’ knowledge and awareness of PR will positively change their referral behaviour; however, this qualitative study highlights many complex intertwined barriers to PR referral and few enablers for primary healthcare staff in England. The findings highlight some of the factors that should be addressed in addition to interventions targeting knowledge and raising awareness, to increase PR referral rates. |
This study of PHCPs’ perceptions of barriers and enablers for referral of patients with COPD to PR and the influence of patient characteristics on behaviour aims to provide an up-to-date exploration of the referral process, which will inform the development of potential interventions to improve primary care PR referral.
METHOD
The study was undertaken in general practices in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough, and the West Midlands (NHS Birmingham South Central clinical commissioning group [CCG] and NHS Birmingham CrossCity CCG). It was not the intention to identify differences, but to describe the practices and experiences in two contrasting regions.
The prevalence of COPD across the localities is broadly similar, with rates for 2015–2016 of 1.45%, 1.65%, and 1.67% in NHS Birmingham South Central CCG, NHS Birmingham CrossCity CCG, and NHS Cambridgeshire and Peterborough CCG, respectively.30 However, spend per 100 000 on COPD emergency admissions in 2014–2015 was higher in the West Midlands.31 Additionally, Birmingham is one of the most ethnically diverse and deprived regions in the UK,32,33 which is associated with increased primary care consultations.34
There were nine PR programmes available in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough, and seven in the West Midlands, but given the West Midlands’ larger population,35 PR provision per head is less in this location.
Sampling
Fifty-three practice managers from a total of 272 practices within the two regions were randomly selected and PHCPs interested in respiratory and/or COPD within these practices (n = 136) were identified through practice websites and invited by email to participate. Invitations contained participant information sheets and reply slips that collected data on job role, estimated number of COPD patients seen weekly, and referrals to PR. A follow-up email was sent to non-responders.
Adaptive sampling methods were implemented to enhance initial recruitment.36 This included one author attending three regional respiratory-focused meetings across Birmingham and Cambridgeshire to promote the study verbally. Link-trace sampling approaches were also used,37 with invited participants suggesting further potential invitees.
Purposive sampling was undertaken to ensure a fair representation of job role in each of the two locations.38 Practices were remunerated for participant time when interviews took place within working hours.
Data collection methods
Semi-structured face-to-face39 or telephone interviews40 were offered to PHCPs. All interviews were conducted by one author, audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim, checked, and anonymised. Validation of completed individual transcripts was requested from participants via email to ascertain content accuracy and enhance study reliability.41
The topic guide (Box 2) was informed by published literature and encompassed questions around capability, opportunity, and motivation to understand influences on HCP behaviour.42 This guide was piloted and revised by two authors before study commencement.
Box 2.
Topic guide
|
The images are available from the authors on request. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Photographic images depicting patients with varying COPD severity were used within each interview to illuminate prior experiences and thoughts around PR referral.43 The images are available from the authors on request. Data collection continued until theme saturation.44
Data analysis
An iterative whole team two-stage approach to data analysis was undertaken using rapid qualitative inquiry.45 Rapid qualitative inquiry is helpful for gaining preliminary insight into a complex phenomenon, particularly where little is known and understanding the phenomenon is key.
The transcripts were initially coded to identify themes and patterns within the data. Independent coding by team members occurred following completion of the first five interviews. Emerging themes were then collaboratively discussed and compared to ensure team agreement and the topic guide remained focused. Finally, further independent coding and collaborative team agreement about emergent themes took place again after 14 interviews.
RESULTS
Recruitment
A total of 23 participants initially agreed to participate, with 19 PHCPs from 16 practices across three CCGs (seven from Cambridgeshire and Peterborough, and nine from the West Midlands) agreeing to interviews.
Six participants were recruited through email, six through regional respiratory meeting attendance, and seven from link-tracing sampling.37
Eighteen face-to-face interviews and one telephone interview were conducted between February and November 2017. Interviews lasted 18–63 minutes (mean = 44.7 minutes). Although all participants indicated that they referred patients with COPD to PR, at interview it emerged that two had no knowledge of PR and had never referred, and a further participant no longer reviewed patients with COPD in practice but considered their respiratory knowledge relevant. All three participants’ interview data were included in the analysis as their practice was deemed important to the study. The remainder (n = 16) narratively reported infrequently referring to PR, which differed to what they had documented on the returned self-completed reply slips as detailed in Table 1.
Table 1.
Participant characteristics (N = 19)
| Variable | n (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Primary health care practitioner role | Practice nurse | 7 (37) |
| GP | 6 (32) | |
| Advanced nurse practitioner | 4 (21) | |
| Practice manager/nurse | 1 (5) | |
| Healthcare assistant | 1 (5) | |
|
| ||
| Sex | Female | 14 (74) |
| Male | 5 (26) | |
|
| ||
| Respiratory qualifications (formal spirometry/COPD/asthma diploma or higher) | Practice manager/nurse | 7 (37) |
| Advanced nurse practitioner | 2 (11) | |
| GP | 1 (5) | |
|
| ||
| Reported number of COPD patient seen weekly | 0–10 per week | 12 (63) |
| 11–20 per week | 7 (37) | |
|
| ||
| Reported number of pulmonary rehabiliation referrals | <1 per month | 8 (42) |
| <1–2 per week | 10 (53) | |
| >3 per week | 1 (5) | |
Themes
Four main themes and eleven subthemes were derived from frequencies and patterns in the interview data.
Figure 1 shows that there is a hierarchical structure to the themes. Awareness and understanding of PR is an important theme because awareness must be present before PHCPs can comment on other aspects. However, where professionals were aware of PR, the characteristics of the PR service, perceptions about patients’ ability to attend/benefit, the referral processes, and personal and collective experiences impacted on the perceived value of PR and subsequent referral behaviour.
Figure 1.
Main themes and subthemes developed from thematic analysis.
The themes are discussed in depth below with quotes that reflect the range of views expressed.
Awareness and understanding about PR
Awareness of the exact nature of PR was variable, with 17 out of 19 reporting some understanding. A small number of PHCPs spoke about PR as a fundamental treatment for patients with COPD:
‘I, 100% feel it is a positive treatment for these patients.’
(practice nurse [PN]1)
All participants but one (advanced nurse practitioner [ANP]3) reported that they thought PR to be an intervention that incorporated exercise for people with COPD, thereby helping patients to manage their breathlessness:
‘Is all about understanding why they get breathless and how to manage that breathlessness.’
(PN2)
This awareness was gained from many sources including postgraduate respiratory training and respiratory interested/specialist secondary care colleagues.
One GP shared an anecdote, which he described had positively influenced his view of PR and current practice:
‘ ... [the GP] asked the consultant “which inhaler is best? ” The respiratory consultant replied “pulmonary rehabilitation”.’
(GP5)
Local CCG interventions such as quality improvement programmes improved awareness of PR:
‘We did it as part of the PDMA, Practice Development and Membership Agreement.’
(GP3)
PNs appeared to be more aware of PR than other PHCPs, yet few were able to fully describe it. Four out of seven PNs and one out of four ANPs described having observed PR, yet one went on to say:
‘I know what pulmonary rehabilitation is, but what is it really?’
(ANP2)
One participant had previously been involved with PR delivery and advocated its benefits, but reported referring few patients:
‘It’s beneficial for the right patient; expectations are different to reality.’
(PN1)
This participant conveyed a perception that was echoed by several other PHCPs, suggesting that knowledge of PR could itself impede referral.
Overall, irrespective of level of awareness, most PHCPs underestimated the value of PR in comparison with other interventions:
‘Quite often they’re already on triple-inhaled therapy and you’re sort of thinking, what else might help and that’s when it perhaps comes to mind that maybe pulmonary rehabilitation might be suitable.’
(GP6)
Despite the sample being composed of PHCPs with some interest in COPD, the awareness and appreciation of the relative value of PR among all treatments was relatively poor.
Characteristics of pulmonary rehabilitation services
Both general features of PR and local PR service providers appeared to influence referral. An important characteristic that PHCPs frequently described as impeding the ‘promotion’ of PR, is the name itself:
‘Pulmonary rehabilitation, which in itself sounds horrendously frightening.’
(ANP4)
Consequently, PHCPs often pre-empted negative patient responses to PR and used alternative terms, such as ‘exercise’ or ‘management’ when describing PR to patients, while others described avoiding the term ‘exercise’ completely:
‘I try not to term it as an exercise programme; I tend to explain it as a treatment programme.’
(PN1)
And for some, particularly nurses, greater concern existed about offering PR to patients who they perceived not to benefit:
‘If you raise patients’ hopes and say offer it … it could make the depression worse.’
(ANP4)
PHCPs rarely described direct PR benefits, such as improvements in emotional function as highlighted in Box 1.
Where PHCPs knew about PR, they often described articulating it as difficult:
‘I can’t always put into words, you know, summarise what the benefits are. You know, sort of in two sentences.’
(PN2)
This was linked to frequent reports of a lack of local practice PR promotional material.
The three subthemes relative to this main theme are now discussed in further detail.
Provider engagement
Almost all participants described little engagement from PR providers, mentioning details such as wait time and timing of provision to be frequently unknown:
‘ There’s a definite lack of understanding about when it runs, how often it runs, who the lead is, what sort of exercises they do.’
(PN1)
Additionally, very few PHCPs knew if, or when, patients who had attended PR could re-attend.
Quality of local service including personal perceptions
Wide variations in exercise type offered in PR programmes were described, including tai chi and practice-based chair exercises for general populations. Variation across PR programmes was more prevalent in the West Midlands than in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough; however, differences in content appeared not to influence referral. Instead, factors, such as intervention venue, ease of referral, patient acceptance, and perception of PR providers were considered by PHCP referrers:
‘At the minute I’m probably saying … Because it’s local and I think they might buy it. The referral process is really easy, I send an internal message — and it’s done.’
(PN7)
Location
Participants frequently cited location as a barrier to PR referral yet it is not clear if this was voiced by patients or anticipated by PHCPs:
‘It’s two buses from [name of venue] and they won’t go for two buses.’
(PN4)
However, not all PHCPs knew the venue, or were able to confirm to patients where providers might send them:
‘ We can request, but it doesn’t always end up being where we say it is, and where we’ve asked it to be.’
(GP4)
Indeed, the emergence of practice-based group exercises appeared to be a solution to this problem, particularly in the West Midlands.
Perceptions about patients
A further important theme that emerged from the data is the PHCPs’ perceptions of patients’ physical and/or psychological ability to benefit from PR. This theme comprises four subthemes.
Clinical characteristics
PHCPs largely described PR as an intervention for patients with defined clinical characteristics, particularly for deteriorating patients, measured by breathless, declining FEV1, or increasing exacerbation frequency. A frequently mentioned PR referral requirement was patients having to meet Medical Research Council (MRC) breathlessness score ≥3:5
‘I tend to base it on their MRC scores, so the people who are scoring MRC 3, 4, or 5.’
(GP6)
Nevertheless, assessment of suitability was often subjective, as demonstrated by the photographic images used. Most assumed the patient in image B who was standing upright dressed in a suit did not require referral based on his appearance, and without need for clinical assessment:
‘He’s got his walking boots on, I mean he’s quite fit.’
(PN7)
On the other hand, there was reluctance about referring patients who used oxygen. This was partly based on preconceptions around potential benefit:
‘I would worry about whether she could physically participate … or actually benefit.’ [referring to image C of a woman using oxygen]
(ANP2)
Others assumed that patients on oxygen would have already been offered PR because of likely contact with secondary care, so they would be less likely to offer PR.
Social characteristics
PHCPs frequently described characteristics, such as social isolation and employment as barriers to attendance:
‘I think the majority of patients who say no to me, it’s because of that anxiety they’ve got about going out, I think it’s just easier to say no.’
(ANP4)
Yet, paradoxically PHCPs often viewed PR positively in terms of potential social interactions, particularly for those considered socially isolated.
Patients in work were described as being inhibited by PR programme timing; however, PHCPs frequently considered them as being too well to benefit:
‘The biggest thing is when they are still in work and it’s going to jeopardise their work situation to take time off to go, and they’re not severe yet.’
(ANP1)
A small number of PHCPs also described current smokers as inappropriate for PR:
‘If a patient won’t give up smoking almost what’s the point in doing it.’
(practice manager [PM]1)
Motivation
PHCPs frequently reported that patients are not motivated to attend and described having to ‘push’ and ‘nag’ patients:
‘They won’t go to PR.’
(PN7)
‘Patients don’t want it.’
(PN5)
‘The main hurdle is convincing people to go.’
(GP5)
This described lack of patient motivation can lead to variation in PR introduction approaches:
‘You sort of need to trickle feed it.’
(PN4)
Relationships
Relationships between PHCPs and patients were seen as important, but could result in differing patient reactions. Long-term contact with PHCPs resulted in trust for some:
‘I’ve seen patients for many many years … they’ve confidence in you and will say “well, if you think that’s its good for me I will go to it”.’
(PN3)
In contrast, others found familiarity a barrier:
‘Not again, don’t start, not again.’
(PN7)
The relationship also impacted on PHCPs’ reactions, with some describing caring for patients with COPD as challenging, captured by the term ‘heartsink patients’ (PN2 and GP5).
Working environment and referral processes
This final theme included four subthemes. Discussions about PR referral were largely seen as most appropriately undertaken by practice nurses, at COPD annual review:
‘When they’re doing the routine review … that’s probably the ideal time.’
(GP5)
GPs largely reported referring infrequently:
‘I can’t remember the last time I referred anyone.’
(GP3)
Few PHCPs considered PR discussion appropriate in an acute exacerbation consultation, given clinical priority and consultation time constraints:
‘It doesn’t form any part of my acutely unwell consultation.’
(GP4)
However, post-exacerbation review in primary care is an emerging practice, particularly in the West Midlands. This was described as offering an additional referral opportunity:
‘It may get better now we’re trying to do these post-exacerbation reviews because then you’ve got that second opportunity to look and say.’
(GP6)
Consultation time and priorities
PHCPs often reported that clinical time constraints inhibit PR referral and described rationalising organisational priorities:
‘ The biggest barrier to any referral is time … [on PR] it’s almost like an optional thing you can consider, not something you have to do.’
(ANP2)
‘ There are lots of calls on prioritisation.’
(GP2)
Ease of referral
Most PHCPs knew how to refer, describing the process as straightforward, despite some variations. The PR referral on COPD templates was frequently described as a valuable reminder:
‘ The template would always prompt.’
(healthcare assistant [HCA]1)
Patient and provider feedback
Positive patient feedback motivated PHCPs to discuss PR with subsequent patients with COPD:
‘I have seen patients who … have been suitable for PR but haven’t agreed to be referred in the past … I would mention … the experience of other patients … have found it helpful so that might motivate them to kind of agree.’
(GP1)
However, PR provider feedback was largely described as very poor:
‘I don’t know what’s happened to my patients that I’ve referred, whether they’ve actually gone, what their outcome is.’
(ANP4)
Additionally, where providers had deemed referred patients ineligible for PR, it appeared to be patients rather than providers that fed that information back to the PHCPs. PHCPs described feeling frustrated in these circumstances, demotivating them from future referrals:
‘I was a bit annoyed because I felt quite strongly that he would benefit.’
(PN3)
Public awareness of PR appeared very low, with only two out of 19 participants reporting patients/carers to have asked about PR. PR awareness within some general practices also appeared to be low:
‘It’s very rarely talked about, I’ve never heard it mentioned.’
(ANP3)
Practice incentives
Financial incentives appeared to differ between the locations and influence PHCPs’ views. In Cambridgeshire and Peterborough there was no financial incentive for PR referral:
‘I’m not saying it should be but if pulmonary COPD was a QOF priority, money attached, we would do it.’
(GP2)
In the West Midlands there were financial incentives, which were deemed as helpful in terms of reminders:
‘Maybe triggers other people’s brains … it’s part of a thing you need to do.’
(GP6)
They were also deemed helpful in raising the profile of PR and authorising referrals:
‘It makes it okay.’
(GP6)
Suggested enablers
All participants were invited to suggest possible enablers to PR referral. Box 3 summarises the 12 suggestions that were proposed and their alignment to the four main themes.
Box 3.
Suggested enablers and relation to main themes
| Enablers | Themes |
|---|---|
| Educate PHCP staff on PR | Awareness and understanding of PR |
|
| |
| Changing the PR name | Characteristics of PR services |
| Monthly feedback from PR providers | |
| PR closer to practice/in practice | |
| Patient self-referral | |
| Directly invite eligible patients | |
|
| |
| PHCP use of motivational interviewing | Perceptions about patients |
| Patient to watch video | |
|
| |
| Post exacerbation follow-up | Working environment and referral |
| Prompts and/or reminders to staff | |
| Additional practice funding/incentive PR posters in practices | |
PHCP = primary healthcare practitioner. PR = pulmonary rehabilitation.
DISCUSSION
Summary
This is the first in depth qualitative study to investigate a range of PHCPs’ experiences of referring or considering PR referral for patients with COPD in England. It highlights a hierarchical approach to PR discussion and referral by PHCPs that has not previously been reported. This is dominated initially by PHCPs’ individual awareness and understanding of PR, which is subsequently strongly influenced by three further factors: characteristics of PR services, perceptions about patient motivation and characteristics, and the working environment and referral process.
PR referral is a highly complex phenomenon, which was influenced by the PHCPs’ knowledge and awareness of the benefits of PR, and contextual factors such as perceived quality of the PR service, engagement with providers, consultation time, referral prompts, ease of referral, PHCP–patient relationship, perceptions of the patient’s needs and abilities, and practical considerations, such as PR accessibility. While detailed awareness of the clinical benefits of PR was generally low, it is the combined total of these factors that appeared to greatly inhibit PR referral by PHCPs. As such, increasing PHCPs’ knowledge alone will not necessarily translate to increased referral rates; indeed, some PR knowledge appears to impede referral as knowledgeable PHCPs analyse patient assessment and suitability in greater detail.
PHCPs described referral to be considered largely at COPD annual review, yet frequent subjective evaluation of patient characteristics rather than clinical assessment dominated decisions. This subjective assessment led to referral opportunities being considerably narrowed.
PHCPs frequently reported that patients were unmotivated and perceived patient-based difficulties in attending PR as important barriers to referral. In response, a commonly used lever was to offer PR when COPD symptom burden, such as exacerbation rate and dyspnoea is increasing and where pharmacological treatments have been maximised. PR was therefore frequently viewed as an end of the road treatment at a time where patients with COPD often have high symptom burden. PHCPs were aware of this and not always certain how best to support patients, although described introducing PR gradually as one approach.
Relationships with PR providers and environmental factors, such as having the time to refer and practical accessibility of PR service for patients influenced referral behaviours. PHCPs often described a lack of familiarity with their local PR providers contributing to lower referral. Indeed, the most frequent suggested enablers to improve PR referral (Box 3) were related to PR providers.
While it was not intended to make comparisons between the geographical areas, some differences were noted. In some West Midlands practices, PR incentive funding appeared to increase PHCPs’ PR awareness and increased reported referral rates; however, higher non-elective COPD emergency admissions in this location31 may also contribute.
Strengths and limitations
This study was able to recruit a wide range of general practice-based participants, with knowledge of PR, in all but two out of 19 participants. Gaining insight into PHCPs’ real experiences of current PR referral barriers and enablers is important.
Only PHCPs who had an interest in PR and/or COPD may have agreed to take part and had the study been undertaken in different geographical regions, findings may have differed. All practice nurses and one of the GPs interviewed had a post-qualifying respiratory qualification, which may not be reflective of the general practice workforce. Despite this, the awareness and appreciation of the relative value of PR among treatment options for COPD was limited.
One of the authors is an experienced respiratory specialist nurse, whose experiences may have influenced data collection and analysis.38
Comparison with existing literature
PHCPs’ knowledge of PR has previously been reported as being low.23,26 While general HCPs’ awareness may have increased since the implementation of secondary care COPD discharge bundles, PR referral and uptake remains low.46,47
The current study found that most PHCPs had a general PR awareness, but few had detailed PR knowledge. While knowledge is a key factor to referral, this is highly influenced by additional factors that must be addressed if PR referral rates are to increase and PHCPs are to improve its ‘promotion’.
An early qualitative study24 and a practice-based service evaluation13 postulated that PHCPs’ attitudes may contribute to low PR referral numbers, a factor reported by patients themselves.19,21 Conversely, the current study found that PHCPs frequently described patients as having little motivation for PR, as has also been reported elsewhere.24,26 Participants described maximal pharmacological therapy and worsening COPD symptoms as opportunities for motivating patients to accept PR.
This approach has important implications. First, patients with high COPD symptoms live with high levels of fear and panic,20,48 and have concerns about functional abilities, including beliefs that shortness of breath is detrimental to lung capacity.20 These are highly likely to influence patients’ referral acceptance and may explain ‘low motivation’. Second, many patients with COPD are frequently inappropriately prescribed triple therapy. Referring patients earlier to PR when their symptom burden is less may increase patient acceptance and may reduce prescribing behaviours.
Patients have reported that key factors to referral acceptance are their understanding of the content and benefits of participation in PR programmes.17 The findings of this study highlight that PHCPs struggle to articulate both content and clinical benefit of PR. HCPs are highly influential in a patient’s acceptance of PR referral,15–18 yet those interviewed had little awareness of this and subsequently no plans to address it.
Financial incentives appeared to facilitate the likelihood of referral in this study and elsewhere.49 It is likely that the implementation of financial reward for PR referral instilled by the new GP contract changes in England and Wales50 will yield some positive changes. However, it is important to acknowledge that increased GP PR referral rates do not necessarily translate to greater PR completion, as has been reported by Hogg et al.51 As such, adopting a system-based approach at the point of referral that incorporates the three key parties (PHCP, patient, and PR provider) is likely to be more successful in overcoming the multiple barriers than isolated interventions.
Implications for research and practice
PR is a nationally and internationally recommended intervention for patients with COPD, yet it remains poorly accessed. Primary care consultations for COPD are increasing, as is the COPD population. Increasing PR referral and likely uptake will reduce patient symptom burden and potentially reduce primary care contacts.
The PR referrer is very important to referral acceptance, uptake, and completion. PHCPs reported large numbers of barriers and very few enablers to PR referral. This appears to indicate that a multipronged approach to enhancing referral is likely to be valuable. This goes beyond education and awareness raising for PHCPs, and includes engagement of PR providers and system-level changes. Identifying the frequency and generalisability of these findings are important next steps. These current findings have been mapped to a national PHCPs survey, for which data has been collected and analysis is underway.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank all participating GPs, nurses, and the healthcare assistant for giving up their time, providing the data, and contributing to this study.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Ethical approval
This research was approved by the NHS Health Research Authority (reference number: 17/HRA/0008) (Integrated Research Application System project ID: 213367) (protocol number: RG_16-032) and sponsored by the University of Birmingham.
Provenance
Freely submitted; externally peer reviewed.
Competing interests
The authors have declared no competing interests.
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