Skip to main content
PMC home page
Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2008 Feb 29;45:61–112. doi: 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60058-5

Modification of Membrane Permeability by Animal Viruses

Luis Carrasco 1
PMCID: PMC7131156  PMID: 7793329

Abstract

Animal viruses permeabilize cells at two well-defined moments during infection: (1) early, when the virus gains access to the cytoplasm, and (2) during the expression of the virus genome. The molecular mechanisms underlying both events are clearly different; early membrane permeability is induced by isolated virus particles, whereas late membrane leakiness is produced by newly synthesized virus protein(s) that possess activities resembling ionophores or membrane-active toxins. Detailed knowledge of the mechanisms, by which animal viruses permeabilize cells, adds to our understanding of the steps involved in virus replication. Studies on early membrane permeabilization give clues about the processes underlying entry of animal viruses into cells; understanding gained on the modification by viral proteins of membrane permeability during virus replication indicates that membrane leakiness is required for efficient virus release from infected cells or virus budding, in the case of enveloped viruses. In addition, the activity of these membrane-active virus proteins may be related to virus interference with host cell metabolism and with the cytopathic effect that develops after virus infection.

References

  1. AbuBaker S., Boldogh I., Albrecht T. Biochem. Biophys. Res. 1990;166:953–959. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)90903-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Acheson N.H., Tamm I. Virology. 1967;32:128–143. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(67)90261-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Almela M.J., Gonzalez M.E., Carrasco L. J. Virol. 1991;65:2572–2577. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.5.2572-2577.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Alonso M.A., Carrasco L. FEBS Lett. 1981;127:112–114. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80354-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Alonso M.A., Carrasco L. EMBO J. 1982;1:913–917. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01271.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Alonso M.A., Carrasco L. Eur. J. Biochem. 1982;127:567–569. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06909.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Altman E., Altman R.K., Garrett J.M., Grimaila R.J., Young R. J. Bacteriol. 1983;155:1130–1137. doi: 10.1128/jb.155.3.1130-1137.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Andreu D., Merrifield R.B., Steiner H., Boman H.G. Biochemistry. 1985;24:1683–1688. doi: 10.1021/bi00328a017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Ariansen S., Afanasiev B.N., Oivind Moskaug J., Stenmark H., Madshus I.H., Olsnes S. Biochemistry. 1993;32:83–90. doi: 10.1021/bi00052a012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Ashcroft F.M., Röper J. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1993;5:677–683. doi: 10.1016/0955-0674(93)90139-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bablanian R. Prog. Med. Virol. 1975;19:40–83. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Barker K., Aderem A., Hanafusa H. J. Virol. 1989;63:2929–2935. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.7.2929-2935.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Barrell B.G., Air G.M., Hutchison C.A., III Nature (London) 1976;264:34–41. doi: 10.1038/264034a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Barth B.U., Suomalainen M., Liljeström P., Garoff H. J. Virol. 1992;66:7560–7564. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.12.7560-7564.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bashford C.L., Alder G.M., Gray M.A., Micklem K.J., Taylor C.C., Turek P.J., Pasternak C.A. J. Cell Physiol. 1985;123:326–336. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041230306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bashford C.L., Rodrigues L., Pasternak C.A. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1989;983:56–64. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(89)90380-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Beaumelle B., Bensammar L., Bienvenüe A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992;267:11525–11531. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Beaumelle B., Alami M., Hopkins C.R. J. Biol. Chem. 1993;268:23661–23669. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Benedetto A., Rossi G.B., Amici C., Belardelli F., Cioe L., Carruba G., Carrasco L. Virology. 1980;106:123–132. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90227-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bennett J., Glavinovich J., Liskay R., Wulff D.L., Cronan J.E., Jr. Virology. 1971;43:516–518. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90326-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Beremand M.N., Blumenthal T. Cell (Cambridge, Massachusetts) 1979;18:257–266. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90045-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Berkhout B., Smith M.H., Spanjaard R.A., Blom T., van Duin J. EMBO J. 1985;4:3315–3320. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb04082.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Bernheimer A.W., Rudy B. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1986;864:123–141. doi: 10.1016/0304-4157(86)90018-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Berridge M.J., Irvine R.F. Nature (London) 1989;341:197–205. doi: 10.1038/341197a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Bevins C.L., Zasloff M. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1990;59:395–414. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.002143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Billah M.M. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1993;5:114–123. doi: 10.1016/0952-7915(93)90090-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Black R.A., Rota P.A., Gorodkova N., Carmer A., Klenk H.-D., Kendal A.P. J. Gen. Virol. 1993;74:1673–1677. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-8-1673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Bläsi U., Linke R.P., Lubitz W. J. Biol. Chem. 1989;264:4552–4558. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Bosch M.L., Earl P.L., Fargnoli K., Picciafuoco S., Giombini F., Wong Staal F., Franchini G. Science. 1989;244:694–697. doi: 10.1126/science.2541505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Bowman E.J., Siebers A., Altendorf K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1988;85:7972–7976. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.21.7972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Buller C.S., Maten M.V., Faurot D., Nelson E.T. J. Virol. 1975;15:1141–1147. [Google Scholar]
  32. Cairns J. Virology. 1960;11:603–623. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(60)90103-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Caliguiri L.A., Tamm I. Science. 1969;166:885–886. doi: 10.1126/science.166.3907.885. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Caliguiri L.A., Tamm I. Virology. 1970;42:100–111. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90242-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Carafoli E. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1987;56:395–433. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.002143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Carrasco L. FEBS Lett. 1977;76:11–15. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80110-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Carrasco L. Nature (London) 1978;272:694–699. doi: 10.1038/272694a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Carrasco L. Virology. 1981;113:623–629. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90190-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Carrasco L. Vol. 1. CRC Press; Boca Raton, Florida: 1987. (“Mechanisms of Viral Toxicity in Animal Cells”). 1–4. [Google Scholar]
  40. Carrasco L. FEBS Lett. 1994;350:151–154. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00780-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Carrasco L., Castrillo J.L. Vol. 1. CRC Press; Boca Raton, Florida: 1987. (“Mechanisms of Viral Toxicity in Animal Cells”). 115–146. [Google Scholar]
  42. Carrasco L., Esteban M. Virology. 1982;117:62–69. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90507-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Carrasco L., Lacal J.C. Pharmacol. Ther. 1983;23:109–145. doi: 10.1016/0163-7258(83)90028-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Carrasco L., Smith A.E. Nature (London) 1976;264:807–809. doi: 10.1038/264807a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Carrasco L., Vazquez D. VI. Springer-Verlag; Berlin and New York: 1983. (“Antibiotics”). 1 279–296. [Google Scholar]
  46. Carrasco L., Harvey R., Blanchard C., Smith A.E. III. Springer-Verlag; Berlin and New York: 1979. (“Modern Trends in Human Leukemia”). 1 277–281. [Google Scholar]
  47. Carrasco L., Otero M.J., Castrillo J.L. Pharmacol. Ther. 1989;40:171–212. doi: 10.1016/0163-7258(89)90096-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Carrasco L., Perez L., Irurzun A., Lama J., Martinez-Abarca F., Rodrigez P., Guinea R., Castrillo J.L., Sanz M.A., Ayala M.J. In: “Regulation of Gene Expression in Animal Viruses”. Carrasco L., Sonenberg N., Wimmer E., editors. Plenum; New York: 1993. pp. 283–305. [Google Scholar]
  49. Castrillo J.L., López-Rivas A., Carrasco L. J. Gen. Virol. 1987;68:325–333. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-68-2-325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Catterall W.A. Trends Neurosci. 1993;16:500–506. doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(93)90193-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Chakrabarti L., Emerman M., Tiollais P., Sonigo P. J. Virol. 1989;63:4395–4403. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.10.4395-4403.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Cherney C.S., Wilhelm J.M. J. Virol. 1979;30:533–542. doi: 10.1128/jvi.30.2.533-542.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Choe S., Bennett M.J., Fujii G., Curmi P.M.G., Kantardjieff K.A., Collier R.J., Eisenberg D. Nature (London) 1992;357:216–222. doi: 10.1038/357216a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Ciampor F., Bayley P.M., Nermut M.V., Hirst E.M.A., Sugrue R.J., Hay A.J. Virology. 1992;188:14–24. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90730-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Ciampor F., Thompson C.A., Grambas S., Hay A.J. Virus Res. 1992;22:247–258. doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(92)90056-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Cloyd M.W., Lynn W.S. Virology. 1991;181:500–511. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90882-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Cobbold P.H., Rink T.J. Biochem. J. 1987;248:313–328. doi: 10.1042/bj2480313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Cociancich S., Goyffon M., Bontems F., Bulet P., Bouet F., Menez A., Hoffmann J. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1993;194:17–22. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1778. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Cohen E.A., Terwilliger E.F., Sodroski J.G., Haseltine W.A. Nature (London) 1988;334:532–534. doi: 10.1038/334532a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Collins P.L., Mottet G. J. Gen. Virol. 1993;74:1445–1450. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-7-1445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Conrad M., Bubb V.J., Schlegel R. J. Virol. 1993;67:6170–6178. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.10.6170-6178.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Contreras A., Carrasco L. J. Virol. 1979;29:114–122. doi: 10.1128/jvi.29.1.114-122.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Cotten M., Wagner E., Zatloukal K., Phillips S., Curiel D.T., Birnstiel M.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992;89:6094–6098. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.13.6094. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Cotten M., Wagner E., Zatloukal K., Birnstiel M.L. J. Virol. 1993;67:3777–3785. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.7.3777-3785.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Cowan S.W. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 1993;3:501–507. [Google Scholar]
  66. Curiel D.T. Prog. Med. Virol. 1993;40:1–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Dales S., Siminovitch L. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1961;10:475–503. doi: 10.1083/jcb.10.4.475. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Dales S., Eggers H.J., Tamm I., Palade G.E. Virology. 1965;26:379–389. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(65)90001-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. DeGrado W.F., Wasserman Z.R., Lear J.D. Science. 1989;243:622–628. doi: 10.1126/science.2464850. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. del Castillo J.R., Ludert J.E., Sanchez A., Ruiz M.C., Michelangeli F., Liprandi F. J. Gen. Virol. 1991;72:541–547. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-3-541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Dempsey C.E. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1990;1031:143–161. doi: 10.1016/0304-4157(90)90006-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. De Sena J., Mandel B. Virology. 1977;78:554–566. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90130-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Dröse S., Bindseil K.U., Bowman E.J., Siebers A., Zeeck A., Altendorf K. Biochemistry. 1993;32:3902–3906. doi: 10.1021/bi00066a008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Dubendorff J.W., Studier F.W. J. Mol. Biol. 1991;219:45–59. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(91)90856-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Edwards J., Brown D.T. Virology. 1991;182:28–33. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90644-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Egberts E., Hackett P.B., Traub P. J. Virol. 1977;22:591–597. doi: 10.1128/jvi.22.3.591-597.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Eggleton K.H., Norkin L.C. Virology. 1981;110:73–86. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90009-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Eisenberg D. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1984;53:595–623. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.003115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Eisenberg D., Wesson M. Biopolymers. 1990;27:171–177. doi: 10.1002/bip.360290122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Eisenman G., Dani J.A. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Chem. 1987;16:205–226. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bb.16.060187.001225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Exton J.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1990;265:1–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Felix H. Anal. Biochem. 1982;120:211–234. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90340-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Fermin C.D., Garry R.F. Virology. 1992;191:941–946. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90269-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Fernández-Puentes C., Carrasco L. Cell (Cambridge, Massachusetts) 1980;20:769–775. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90323-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Fisher A.G., Ratner L., Mitsuya H., Marselle L.M., Harper M.E., Broder S., Gallo R.C., Wong Staal F. Science. 1986;233:655–659. doi: 10.1126/science.3014663. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. FitzGerald D., Pastan I. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1993;685:740–745. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb35935.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. FitzGerald D.J., Padmanabhan R., Pastan I., Willingham M.C. Cell (Cambridge, Massachusetts) 1983;32:607–617. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90480-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Flynn D.C., Meyer W.J., Mackenzie J.M.J., Johnston R.E. J. Virol. 1990;64:3643–3653. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.8.3643-3653.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Fox R.O.J., Richards F.M. Nature (London) 1982;300:325–330. doi: 10.1038/300325a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Fraenkel-Contrat H., Wagner R.R. “Comprehensive Virology.”. Plenum; New York: 1984. [Google Scholar]
  91. Freed E.O., Myers D.J., Risser R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1990;87:4650–4654. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4650. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Fricks C.E., Hogle J.M. J. Virol. 1990;64:1934–1945. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.5.1934-1945.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Froshauer S., Kartenbeck J. J. Cell. Biol. 1988;107:2075–2086. doi: 10.1083/jcb.107.6.2075. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Fuchs P., Kohn A. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1983;102:57–99. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-68906-2_2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. GaedigK-Nitschko K., Schlesinger M.J. Virology. 1990;175:274–281. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90209-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. GaedigK-Nitschko K., Ding M., Aachlevy M., Schlesinger M.J. Virology. 1990;175:282–291. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90210-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Gallaher W.R. Cell (Cambridge, Massachusetts) 1987;50:327–328. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90485-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Ganz T., Selsted M.E., Lehrer R.I. Eur. J. Haematol. 1990;44:1–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1990.tb00339.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Garoff H., Frischauf A.M., Simons K., Lehrach H., Delius H. Nature (London) 1980;288:236–241. doi: 10.1038/288236a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Garret J., Young R. J. Virol. 1992;44:886–892. doi: 10.1128/jvi.44.3.886-892.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Garrett J., Bruno C., Young R. J. Bacteriol. 1990;172:7275–7277. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.12.7275-7277.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Garry R.F. J. Gen. Virol. 1994;75:411–415. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-2-411. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Garry R.F., Waite M.R. Virology. 1979;96:121–128. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90178-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Garry R.F., Bishop J.M., Parker S., Westbrook K., Lewis G., Waite M.R. Virology. 1979;96:108–120. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90177-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Garry R.F., Bostick D.A., Ulug E.T. Virology. 1986;155:378–391. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90201-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Garry R.F., Gottlieb A.A., Zuckerman K.P., Pace J.R., Frank T.W., Bostick D.A. Biosci. Rep. 1988;8:35–48. doi: 10.1007/BF01128970. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Goessens W.H.F., Driessen A.J.M., Wilschut J., van Duin J. EMBO J. 1988;7:867–873. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02886.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Goldstein D.J., Finbow M.E., Andresson T., McLean P., Smith K., Bubb V., Schlegel R. Nature (London) 1991;353:347–349. doi: 10.1038/352347a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Gömez Yafal A., Kaplan G., Racaniello V.R., Hogle J.M. Virology. 1993;197:501–505. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1621. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. González M.E., Carrasco L. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1987;146:1303–1310. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)90791-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Göttlinger H.G., Dorfman T., Cohen E.A., Haseltine W.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1993;90:7381–7385. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.15.7381. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Gougeon M.-L., Colizzi V., Dalgleish A., Montagnier L. AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses. 1993;9:287–289. doi: 10.1089/aid.1993.9.287. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Grimley P.M., Berezesky I.K., Friedman R.M. J. Virol. 1968;2:1326–1338. doi: 10.1128/jvi.2.11.1326-1338.1968. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Guihard G., Bénédetti H., Besnard M., Letellier L. J. Biol. Chem. 1993;268:17775–17780. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Guinea R., Carrasco L. EMBO J. 1990;9:2011–2016. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08329.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Guinea R., Carrasco L. Virology. 1991;185:473–476. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90802-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Guinea R., Carrasco L. FEBS Lett. 1994;343:242–246. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80564-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Guinea R., Carrasco L. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1994;201:1270–1278. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1842. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Guinea R., Carrasco L. FEBS Lett. 1994;349:327–330. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00695-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Guinea R., López-Rivas A., Carrasco L. J. Biol. Chem. 1989;264:21923–21927. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Hackstadt T., Mallavia L.P. J. Gen. Virol. 1982;60:199–207. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-60-2-199. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Harber J., Wimmer E. In: “Regulation of Gene Expression in Animal Viruses”. Carrasco L., Sonenberg N., Wimmer E., editors. Plenum; New York: 1993. pp. 189–224. [Google Scholar]
  123. Hardaway K.L., Vander Maten M., Buller C.S. J. Virol. 1975;16:867–871. doi: 10.1128/jvi.16.4.867-871.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Hartshorn K.L., Collamer M., Auerbach M., Myers J.B., Pavlotsky N., Tauber A.I. J. Immunol. 1988;141:1295–1301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Hausdorff S.F., Goldstein S.A.N., Rushin E.E., Miller C. Biochemistry. 1991;30:3341–3346. doi: 10.1021/bi00227a025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Hay A.J. Semin. Virol. 1991;2:21–30. [Google Scholar]
  127. Hay A.J., Zambon M.C., Wolstenholme A.J., Skehel J.J., Smith M.H. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1986;18(Suppl. B):19–29. doi: 10.1093/jac/18.supplement_b.19. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Haywood A.M. J. Virol. 1994;68:1–5. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.1.1-5.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Haywood A.M., Boyer B.P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1985;82:4611–4615. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.14.4611. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Heitz F., Kaddari F., Van Mau N., Verducci J., Raniri Seheno H., Lazaro R. Biochimie. 1989;71:71–76. doi: 10.1016/0300-9084(89)90134-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Helenius A., Kielian M., Wellsteed J., Mellman I., Rudnick G. J. Biol. Chem. 1985;260:5691–5697. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Hoekstra D., Kok J.W. Biosci. Rep. 1989;9:273–305. doi: 10.1007/BF01114682. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Holsey C., Nair C.N. J. Cell. Physiol. 1993;155:606–614. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041550318. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Holsey C., Cragoe E.J.J., Nair C.N. J. Cell. Physiol. 1990;142:586–591. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041420319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Holsinger L.J., Nichani D., Pinto L.H., Lamb R.A. J. Virol. 1994;68:1551–1563. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.3.1551-1563.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Hoshi T., Zagotta W.N. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1993;3:283–290. doi: 10.1016/0959-4388(93)90119-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Hughey P.G., Compans R.W., Zebedee S.L., Lamb R.A. J. Virol. 1992;66:5542–5552. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.9.5542-5552.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Hultmark D., Engstrom A., Andersson K., Steiner H., Bennich H., Boman H.G. EMBO J. 1983;2:571–576. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01465.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Imoto K. FEBS Lett. 1993;325:100–103. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81422-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Irurzun A., Perez L., Carrasco L. Virology. 1992;191:166–175. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90178-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Irurzun A., Perez L., Carrasco L. FEBS Lett. 1993;336:496–500. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80863-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Irurzun A., Perez L., Carrasco L. J. Gen. Virol. 1993;74:1063–1071. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-6-1063. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Josslin R. Virology. 1971;44:101–107. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90157-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Kagan B.L., Finkelstein A., Colombini M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1981;78:4950–4954. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.8.4950. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Kaiser E.T., Kezdy F.J. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Chem. 1987;16:561–581. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bb.16.060187.003021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Kalko S.G., Cachau R.E., Silva A.M. Biophys. J. 1992;63:879–1182. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(92)81693-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Katsu T., Kuroko T., Morikawa T., Sanchika K., Fujita Y., Yamamura H., Uda M. Biochim. Biophys. Act. 1989;983:135–141. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(89)90226-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Ketchem R.R., Hu W., Cross T.A. Science. 1993;261:1457–1460. doi: 10.1126/science.7690158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Kishi M., Nishino Y., Sumiya M., Ohki K., Kimura T., Goto T., Nakai M., Kakinuma M., Ikuta K. J. Gen. Virol. 1992;73:77–87. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-1-77. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Klimkait T., Strebel K., Hoggan M.D., Martin M.A., Orenstein J.M. J. Virol. 1990;64:621–629. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.2.621-629.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Kokryakov V.N., Harwig S.S.L., Panyutich E.A., Shevchenko A.A., Aleshina G.M., Shamova O.V., Korneva H.A., Lehrer R.I. FEBS Lett. 1993;327:231–236. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80175-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Kowalski M., Bergeron L., Dorfman T., Haseltine W., Sodroski J. J. Virol. 1991;65:281–291. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.1.281-291.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Kyte J., Doolittle R.F. J. Mol. Biol. 1982;157:105–132. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90515-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Lacal J.C., Carrasco L. Eur. J. Biochem. 1982;127:359–366. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06880.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Lacal J.C., Carrasco L. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1983;24:273–275. doi: 10.1128/aac.24.2.273. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. J. Lama 1994. Ph.D. Thesis. Madrid Autonomous University. Madrid, Spain
  157. Lama J., Carrasco L. J. Biol. Chem. 1992;267:15932–15937. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Lama J., Carrasco L. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1992;188:972–981. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91327-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Lama J., Guinea R., Martinez-Abarca F., Carrasco L. Gene. 1992;117:185–192. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90728-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Lamb R.A. Virology. 1993;197:1–11. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1561. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Lamb R.A., Lai C.-J., Choppin P.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1981;78:4170–4174. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.7.4170. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Lamb R.A., Zebedee S.L., Richardson C.D. Cell (Cambridge, Massachusetts) 1985;40:627–633. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90211-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Lear J.D., Wasserman Z.R., DeGrado W.F. Science. 1988;240:1177–1181. doi: 10.1126/science.2453923. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Lee S.-J., Hu W., Fisher A.G., Looney D.J., Kao V.F., Mitsuya H., Ratner L., Wong-Staal F. AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses. 1989;5:441–449. doi: 10.1089/aid.1989.5.441. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Lee T., Crowell M., Shearer M.H., Aron G.M., Irvin J.D. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1990;34:2034–2037. doi: 10.1128/aac.34.10.2034. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Leippe M., Tannich E., Nickel R., Van der Goot G., Pattus F., Horstmann R.D., Müller-Eberhard H.J. EMBO J. 1992;11:3501–3506. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05432.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Lentz T.L. J. Gen. Virol. 1990;71:751–766. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-4-751. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Levy J.A. AIDS. 1993;7:1401–1410. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199311000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Levy J.A. Microbiol. Rev. 1993;57:183–289. doi: 10.1128/mr.57.1.183-289.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Lichtenheld M.G., Olsen K.J., Lu P., Lowrey D.M., Hameed A., Hengartner H., Podack E.R. Nature (London) 1988;335:448–451. doi: 10.1038/335448a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Liljestrom P., Garoff H. J. Virol. 1991;65:147–154. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.1.147-154.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Liljestrom P., Lusa S., Huylebroeck D., Garoff H. J. Virol. 1991;65:4107–4113. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.8.4107-4113.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Lopez Vancell R., Beaty G., Stefani E., Rodriguez Boulan E.E., Cereijido M. J. Membr. Biol. 1984;81:171–180. doi: 10.1007/BF01868711. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Lopez-Rivas A., Castrillo J.L., Carrasco L. J. Gen. Virol. 1987;68:335–342. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-68-2-335. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Lowrey D.M., Aebischer T., Olsen K., Lichtenheld M., Rupp F., Hengartner H., Podack E.R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1989;86:247–251. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.1.247. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Lusa S., Garoff H., Liljeström P. Virology. 1991;185:843–846. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90556-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Lynn W.S., Tweedale A., Cloyd M.W. Virology. 1988;163:43–51. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90232-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Macejak D., Sarnow P. Nature (London) 1991;353:90–94. doi: 10.1038/353090a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Madshus I.H. Biochem. J. 1988;250:1–8. doi: 10.1042/bj2500001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Maldarelli F., Chen M.-Y., Willey R.L., Strebel K. J. Virol. 1993;67:5056–5061. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.8.5056-5061.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Marsh M., Helenius A. Adv. Virus Res. 1989;36:107–151. doi: 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60583-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Martin J., Mahlke K., Pfanner N. J. Biol. Chem. 1991;266:18051–18057. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Mason P.W., Baxt B., Brown F., Harber J., Murdin A., Wimmer E. Virology. 1993;192:568–577. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1073. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Massotte D., Yamamoto M., Scianimanico S., Sorokine O., Van Dorsselaer A., Nakatani Y., Ourisson G., Pattus F. Biochemistry. 1993;32:13787–13794. doi: 10.1021/bi00213a006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Maynell L.A., Kirkegaard K., Klymkowsky M.W. J. Virol. 1992;66:1985–1994. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.4.1985-1994.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Meyer W.J., Gidwitz S., Ayers V.K., Schoepp R.J., Johnston R.E. J. Virol. 1992;66:3504–3513. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.6.3504-3513.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Michelangeli F., Ruiz M.C., del Castillo J.R., Ludert J.E., Liprandi F. Virology. 1991;181:520–527. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90884-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Miller M.A., Garry R.F., Jaynes J.M., Montelaro R.C. AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses. 1991;7:511–519. doi: 10.1089/aid.1991.7.511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Miller M.A., Cloyd M.W., Liebmann J., Jr., Rinaldo C.R., Islam K.R., Wang S.Z.S., Mietzner T.A., Montelaro R.C. Virology. 1993;196:89–100. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1457. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Mizzen L., Macintyre G., Wong F., Anderson R. J. Gen. Virol. 1987;68:2143–2151. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-68-8-2143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Model P., Webster R.E., Zinder N.D. Cell (Cambridge, Massachusetts) 1979;18:235–246. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90043-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Molla A., Paul A.V., Wimmer E. J. Virol. 1993;67:5932–5938. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.10.5932-5938.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Moore L.L., Bostick D.A., Garry R.F. Virology. 1988;166:1–9. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90139-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Moss B. In: “Virology”. Fields B.N., Knipe D.M., editors. Raven Press; New York: 1990. pp. 2079–2111. [Google Scholar]
  195. Muller-Eberhard H.J. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1988;57:321–347. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.57.070188.001541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Muñoz A., Alonso M.A., Carrasco L. Virology. 1984;137:150–159. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90018-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Muñoz A., Alonso M.A., Carrasco L. J. Gen. Virol. 1985;66:2161–2170. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-66-10-2161. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Muñoz A., Castrillo J.L., Carrasco L. Virology. 1985;146:203–212. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90004-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Murai T., Kakizuka A., Takumi T., Ohkubo H., Nakanishi S. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989;161:176–181. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91577-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Naglich J.G., Metherall J.E., Russell D.W., Eidels L. Cell (Cambridge, Massachusetts) 1992;69:1051–1061. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90623-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Nair C.N. J. Virol. 1981;37:268–273. doi: 10.1128/jvi.37.1.268-273.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Nair C.N. J. Gen. Virol. 1984;65:1135–1138. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-65-6-1135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Nair C.N., Stowers J.W., Singfield B. J. Virol. 1979;31:184–189. doi: 10.1128/jvi.31.1.184-189.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Nicholson K.G. Lancet. 1984;2:617–621. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)90604-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Nokta M., Eaton D., Steinsland O.S., Albrecht T. Virology. 1987;157:259–267. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90268-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Nokta M., Fons M.P., Eaton D.C., Albrecht T. Virology. 1988;164:411–419. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90554-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Norrie D.H., Wolstenholme J., Howcroft H., Stephen J. J. Gen. Virol. 1982;62:127–136. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-62-1-127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Nuss D.L., Oppermann H., Koch G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1975;72:1258–1262. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.4.1258. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Oblatt-Montal M., Bühler L.K., Iwamoto T., Tomich J.M., Montal M. J. Biol. Chem. 1993;268:14601–14607. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Ojcius D., Persechini D., Zheng L., Notaroberto P., Adeodato S., Young J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1991;88:4621–4625. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.11.4621. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Olmsted R.A., Collins P.L. J. Virol. 1989;63(5):2019–2029. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.5.2019-2029.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. Olsnes S., Moskaug J.O., Stenmark H., Sandvig K. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1988;13:348–351. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(88)90105-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  213. M.J. Otero,1986. Ph.D. Thesis. Madrid Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
  214. Otero M.J., Carrasco L. Virology. 1987;160:75–80. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90046-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Owens R.J., Burke C., Rose J.K. J. Virol. 1994;68:570–574. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.1.570-574.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. Palumbo G.J., Buller R.M. Virology. 1991;180:457–463. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90058-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Palumbo G.J., Glasgow W.C., Buller R.M.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1993;90:2020–2024. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.5.2020. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  218. Perez L., Carrasco L. FEBS Lett. 1991;280:129–133. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80220-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. Perez L., Carrasco L. J. Virol. 1993;67:4543–4548. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.8.4543-4548.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. Perez L., Carrasco L. J. Gen. Virol. 1994;75:2595–2606. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-10-2595. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. Perez L., Guinea R., Carrasco L. Virology. 1991;183:74–82. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90119-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. Perez L., Irurzun A., Carrasco L. Virology. 1993;194:28–36. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1231. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. Peterhans E., Haenggeli E., Wild P., Wyler R. J. Virol. 1979;29:143–152. doi: 10.1128/jvi.29.1.143-152.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  224. Pfanner N., Neupert W. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1990;59:331–353. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.001555. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  225. Pinter A., Honnen W.J., Tilley S.A., Bona C., Zaghouani H., Gorny M.K., Zolla-Pazner S. J. Virol. 1989;63:2674–2679. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.6.2674-2679.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. Pinto L.H., Holsinger L.J., Lamb R.A. Cell (Cambridge, Massachusetts) 1992;69:517–528. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90452-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  227. Podack E.R. J. Cell. Biochem. 1986;30:133–170. doi: 10.1002/jcb.240300205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  228. Podack E.R. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1992;178:175–184. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-77014-2_11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Portlock S.H., Clague M.J., Cherry R.J. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1990;1030:1–10. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(90)90231-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Read R.J., Stein P.E. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 1993;3:853–860. [Google Scholar]
  231. Reader R.W., Siminovitch L. Virology. 1971;43:607–622. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90286-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. Rey O., Rossi J.P., Lopez R., Iapalucci Espinoza S.J., Franze Fernandez M.T. J. Gen. Virol. 1988;69:951–954. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-4-951. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. Ritter G.D., Jr., Mulligan M.J., Lydy S.L., Compans R.W. Virology. 1993;197:255–264. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1586. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Rodríguez P.L., Carrasco L. J. Biol. Chem. 1993;268:8105–8110. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  235. Rosenthal K.S., Shapiro H.M. J. Cell. Physiol. 1983;117:39–42. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041170107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  236. Rosenthal K.S., Sokol M.S., Ingram R.L., Subramanian R., Fort R.C. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1982;22:1031–1036. doi: 10.1128/aac.22.6.1031. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  237. Rosenthal K.S., Roess D., Barisas G.B. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1988;942:38–44. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(88)90272-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  238. Rossmann M.G. Antiviral Res. 1989;11:3–13. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(89)90016-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  239. Ruigrok R.W.H., Hirst E.M.A., Hay A.J. J. Gen. Virol. 1991;72:191–194. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-1-191. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  240. Saborio J.L., Pong S.S., Koch G. J. Mol. Biol. 1974;85:195–211. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90360-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  241. Sanz M.A., Perez L., Carrasco L. J. Biol. Chem. 1994;269:12106–12110. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  242. Scaria A., Tollefson A.E., Saha S., Wold W.S. Virology. 1992;191:743–753. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90250-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  243. Schlegel A., Omar A., Jentsch P., Morell A., Kempf C. Biosci. Rep. 1991;11:243–255. doi: 10.1007/BF01127500. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  244. Schlesinger S., Schlesinger M.J. In: “Virology. Fields B.N., Knipe D.M., editors. Raven Press; New York: 1993. pp. 697–713. [Google Scholar]
  245. Schlesinger M.J., London S.D., Ryan C. Virology. 1993;193:424–432. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1139. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  246. Schmelz M., Sodeik B., Ericsson M., Wolffe E.J., Shida H., Hiller G., Griffiths G. J. Virol. 1994;68:130–147. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.1.130-147.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  247. Schmid M.F., Robinson J.P., DasGupta B.R. Nature (London) 1993;364:827–830. doi: 10.1038/364827a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  248. Schrom M., Bablanian R. Arch. Virol. 1981;70:173–187. doi: 10.1007/BF01315124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  249. Schulman J.L. In: “Chemotherapy of Viral Infections”. Came P.E., Caliguiri L.A., editors. Springer-Verlag; Berlin and New York: 1982. pp. 137–146. [Google Scholar]
  250. Schulz G.E. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1993;5:701–707. doi: 10.1016/0955-0674(93)90143-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  251. Segrest J.P., De Loof H., Dohlman J.G., Brouillette C.G., Anantharamaiah G.M. Proteins. 1990;8:103–117. doi: 10.1002/prot.340080202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  252. Semler B.L., Kuhn R.J., Wimmer E. Vol. 1. CRC Press; Boca Raton, Florida: 1988. (“RNA Genetics, Volume I. RNA-Directed Virus Replication”). 23–49. [Google Scholar]
  253. Seth P., Pastan I., Willingham M.C. J. Biol. Chem. 1985;260:9598–9602. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  254. Shinkai Y., Takio K., Okumura K. Nature (London) 1988;334:525–527. doi: 10.1038/334525a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  255. Smith A.R., Boursnell M.E.G., Binns M.M., Brown T.D.K., Inglis S.C. J. Gen. Virol. 1990;71:3–11. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-1-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  256. Sodeik B., Doms R.W., Ericsson M., Hiller G., Machamer C.E., van't Hof W., van Meer G., Moss B., Griffiths G. J. Cell. Biol. 1993;121:521–541. doi: 10.1083/jcb.121.3.521. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  257. Sodroski J., Goh W.C., Rosen C., Campbell K., Haseltine W.A. Nature (London) 1986;322:470–474. doi: 10.1038/322470a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  258. Somasundaran M., Robinson H.L. J. Virol. 1987;61:3114–3119. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.10.3114-3119.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  259. Somasundaran M., Robinson H.L. Science. 1988;242:1554–1557. doi: 10.1126/science.3201245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  260. Spruce A.E., Iwata A., Almers W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1991;88:3623–3627. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.9.3623. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  261. Stegmann T., Doms R.W., Helenius A. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 1989;18:187–211. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bb.18.060189.001155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  262. Strebel K., Klimkait T., Martin M.A. Science. 1988;241:1221–1223. doi: 10.1126/science.3261888. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  263. Strebel K., Klimkait T., Maldarelli F., Martin M.A. J. Virol. 1989;63:3784–3791. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.9.3784-3791.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  264. Studier F.W., Rosenberg A.H., Dunn J.J., Dubendorff J.W. Vol. 185. Academic Press; San Diego: 1990. (“Methods in Enzymology”). 1 60–89. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  265. Subramani S. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 1993;9:445–478. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.09.110193.002305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  266. Sugrue R.J., Hay A.J. Virology. 1991;180:617–624. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90075-M. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  267. Sugrue R.J., Bahadur G., Zambon M.C., Hall Smith M., Douglas A.R., Hay A.J. EMBO J. 1990;9:3469–3476. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07555.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  268. Sugrue R.J., Belshe R.B., Hay A.J. Virology. 1990;179:51–56. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90272-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  269. Suttorp N., Fuhrmann M., Tannert-Otto S., Grimminger F., Bhakdi S. J. Exp. Med. 1993;178:337–341. doi: 10.1084/jem.178.1.337. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  270. Takegami T., Kuhn R.J., Anderson C.W., Wimmer E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1983;80:7447–7451. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.24.7447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  271. Takegami T., Semler B.L., Anderson C.W., Wimmer E. Virology. 1983;128:33–47. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90316-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  272. Takeuchi K., Lamb R.A. J. Virol. 1994;68:911–919. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.2.911-919.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  273. Takumi T., Ohkubo H., Nakanishi S. Science. 1988;242:1042–1045. doi: 10.1126/science.3194754. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  274. Terwilliger E.F., Cohen E.A., Lu Y., Sodroski J.G., Haseltine W.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1989;86:5163–5167. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.13.5163. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  275. Thomas E., Overbaugh J. J. Virol. 1993;67:5724–5732. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.10.5724-5732.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  276. Tian P., Hu Y., Schilling W.P., Lindsay D.A., Eiden J., Estes M.K. J. Virol. 1994;68:251–257. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.1.251-257.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  277. Tollefson A.E., Scaria A., Saha S.K., Wold W.S.M. J. Virol. 1992;66:3633–3642. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.6.3633-3642.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  278. Tominack R.L., Hayden F.G. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 1987;1:459–478. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  279. Tosteson M.T., Nibert M.L., Fields B.N. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1993;90:10549–10552. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.22.10549. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  280. Tucker S.P., Thornton C.L., Wimmer E., Compans R.W. J. Virol. 1993;67:4274–4282. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.7.4274-4282.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  281. Ulug E.T., Garry R.F., Waite M.R., Bose H.R.J. Virology. 1984;132:118–130. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90096-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  282. Ulug E.T., Garry R.F., Jr., Bose H.R. Vol. 1. CRC Press; Boca Raton, Florida: 1987. (“Mechanisms of Viral Toxicity in Animal Cells”). 91–144. [Google Scholar]
  283. Ulug E.T., Garry R.F., Bose H.R.J. Virology. 1989;172:42–50. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90105-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  284. Urzainqui A., Carrasco L. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1988;158:263–271. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(89)80207-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  285. Vaara M. Microbiol. Rev. 1992;56:395–411. doi: 10.1128/mr.56.3.395-411.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  286. van Hofsten P., Faye I., Kockum K., Lee J.Y., Xanthopoulos K.G., Boman I.A., Boman H.G., Engstrom A., Andreu D., Merrifield R.B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1985;82:2240–2243. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.8.2240. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  287. Veit M., Klenk H.-D., Kendal A., Rott R. J. Gen. Virol. 1991;72:1461–1465. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-6-1461. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  288. Venable R.M., Pastor R.W, Brooks B.R., Carson F.W. AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses. 1989;5:7–22. doi: 10.1089/aid.1989.5.7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  289. Villani A., Cirino N.M., Baldi E., Kester M., Jr., McFadden E.R., Panuska J.R. J. Biol. Chem. 1991;266:5472–5479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  290. Wagner E., Zenke M., Cotten M., Beug H., Birnstiel M.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1990;87:3410–3414. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.9.3410. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  291. Wagner E., Plank C., Zatloukal K., Cotten M., Birnstiel M.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992;89:7934–7938. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.17.7934. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  292. Wagner E., Zatloukal K., Cotten M., Kirlappos H., Mechtler K., Curiel D.T., Birnstiel M.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992;89:6099–6103. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.13.6099. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  293. Wahl L.M., Corcoran M.L., Pyle S.W., Arthur L.O., Harel-Bellan A., Farrar W.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1989;86:621–625. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.2.621. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  294. Walderich B., Höltje J.-V. J. Bacteriol. 1989;171:3331–3336. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.6.3331-3336.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  295. Wang C., Takeuchi K., Pinto L.H., Lamb R.A. J. Virol. 1993;67:5585–5594. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.9.5585-5594.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  296. Weiss M.S., Schulz G.E. J. Mol. Biol. 1993;231:817–824. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1993.1328. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  297. Whitaker M. Nature (London) 1990;343:701–702. doi: 10.1038/343701b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  298. Willey R.L., Maldarelli F., Martin M.A., Strebel K. J. Virol. 1992;66:7193–7200. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.12.7193-7200.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  299. Wilson B.A., Collier R.J. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1992;175:27–41. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-76966-5_2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  300. Witte A., Lubitz W. Eur. J. Biochem. 1989;180:393–398. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14661.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  301. Witte A., Lubitz W., Bakker E.P. J. Bacterial. 1987;169:1750–1752. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.4.1750-1752.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  302. Witte A., Wanner G., Bläsi U., Halfmann G., Szostak M., Lubitz W. J. Bacteriol. 1990;172:4109–4119. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.7.4109-4114.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  303. Wittels M., Spear P.G. Virus. Res. 1991;18:271–290. doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(91)90024-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  304. Yao X.J., Göttlinger H., Haseltine W.A., Cohen E.A. J. Virol. 1992;66:5119–5126. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.8.5119-5126.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  305. Young R. Microbiol. Rev. 1992;56:430–481. doi: 10.1128/mr.56.3.430-481.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  306. Zalman L.S., Wisnieski B.J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1984;81:3341–3345. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.11.3341. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  307. Zebedee S.L., Richardson C.D., Lamb R.A. J. Virol. 1985;56:502–511. doi: 10.1128/jvi.56.2.502-511.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  308. Zebedee S.L., Lamb R.A. J. Virol. 1988;62:2762–2772. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.8.2762-2772.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  309. Zenke M., Steinlein P., Wagner E., Cotten M., Beug H., Birnstiel M.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1990;87:3655–3659. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.10.3655. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Advances in Virus Research are provided here courtesy of Elsevier

RESOURCES