Factors Affecting Susceptibility of Calves to Disease

JHB Roy

doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)82987-0

. 2010 Apr 24;63(4):650–664. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)82987-0

Factors Affecting Susceptibility of Calves to Disease

JHB Roy ¹

PMCID: PMC7131495 PMID: 6991558

Abstract

Enteric and respiratory disorders are the main hazards to successful calf rearing. The many interrelated factors in the etiology of these disorders are reviewed, and an attempt has been to classify the factors into those of a microbiological, immunological, nutritional, genetic, physical, or psychological nature.

References

1.Acres S.D., Laing C.J., Saunders J.R., Radostits O.M. Acute undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea in beef calves. 1. Occurrence and distribution of infectious agents. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1975;39:116. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2.Almeida J.D., Craig C.R., Hall T.E. Multiple viruses present in the feces of scouring calf. Vet. Rec. 1978;102:170. doi: 10.1136/vr.102.8.170. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3.American Dry Milk Institute Inc. 1971. Standards for grades of dry milks including methods of analysis. Bull. 916. Am. Dry Milk Inst., Chicago, IL.
4.Andrews A.H. Factors affecting the incidence of pneumonia in growing bulls. Vet. Rec. 1976;98:146. doi: 10.1136/vr.98.8.146. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5.Aschaffenburg R., Bartlett S., Kon S.K., Roy J.H.B., Walker D.M., Briggs C., Lovell R. The nutritive value of colostrum for the calf. 4. The effect of small quantities of colostral whey, dialysed whey and immune lactoglobulins. Brit. J. Nutr. 1951;5:171. [Google Scholar]
6.Barber D.M.L. Assessment of immune globulin status. Vet. Rec. 1976;98:121. doi: 10.1136/vr.98.6.121-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7.Barber D.M.L. Serum immune globulin status of purchased calves: an unreliable guide to viability and performance. Vet. Rec. 1978;102:418. doi: 10.1136/vr.102.19.418. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8.Baumwart A.L., Bush L.J., Mungle M. Effect of potassium isobutyrate on absorption of immunoglobulins from colostrum by calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:759. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83931-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9.Bell F.R., Grivel M.-L. The role of the duodenal infusate on gastric emptying measured by the e.m.g. of gastric muscle. J. Physiol. 1974;239:48P. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10.Bell F.R., Titchen D.A., Watson D.J. The effects of the gastric analogue, pentagastrin, on the gastric electromyogram and abomasal emptying in the calf. Res. Vet. Sci. 1977;23:165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11.Bell F.R., Watson D.J. The influence of gastric distension and the duodenal infusate on the pattern of stomach (abomasal) emptying in the preruminant calf. J. Physiol. 1976;259:445. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011475. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12.Bitsch V., Friis N.F., Krogh H.V. A microbiological study of pneumonic calf lungs. Acta. Vet. Scand. 1976;17:32. doi: 10.1186/BF03547941. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13.Boyd J.W., Baker J.R., Leyland A. Neonatal diarrhea in calves. Vet. Rec. 1974;95:310. doi: 10.1136/vr.95.14.310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14.Brandon M.R., Husband A.J., Lascelles A.K. The effect of glucocorticoid on immunoglobulin secretion into colostrum in cows. Australian J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1975;53:43. doi: 10.1038/icb.1975.4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15.Brisson G.J., Gaudreau J.M. Dietary protein sources and emptying time of the abomasum in milk-fed calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1977;57:849. [Google Scholar]
16.Brock J.H., Pineiro A., Lampreave F. The effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the antibacterial activity of complement, antibodies and lactoferrin and transferrin in bovine colostrum. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:287. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17.Burn-Murdock R.A., Fisher M.A., Hunt J.H. The slowing of gastric emptying by proteins in test meals. J. Physiol. 1978;274:477. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012161. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18.Burns T.W., Mathias J.R., Carlson G.M., Martin J.L. Effect of toxigenic Eschericbia coli on myoelectric activity of small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 1978;235:E311. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1978.235.3.E311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19.Bywater R.J. Some effects of Escherichia coli on unidirectional fluxes of water and sodium in calf Thiry-Vella loops. Res. Vet. Sci. 1973;14:35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20.Bywater R.J. A secretory effect produced in calf intestine by heat stable Escberichia coli enterotoxin without direct mucosal contact. Res. Vet. Sci. 1975;18:107. [Google Scholar]
21.Bywater R.J., Logan E.F. The site and characteristics of intestinal water and electrolyte loss in Escherichia coli induced diarrhea in calves. J. Comp. Pathol. 1974;84:599. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(74)90051-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22.Bywater R.J., Penhale W.J. Depressed lactase activity in the intestinal mucous membrane of calves after neonatal diarrhea. Res. Vet. Sci. 1969;10:591. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23.Cabello G., Levieux E. The effects of thyroxine and climatic factors on colostral gammaglobulin absorption in newborn calves. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:309. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24.Carlson S.M.A., Muller L.D. Composition and metabolic evaluation of colostrum preserved by four methods during warm ambient temperatures. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:566. [Google Scholar]
25.Chapman, H. R., F. T. Gillespie, D. J. Knight, and G. C. Cheeseman. 1973. Composition of milk for cheesemaking. Page 121 in Rep. Nat. Inst. Res. Dairying 1971–1972.
26.Christison G.I., Bell J.M. The disappearance of vegetable protein from the abomasum of young calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1977;57:822. [Google Scholar]
27.Contrepois M., Girardeau J.P., Dubourguier H.C., Gouet Ph., Levieux D. Specific protection by colostrum from cows vaccinated with the K99 antigen in newborn calves experimentally infected with E. coli Ent+, K99+ Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28.Coria M.F., McClurkin A.W. Duration of active and colostrum-derived passive antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus in calves. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1978;42:239. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29.Corley L.D., Staley T.E., Bush L.J., Jones E.W. Influence of colostrum on transepithelial movement of Eschericbia coli 055. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:1416. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)84046-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30.Daniels L.B., Hall J.R., Hornsby Q.R., Collins J.A. Feeding naturally fermented, cultured and direct acidified colostrum to dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:992. [Google Scholar]
31.Dardillat J., Trillat G., Larvor P. Colostrum immunoglobulin concentration in cows: relationship with their calf mortality and with the colostrum quality of their female offspring. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:375. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
32.Delouis C. Physiology of colostrum production. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:193. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
33.Donnelly P.E., Dean R.J., Kevey C. The effects of heat treatment during processing in calf milk replacer quality. Proc. New Zealand Soc. Anim. Prod. 1976;36:87. [Google Scholar]
34.Dornaus A., Marx H.-J., Meyer H., Lustermann H. Studies on motherless calf raising with homologous outside colostrum, with special reference to feeding calves born by beef heifers. Arch. Tierz. 1977;20:85. [Google Scholar]
35.Emmons D.B., Lister E.E. Quality of protein in milk replacers for young calves. I. Factors affecting in vitro curd formation by rennet (chymosin, rennin) from reconstituted skim milk powder. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1976;56:317. [Google Scholar]
36.Fallon R.J. The effect of different methods of feeding colostrum on calf blood serum immunoglobulin levels. Anim. Prod. 1977;24:142. [Google Scholar]
37.Fallon R.J. The effect of immunoglobulin levels on calf performance and methods of artificially feeding colostrum to the newborn calf. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:347. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38.Ferris T.A., Thomas J.W. Relationship of immunoglobulin to dairy calf mortality and influence of herd environment. J. Dairy Sci. 1974;57:641. [Google Scholar]
39.Fischer W., Butte R. Comparative study of electrolyte and blood status in healthy calves and calves with enteritis. Dtsch. Tierarzt. Wochenschr. 1974;81:567. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
40.Fisher E.W. Rehydration in calf diarrhea. Vet. Rec. 1977;101:227. doi: 10.1136/vr.101.12.277. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
41.Fisher E.W., Martinez A.A. Serum immune globulins in calves receiving Escherichia coli endotoxin. Vet. Rec. 1975;96:527. doi: 10.1136/vr.96.24.527. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
42.Fisher E.W., Martinez A.A. Immune globulins and enterotoxic colibacillosis. Vet. Rec. 1976;98:31. doi: 10.1136/vr.98.2.31-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
43.Fisher E.W., Martinez A.A. Aspects of body fluid dynamics of neonatal calf diarrhea. Res. Vet. Sci. 1976;20:302. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
44.Fisher E.W., Martinez A.A. Studies in neonatal calf diarrhea. 7. The effects of milk intake. Brit. Vet. J. 1978;134:234. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)33489-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
45.Fisher E.W., Martinez A.A., Trainin Z., Meirom R. Studies of neonatal calf diarrhoea. 2. Serum and faecal immune globulin in enteric colibacillosis. Brit. Vet. J. 1975;131:402. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)35236-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
46.Fishwick G., Clifford D. The effects of a low protein intake by beef cows during pregnancy on the voluntary intake of roughage, the composition of the colostrum and the serum immune globulin concentration of their calves. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1975;34:74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
47.Foley J.A., Hunter A.G., Otterby D.E. Absorption of colostral proteins by newborn calves fed unfermented, fermented or buffered colostrum. J. Dairy Sci. 1978;61:1450. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83748-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
48.Ford E.J.H., Boyd J.W., Hogg R.A. Index Res. Meat and Livestock Comm.; 1978. Investigation into possible relationships between the quality of colostrum and the subsequent performance of calves. Page 4. [Google Scholar]
49.Franz J., Krejci J., Mensik J. Serum antibodies and immunoglobulins of newborn calves. Zbl. Vet. Med. 1974;B21:540. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1974.tb00529.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
50.Garnot P., Toullec R., Thapon J.L., Martin P., Hoang M.-T., Mathieu C.M., Dumas B.R. Influence of age, dietary protein and weaning on calf abomasal enzymic secretion. J. Dairy Res. 1977;44:9. doi: 10.1017/s0022029900019890. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
51.Gibney M.J., Walker D.M. Milk replacers for preruminant lambs: protein and carbohydrate interactions. Australian J. Agric. Res. 1978;29:133. [Google Scholar]
52.Guilhermet R., Mathieu C.M., Toullec R. Transit of liquid food through the oesophageal groove in the preruminant and ruminant calf. Ann. Zootech. 1975;24:69. [Google Scholar]
53.Halliday R., Russel A.J.F., Williams M.R., Peart J.N. Effects of energy intake during late pregnancy and of genotype on immunoglobulin transfer to calves in suckler herds. Res. Vet. Sci. 1978;24:26. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
54.Halpin C.G., Caple I.W. Changes in intestinal structure and function of neonatal calves infected with reovirus-like agent and Eschericbia coli. Australian Vet. J. 1976;52:438. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1976.tb05384.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
55.Hartman D.A., Everett R.W., Slack S.Y., Warner R.G. Calf mortality. J. Dairy Sci. 1974;57:576. [Google Scholar]
56.Henderson W.M. The disease handicap to animal production. Brit. Vet. J. 1976;132:136. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)34735-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
57.Husband A.J., Brandon N.R., Lascelles A.K. The effect of corticosteroid on absorption and endogenous production of immunoglobulins in calves. Australian J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1973;51:707. doi: 10.1038/icb.1973.67. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
58.Husband A.J., Lascelles A.K. Antibody responses to neonatal immunisation in calves. Res. Vet. Sci. 1975;18:201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
59.Hunt J.N., Stubbs D.F. The volume and energy content of meals as determinants of gastric emptying. J. Physiol. 1975;245:209. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp010841. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
60.Ingram, P. L. 1962. Observations on the pathology and pathogenesis of experimental colibacillosis in calves. Ph.D. thesis, University of London, London, England.
61.Isaacson R.E., Schneider R.A. Distribution and virulence of Escherichia coli in the small intestines of calves with and without diarrhea. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1978;39:1750. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
62.James R.E., Polan C.E. Effect of orally administered duodenal fluid on serum proteins in neonatal calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1978;61:1444. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83747-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
63.James R.E., Polan C.E., Bibb T.L., Laughon B.E. Effect of orally administered duodenal fluid on suseptibility of newborn calves to an Escberichia coli challenge. J. Dairy Sci. 1976;59:1493. doi: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(76)84390-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
64.Jennings A.R., Glover R.E. Enzootic pneumonia in calves. II. The experimental disease. J. Comp. Pathol. 1952;62:6. doi: 10.1016/s0368-1742(52)80002-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
65.Jenny B.F., Mills S.E., Johnston W.E., O’Dell G.D. Effect of fluid intake and dry matter concentration on scours and water intake in calves fed once daily. J. Dairy Sci. 1978;61:765. [Google Scholar]
66.Jericho K.W.F., le C., Darcel Q. Response of the respiratory tract of calves kept at controlled climatic conditions to bovine herpesvirus 1. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1978;42:156. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
67.Jericho K.W.F., Langford E.V. Pneumonia in calves produced with aerosols of Bovine herpesvirus 1 and Pasteurella baemolytica. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1978;42:269. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
68.Jericho K.W.F., Magwood S.E. Histological features of respiratory epithelium of calves held at differing temperature and humidity. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1977;41:369. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
69.Johnson R.J., Leibholz J. The flow of nutrients from the abomasum in calves fed on heat-treated milks. Australian J. Agric. Res. 1976;27:903. [Google Scholar]
70.Johnston W.S., Maclachian G.K. Digestive illness in the calf associated with coagulation of cows’milk. Vet. Rec. 1977;101:325. doi: 10.1136/vr.101.16.325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
71.Jurmanova K., Hajkova M., Krejci J., Cerna J. The participation of mycoplasma in the respiratory diseases of calves in large-capacity calf-houses in the Czech-Socialist Republic. Vet. Med., Praha. 1975;20:583. [Google Scholar]
72.Kaeckenbeeck A. On the neo-natal infection of the calf. 9th Int. Congr.; Dis. Cattle, Paris 1; 1976. p. 193. [Google Scholar]
73.Kaiser A.G. The use of colostrum preserved with formalin for rearing calves. Australian J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 1977;17:221. [Google Scholar]
74.Kanamura Y., Niki R., Arima S. Susceptibility of bovine colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses to digestive enzymes and reducing agents. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1977;41:1203. [Google Scholar]
75.Kendrick J.W., Franti C.E. Bovine viral diarrhea decay of colostrum-conferred antibody in the calf. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1974;35:589. [Google Scholar]
76.Kertz A.F. Calf health, performance and experimental results under a commercial research facility and program. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:1006. [Google Scholar]
77.Keys J.E. Mastitic milk can be fed to calves after fermentation, it causes no health problems. Hoard's Dairyman. 1977;122:1219. [Google Scholar]
78.Kruse V. Yield of colostrum and immunoglobulin in cattle at the first milking after parturition. Anim. Prod. 1970;12:619. [Google Scholar]
79.Kruse V. Absorption of immunoglobulin from colostrum in newborn calves. Anim. Prod. 1970;12:627. [Google Scholar]
80.Kumano Y., Kanamaru Y., Niki R., Arima S. Degradation of bovine IgG1 immunoglobulin by rennin and pepsin. Japanese J. Zootechnol. Sci. 1976;47:543. [Google Scholar]
81.Kamano Y., Kanamaru Y., Niki R., Arima S. Occurrence of bovine IgG1 fragment in faeces of newborn calf. Japanese J. Zootechnol. Sci. 1976;47:554. [Google Scholar]
82.Lacey J. The microflora of fodders associated with bovine respiratory disease. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1968;51:173. doi: 10.1099/00221287-51-2-173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
83.Laksesvela B., Slagsvold P., Landsverk T. Indigestion in young calves. 3. The influence of powders from heat-treated skim milk and whey. Acta. Vet. Scand. 1978;19:159. doi: 10.1186/BF03547621. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
84.Lamotte G.B., Eberhart R.J. Blood leukocytes, neutrophil phagocytosis and plasma corticosteroids in colostrum-fed and colostrumdeprived calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1976;37:1189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
85.Langley O.H., O’Farrell K.J. Immune status of dairy calves following induced parturition. Vet. Rec. 1976;99:187. doi: 10.1136/vr.99.10.187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
86.Leibholz J. Diarrhea of nutritional origin in young calves. New South Wales Vet. Proc. 1975;11:19. [Google Scholar]
87.Leibholz J. Dietary effects on the flow of nutrients from the abomasum of the preruminant calf. Australian J. Agric. Res. 1975;26:623. [Google Scholar]
88.Leonard H.A., Gardner D.L. Dairy heifer and calf mortality. J. Dairy Sci. 1975;58:1240. (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]
89.Liebenberg L.H.P., van der Merwe F.J. The utilisation of milk diets with different fat content by the preruminant calf. 1. Digestibility and metabolizability of the diets and live mass gain of calves. S. African J. Anim. Sci. 1974;4:21. [Google Scholar]
90.Linton A.H., Howe K., Pethiyagoda W., Osborne A.D. Epidemiology of salmonella infection in calves. 1. Its relation to their husbandy and management. Vet. Rec. 1974;94:581. doi: 10.1136/vr.94.25.581. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
91.Lister E.E., Emmons D.B. Int. Dairy Congr. 19. 1974. Gel formation as a quality index of calf milk replacers. IE 120. [Google Scholar]
92.Lister E.E., Emmons D.B. Skim milk quality and energy: protein ratios in calf milk replacer diets. J. Dairy Sci. 1974;57:650. (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]
93.Lister E.E., Emmons D.B. Quality of protein in milk replacers for young calves. 2. Effects of heat treatment of skim milk powder and fat levels on calf growth, feed intake and nitrogen balance. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1976;56:327. [Google Scholar]
94.Logan E.F. The influence of husbandry on colostrum yield and immunoglobulin concentration in beef cows. Br. Vet. J. 1977;133:120. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)34133-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
95.Logan E.F., Gibson T. Serum immunoglobulin levels in suckled beef calves. Vet. Rec. 1975;97:229. doi: 10.1136/vr.97.12.229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
96.Logan E.F., McBeath D.G., Lowman B.G. Quantitative studies on serum immunoglobulin levels in suckled calves from birth to five weeks. Vet. Rec. 1974;94:367. doi: 10.1136/vr.94.16.367. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
97.Logan E.F., McMurray C.H., O’Neill D.G., McParland P.J., McRory F.J. Absorption of colostral immunoglobulins by the neonatal calf. Br. Vet. J. 1978;134:258. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)33492-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
98.Logan E.F., Pearson G.R., McNulty M.S. Studies on the immunity of the calf to colibacillosis. 7. The experimental reproduction of colibacillosis in colostrum-fed calves. Vet. Rec. 1977;101:443. doi: 10.1136/vr.101.22.443. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
99.Logan E.F., Stenhouse A., Ormrod D.J. The role of colostral immunoglobulins in intestinal immunity to enteric colibacillosis in the calf. Res. Vet. Sci. 1974;17:290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
100.Logan E.F., Stenhouse A., Penhale W.J., Armishaw M. Studies on the immunity of the calf to colibacillosis. 6. The prophylactic use of a pooled serum IgM-rich fraction under field conditions. Vet. Rec. 1974;94:386. doi: 10.1136/vr.94.17.386. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
101.Lomba F., Fumiere I., Tshibangu M., Chauvaux G., Bienfet V. Immunoglobulin transfer to calves and health problems in large bovine units. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:353. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
102.Lopez G.A., Phillips R.W., Lewis L.D. Plasma corticoid changes during diarrhea in neonatal calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1975;36:1245. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
103.Marin M., Larivere S., Lallier R. Pathological and microbiological observations made on spontaneous cases of acute neonatal calf diarrhoea. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1976;40:228. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
104.Marsolais G., Assaf R., Montpetit C., Marios P. Diagnosis of viral agents associated with neonatal calf diarrhoea. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1978;42:168. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
105.Martig J., Boss P.H., Nicolet J., Steck F. Etiology and predisposing factors in respiratory disease of milk-fattened veal calves. Livestock Prod. Sci. 1976;3:285. [Google Scholar]
106.Martin S.W., Schwabe C.W., Franti C.E. Dairy calf mortality rates in Tulare County, California. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1975;36:1099. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
107.Martin S.W., Schwabe C.W., Franti C.E. Dairy calf mortality rate: the association of daily meteorological factors and calf mortality. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1975;39:377. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
108.Martin S.W., Schwabe C.W., Franti C.E. Dairy calf mortality rate: influence of meteorologic factors on calf mortality rate in Tulare County, California. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1975;36:1105. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
109.Martin S.W., Schwabe C.W., Franti C.E. Dairy calf mortality rate: influence of management and housing factors on calf mortality rate in Tulare County, California. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1975;36:1111. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
110.Mayan M.H. The effects of ammonia inhalation on young bovine animals. Dissertation Abstr. Int. B. 1974;35:1007B. [Google Scholar]
111.McBeath D.G., Logan E.F. Influence of neonatal management on serum immunoglobulin levels of suckled calves. Vet. Rec. 1974;95:466. doi: 10.1136/vr.95.20.466-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
112.McClurkin A.W. Probable role of viruses in calfbood diseases. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:278. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83865-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
113.McDougall, D. F. 1973. The metabolism of plasma proteins in the young calf. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
114.McNulty M.S., McFerran J.B., Bryson D.G., Logan E.P., Curran W.L. Studies on rotavirus infection and diarrhoea in young calves. Vet. Rec. 1976;99:229. doi: 10.1136/vr.99.12.229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
115.Mebus C.A. Viral calf enteritis. J. Dairy Sci. 1976;59:1175. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84341-X. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
116.Mebus C.A., Newman L.E. Scanning electron, light and immunofluorescent microscopy of intestine of gnotobiotic calf infected with reovirus-like agent. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1977;38:553. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
117.Mebus C.A., Rhodes M.B., Underdahl N.R. Neonatal calf diarrhoea caused by a virus that induces villous epithelial cell syncytia. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1978;39:1223. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
118.Meeroff J.C., Go V.L.W., Phillips S.F. Control of gastric emptying by osmolality of duodenal contents in man. Gastroenterology. 1975;68:1144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
119.Mensik J., Dressier J., Franz J. A trial to prevent respiratory syndrome by rearing calves with minimum morbidity rate. Vet. Med. Praha. 1977;22:463. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
120.Mensik J., Dressier J., Franz J., Pokorny J. The effect of different systems of colostral nutrition on the level of immunoglobulins in the blood of calves. Vet. Med., Praha. 1977;22:449. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
121.Mensik J., Pospisil Z., Cepica A., Dressier J. The effect of different conditions of housing on the occurrence of the respiratory syndrome in calves. Vet. Med., Praha. 1977;22:475. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
122.Mensik J., Pospisil Z., Suchankova A., Cepica A., Rozkosby V., Machatkova M. Activation of latent infectious bovine rhinotracheitis after experimental infection with parainfluenza 3 virus in young calves. Zbl. Vet. Med. B. 1976;23:854. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1976.tb00661.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
123.Mitchell C.D., Ross P.A. Model study of air flow in two calf houses. Farm Bldg. Progr. 1977;47:19. [Google Scholar]
124.Mitchell J.G., McCoy G.C., Olson H.H. Influence of colostrum feeding on serum protein constituents of neonatal calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1974;57:642. (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]
125.Modlin I.M., Bloom S.R., Mitchell S.J. Experimental evidence for vasoactive intestinal peptide as the cause of the watery diarrhoea syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1978;75:1051. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
126.Molla A. Immunoglobulin levels in calves fed colostrum by stomach tube. Vet. Rec. 1978;103:377. doi: 10.1136/vr.103.17.377. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
127.Moon H., Whipp S., Donta S. Enterotoxigenicity of bovine Escherichia coli and enterotoxin neutralizing activity of serum from domestic animals. 9th Int. Congr; Dis. Cattle, Paris 1; 1976. p. 273. [Google Scholar]
128.Ørskov L.F., Ørskov H., Smith H.W., Sojka W.J. The establishment of K99, a thermolabile, transmissible Escherichia coli K antigen, previously called ‘KCO’, possessed by calf and lamb entero-pathogenic strains. Acta. Pathol. Microbioi. Scand. B. 1975;83:31. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1975.tb00066.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
129.Oyeniyi O.O., Hunter A.G. Colostral constituents including immunoglobulins in the first three milkings postpartum. J. Dairy Sci. 1978;61:44. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83549-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
130.Parmely M.J., Beer A.E. Colostral cell-mediated immunity and the concept of a common secretory immune system. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:655. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83915-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
131.Pearson C.R., McNulty M.S., Logan E.F. Pathological changes in the small intestine of neonatal calves naturally infected with reo-like virus (rotavirus) Vet. Rec. 1978;102:454. doi: 10.1136/vr.102.21.454. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
132.Penhale W.J., Logan E.F., Selman I.E., Fisher E.W., McEwan A.D. Observations on the absorption of colostral immunoglobulins by the neonatal calf and their significance in colibacillosis. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1973;4:223. [Google Scholar]
133.Pirie H.M. Recent advances in respiratory conditions in cattle. Vet. Rec. 1977;101:225. doi: 10.1136/vr.101.13.255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
134.Porter P. Quantitative changes in early lactation and absorption by the neonatal calf. Immunology. 1972;23:225. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
135.Probert M., Stott E.J., Thomas L.H., Collins A.P., Jebbett J. An inactivated parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine: the influence of vaccination regime on the response of calves and their subsequent resistance to challenge. Res. Vet. Sci. 1978;24:222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
136.Reiter B. Review of non specific antimicrobial factors in colostrum. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
137.Rindsig R.B. Sour colostrum dilutions compared to whole milk for calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1976;59:1293. [Google Scholar]
138.Rowland S.J., Roy J.H.B., Sears H.J., Thompson S.Y. The effect of prepartum milking on the composition of the prepartum and postpartum secretions of the cow. J. Dairy Res. 1953;20:16. [Google Scholar]
139.Roy J.H.B. Decision-making and calf health. J. Roy. Agric. Soc. 1971;132:81. [Google Scholar]
140.Roy J.H.B. The role of nutrition in calf health. Span. 1973;16:101. [Google Scholar]
141.Roy J.H.B. Perinatal ill-health in calves. Coram. Europ. Commun.; 1975. Nutrition and management: factors affecting perinatal mortality in calves. Page 125. [Google Scholar]
142.Roy J.H.B., Palmer J., Shillam K.W.G., Ingram P.L., Wood P.C. The nutritive value of colostrum for the calf. 10. The relationship between the period of time that a calf-house has been occupied and the incidence of scouring and mortality in young calves. Brit. J. Nutr. 1955;9:11. doi: 10.1079/bjn19550005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
143.Roy J.H.B., Shillam K.W.G., Hawkins G.M., Lang J.M., Ingram P.L. The effect of white scours on the sodium and potassium concentration in the serum of newborn calves. Brit. J. Nutr. 1959;13:219. doi: 10.1079/bjn19590029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
144.Roy J.H.B., Stobo I.J.F., Gaston H.J. The nutrition of the veal calf. 3. A comparison of liquid skim milk with a diet of reconstituted spray-dried skim-milk powder containing 20% margarine fat. Brit. J. Nutr. 1970;24:459. doi: 10.1079/bjn19700046. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
145.Roy J.H.B., Stobo I.J.F., Gaston H.J., Ganderton P., Shotton S.M., Ostler D.C. The effect of environmental temperature on the performance and health of the preruminant and ruminant calf. Brit. J. Nutr. 1971;26:363. doi: 10.1079/bjn19710044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
146.Salajka E., Ulmann L., Sarmanova Z., Hornich M. Specific prevention and treatment of diarrhoeic E. coli infections in newborn calves. Vet. Med., Praha. 1975;20:659. [Google Scholar]
147.Sasaki M., Davis C.L., Larson B.L. Production and turnover of IgG1 and IgG2 immunoglobulins in the bovine around parturition. J. Dairy Sci. 1976;59:2046. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84486-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
148.Sasaki M., Davis C.L., Larson B.L. Immunoglobulin IgG1 metabolism in newborn calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:623. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83910-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
149.Selman I.E., McEwan A.D., Fisher E.W. Studies on dairy calves allowed to suckle their dams at fixed times post-partum. Res. Vet. Sci. 1971;12:1. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
150.Selman I.E., McEwan A.D., Fisher E.W. Absorption of immune lactoglobulin by newborn dairy calves. Attempts to produce consistent immune lactogloblin absorptions in newborn dairy calves using standardised methods of colostrum feeding and management. Res. Vet. Sci. 1971;12:205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
151.Seto A., Okabe T., Ito Y. Immunoglobulin M association with secretory component and immunoglobulin A deficiency in bovine colostrum. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1977;38:1895. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
152.Shanks P.L. Scouring in calves fed on milk from cows grazing new leys. Vet. Rec. 1950;62:315. doi: 10.1136/vr.62.21.315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
153.Shope R.E., Muscoplat C.C., Chen A.W., Johnson D.W. Mechanism of protection from primary bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection. 1. The effects of dexamethasone. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1976;40:355. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
154.Sissons J.W., Smith R.H. The effect of different diets including those containing soya-bean products, on digesta movement and water and nitrogen absorption in the small intestine of the pre-ruminant calf. Brit. J. Nutr. 1976;36:421. doi: 10.1079/bjn19760097. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
155.Sivaswamy G., Gyles C.L. The prevalence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the faeces of calves with diarrhoea. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1976;40:241. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
156.Slagsvold P., Laksesvela B., Flatlandsmo K., Krogh N., Ulsterin T.L., Ek N., Landsverk T. Indigestion in young calves. 1. Different lactose levels in milk diets and milk replacers. Acta Vet. Scand. 1977;18:194. doi: 10.1186/BF03548448. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
157.Smith H.W. Observations on the aetiology of neonatal diarrhoea (scours) in calves. J. Pathol. Bact. 1962;84:147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
158.Smith H.W., Huggins M.G. Further observations on the association of the colicine v plasmid of Escherichia coli with pathogenicity and with survival in the alimentary tract. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1976;92:335. doi: 10.1099/00221287-92-2-335. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
159.Smith R.H., Sissons J.W. The effect of different feeds, including those containing soya-bean products, on the passage of digesta from the abomasum of the preruminant calf. Brit. J. Nutr. 1975;33:329. doi: 10.1079/bjn19750039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
160.Smith T., Orcutt M.L. The bacteriology of the intestinal tract of young calves with special reference to the early diarrhoea (“scours”) J. Exp. Med. 1925;41:80. doi: 10.1084/jem.41.1.89. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
161.Snodgrass D.A., Wells P.W. The influence of colostrum on neonatal rotaviral infections. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:335. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
162.Snyder A.C., Schuh J.D., Wegner T.N., Gebert J.R. Passive immunization of the newborn dairy calf via fermented colostrum. J. Dairy Sci. 1974;57:641. (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]
163.Spooner R.L., Bradley J.S., Young G.B. Genetics and disease in domestic animals with particular reference to dairy cattle. Vet. Rec. 1975;97:125. doi: 10.1136/vr.97.7.125. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
164.Staples G.E., Haygse C.N. Losses in young calves after transportation. Brit. Vet. J. 1974;130:374. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)35841-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
165.Stobo I.J.F., Roy J.H.B., Ganderton P. The effect of changes in concentrations of dry matter, and of fat and protein in milk substitute diets for veal calves. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 1979:93–95. [Google Scholar]
166.Stobo, I. J. F., J. H. B. Roy, P. Ganderton, and D. J. Jayne-Williams. 1974. Effect of single-cell protein in milk substitute diets on the performance and nutrient utilization of calves. Page 59 in Rep. Nat. Inst. Res. Dairying, 1973-1974.
167.Stone S.S., Deyoe B.L. Appearance of Brucella-specific immunoglobulins in synovia of neonatal calves after colostrum feeding. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1974;35:1259. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
168.Stott G.H., Menefee B.E. Selective absorption of immunoglobulin IgM in the newborn calf. J. Dairy Sci. 1978;61:461. doi: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(78)83621-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
169.Stott G.H., Reinhard E.J. Adrenal function and passive immunity in the dystocial calf. J. Dairy Sci. 1978;61:1457. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83749-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
170.Stott G.H., Wiersma F., Menefee B.E., Radwanski F.R. Influence of environment on passive immunity in calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1976;59:1306. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84360-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
171.Straub O.C., Matthaeus W. The immunoglobulin composition of colostrum and the persistence of acquired immunoglobulins and specific antibodies in the calf. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:269. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
172.Tagari H., Roy J.H.B. The effect of heat treatment on the nutritive value of milk for the young calf. 8. The effect of the pre-heating treatment of spray-dried skim milk on the pH and contents of total, protein and non-protein nitrogen of the pyloric outflow. Brit. J. Nutr. 1969;23:763. doi: 10.1079/bjn19690088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
173.Ternouth J.H., Roy J.H.B. Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion in calves. 6. The effect of feeding warm or cold milk by bucket or teat. Brit. J. Nutr. 1978;40:553. doi: 10.1079/bjn19780159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
174.Ternouth J.H., Roy J.H.B., Shotton S.M. Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves. 4. The effect of age. Br. J. Nutr. 1976;36:523. doi: 10.1079/bjn19760106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
175.Ternouth J.H., Roy J.H.B., Siddons R.C. Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves. 2. The effects of addition of fat to skim milk and of “severe” pre-heating treatment of spray-dried skim milk powder. Brit. J. Nutr. 1974;31:13. doi: 10.1079/bjn19740004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
176.Ternouth J.H., Roy J.H.B., Stobo I.J.F., Shotton S.M., Gillies C.M. Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion in calves. 5. The effect of giving milk once and twice daily and of weaning. Brit. J. Nutr. 1977;37:237. doi: 10.1079/bjn19770025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
177.Ternouth J.H., Roy J.H.B., Thompson S.Y., Toothill J., Gillies C.M., Edwards-Webb J.D. Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves. 3. Further studies on the addition of fat to skim milk and the use of non-milk proteins in milk substitute diets. Brit. J. Nutr. 1975;33:181. doi: 10.1079/bjn19750023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
178.Thomas L.H., Stott E.J., Collins A.P., Jebbett N.J., Stark A.J. Evaluation of respiratory disease in calves: comparison of disease response to different viruses. Res. Vet. Sci. 1977;23:157. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
179.Thompson T.L., Marth E.H. Changes in the microflora of bovine colostrum during natural fermentation. 1976. J. Milk Food Technol. 1976;39:27. [Google Scholar]
180.Tomescu V., Marschang F. Observations on the correlation between the dung disposal systems and the concentration of ammonia in the air of animal houses. Br. Vet. J. 1977;133:629. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)33944-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
181.Toullec R., Frantzen J.F., Mathieu C.M. Effect of coagulation of milk protein on the digestibility of a milk replacer in preruminant calves. Ann. Zootech. 1974;23:359. [Google Scholar]
182.Toullec R., Mathieu C.M., Pion R. Utilization of whey proteins by preruminant veal calves. 2. Digestibility and utilization for growth. Ann. Zootech. 1974;23:75. [Google Scholar]
183.Tournut J., Bezille P., Redon P. Colibacillary neonatal enteritis of the calf: a new prophylactic method. 9th Int. Congr.; Dis. Cattle 9. Paris 1; 1976. p. 267. [Google Scholar]
184.Ward D.E. Pathophysiology of enteric colibacillosis in the intact neonatal calf. Dissertation Abstr. Int. B. 1976;37:1133. [Google Scholar]
185.Ward D.E., Baldwin B.H., Stevens C.E., Tennant B. Excretion of bicarbonate, lactate and volatile fatty acids in the faeces of calves with experimental colibacillosis. Gastroenterology. 1976;70:976. [Google Scholar]
186.Weijers H.A., van de Kamer J.H. Alteration of intestinal bacterial flora as a cause of diarrhoea. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 1965;35:581. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
187.Wells P.W., Dawson A.McL., Smith W.D., Smith B.S.W. Transfer of IgG from plasma to nasal secretions in newborn lambs. Vet. Rec. 1975;97:455. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
188.Williams M.R., Spooner R.L., Thomas L.H. Quantitative studies on bovine immunoglobulins. Vet. Rec. 1975;96:81. doi: 10.1136/vr.96.4.81. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
189.Williams V.J., Roy J.H.B., Gillies C.M. Milk substitute diet composition and abomasal secretion in the calf. Brit. J. Nutr. 1976;36:317. doi: 10.1079/bjn19760090. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
190.Wise G.H., Miller P.G., Anderson G.W., Linnerud A.C. Changes in milk products sham fed to calves. 4. Suckling from a nurse cow versus consuming from either a nipple feeder or an open pail. J. Dairy Sci. 1976;59:97. [Google Scholar]
191.Wood P.C. The epidemiology of white scours among calves kept under experimental conditions. J. Pathol. Bact. 1955;70:179. doi: 10.1002/path.1700700116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
192.Woode G.N. Epizootiology of bovine rotavirus infection. Vet. Rec. 1978;103:44. doi: 10.1136/vr.103.3.44. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
193.Woode G.N., Bew M.E., Dennis M.J. Studies on cross protection induced in calves by rotaviruses of calves, children and foals. Vet. Rec. 1978;103:32. doi: 10.1136/vr.103.2.32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
194.Woode G.N., Bridger J.C. Viral enteritis of calves. Vet. Rec. 1975;96:85. doi: 10.1136/vr.96.4.85. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
195.Woode G.N., Smith C., Dennis M.J. Intestinal damage in rotavirus infected calves assessed by D-xylose malabsorption. Vet. Rec. 1978;102:340. doi: 10.1136/vr.102.15.340-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
196.Wray C., Callow R.J. Studies on the survival of Salmonella dublin, Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli in stored bovine colostrum. Vet. Rec. 1974;94:407. doi: 10.1136/vr.94.18.407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
197.Wray C., Thomlinson J.R. Factors influencing occurrence of colibacillosis in calves. Vet. Rec. 1975;96:52. doi: 10.1136/vr.96.3.52. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib1] 1.Acres S.D., Laing C.J., Saunders J.R., Radostits O.M. Acute undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea in beef calves. 1. Occurrence and distribution of infectious agents. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1975;39:116. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib2] 2.Almeida J.D., Craig C.R., Hall T.E. Multiple viruses present in the feces of scouring calf. Vet. Rec. 1978;102:170. doi: 10.1136/vr.102.8.170. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib3] 3.American Dry Milk Institute Inc. 1971. Standards for grades of dry milks including methods of analysis. Bull. 916. Am. Dry Milk Inst., Chicago, IL.

[bib4] 4.Andrews A.H. Factors affecting the incidence of pneumonia in growing bulls. Vet. Rec. 1976;98:146. doi: 10.1136/vr.98.8.146. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib5] 5.Aschaffenburg R., Bartlett S., Kon S.K., Roy J.H.B., Walker D.M., Briggs C., Lovell R. The nutritive value of colostrum for the calf. 4. The effect of small quantities of colostral whey, dialysed whey and immune lactoglobulins. Brit. J. Nutr. 1951;5:171. [Google Scholar]

[bib6] 6.Barber D.M.L. Assessment of immune globulin status. Vet. Rec. 1976;98:121. doi: 10.1136/vr.98.6.121-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib7] 7.Barber D.M.L. Serum immune globulin status of purchased calves: an unreliable guide to viability and performance. Vet. Rec. 1978;102:418. doi: 10.1136/vr.102.19.418. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib8] 8.Baumwart A.L., Bush L.J., Mungle M. Effect of potassium isobutyrate on absorption of immunoglobulins from colostrum by calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:759. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83931-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib9] 9.Bell F.R., Grivel M.-L. The role of the duodenal infusate on gastric emptying measured by the e.m.g. of gastric muscle. J. Physiol. 1974;239:48P. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib10] 10.Bell F.R., Titchen D.A., Watson D.J. The effects of the gastric analogue, pentagastrin, on the gastric electromyogram and abomasal emptying in the calf. Res. Vet. Sci. 1977;23:165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib11] 11.Bell F.R., Watson D.J. The influence of gastric distension and the duodenal infusate on the pattern of stomach (abomasal) emptying in the preruminant calf. J. Physiol. 1976;259:445. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011475. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib12] 12.Bitsch V., Friis N.F., Krogh H.V. A microbiological study of pneumonic calf lungs. Acta. Vet. Scand. 1976;17:32. doi: 10.1186/BF03547941. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib13] 13.Boyd J.W., Baker J.R., Leyland A. Neonatal diarrhea in calves. Vet. Rec. 1974;95:310. doi: 10.1136/vr.95.14.310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib14] 14.Brandon M.R., Husband A.J., Lascelles A.K. The effect of glucocorticoid on immunoglobulin secretion into colostrum in cows. Australian J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1975;53:43. doi: 10.1038/icb.1975.4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib15] 15.Brisson G.J., Gaudreau J.M. Dietary protein sources and emptying time of the abomasum in milk-fed calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1977;57:849. [Google Scholar]

[bib16] 16.Brock J.H., Pineiro A., Lampreave F. The effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the antibacterial activity of complement, antibodies and lactoferrin and transferrin in bovine colostrum. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:287. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib17] 17.Burn-Murdock R.A., Fisher M.A., Hunt J.H. The slowing of gastric emptying by proteins in test meals. J. Physiol. 1978;274:477. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012161. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib18] 18.Burns T.W., Mathias J.R., Carlson G.M., Martin J.L. Effect of toxigenic Eschericbia coli on myoelectric activity of small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 1978;235:E311. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1978.235.3.E311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib19] 19.Bywater R.J. Some effects of Escherichia coli on unidirectional fluxes of water and sodium in calf Thiry-Vella loops. Res. Vet. Sci. 1973;14:35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib20] 20.Bywater R.J. A secretory effect produced in calf intestine by heat stable Escberichia coli enterotoxin without direct mucosal contact. Res. Vet. Sci. 1975;18:107. [Google Scholar]

[bib21] 21.Bywater R.J., Logan E.F. The site and characteristics of intestinal water and electrolyte loss in Escherichia coli induced diarrhea in calves. J. Comp. Pathol. 1974;84:599. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(74)90051-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib22] 22.Bywater R.J., Penhale W.J. Depressed lactase activity in the intestinal mucous membrane of calves after neonatal diarrhea. Res. Vet. Sci. 1969;10:591. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib23] 23.Cabello G., Levieux E. The effects of thyroxine and climatic factors on colostral gammaglobulin absorption in newborn calves. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:309. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib24] 24.Carlson S.M.A., Muller L.D. Composition and metabolic evaluation of colostrum preserved by four methods during warm ambient temperatures. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:566. [Google Scholar]

[bib25] 25.Chapman, H. R., F. T. Gillespie, D. J. Knight, and G. C. Cheeseman. 1973. Composition of milk for cheesemaking. Page 121 in Rep. Nat. Inst. Res. Dairying 1971–1972.

[bib26] 26.Christison G.I., Bell J.M. The disappearance of vegetable protein from the abomasum of young calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1977;57:822. [Google Scholar]

[bib27] 27.Contrepois M., Girardeau J.P., Dubourguier H.C., Gouet Ph., Levieux D. Specific protection by colostrum from cows vaccinated with the K99 antigen in newborn calves experimentally infected with E. coli Ent+, K99+ Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib28] 28.Coria M.F., McClurkin A.W. Duration of active and colostrum-derived passive antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus in calves. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1978;42:239. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib29] 29.Corley L.D., Staley T.E., Bush L.J., Jones E.W. Influence of colostrum on transepithelial movement of Eschericbia coli 055. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:1416. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)84046-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib30] 30.Daniels L.B., Hall J.R., Hornsby Q.R., Collins J.A. Feeding naturally fermented, cultured and direct acidified colostrum to dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:992. [Google Scholar]

[bib31] 31.Dardillat J., Trillat G., Larvor P. Colostrum immunoglobulin concentration in cows: relationship with their calf mortality and with the colostrum quality of their female offspring. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:375. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib32] 32.Delouis C. Physiology of colostrum production. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:193. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib33] 33.Donnelly P.E., Dean R.J., Kevey C. The effects of heat treatment during processing in calf milk replacer quality. Proc. New Zealand Soc. Anim. Prod. 1976;36:87. [Google Scholar]

[bib34] 34.Dornaus A., Marx H.-J., Meyer H., Lustermann H. Studies on motherless calf raising with homologous outside colostrum, with special reference to feeding calves born by beef heifers. Arch. Tierz. 1977;20:85. [Google Scholar]

[bib35] 35.Emmons D.B., Lister E.E. Quality of protein in milk replacers for young calves. I. Factors affecting in vitro curd formation by rennet (chymosin, rennin) from reconstituted skim milk powder. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1976;56:317. [Google Scholar]

[bib36] 36.Fallon R.J. The effect of different methods of feeding colostrum on calf blood serum immunoglobulin levels. Anim. Prod. 1977;24:142. [Google Scholar]

[bib37] 37.Fallon R.J. The effect of immunoglobulin levels on calf performance and methods of artificially feeding colostrum to the newborn calf. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:347. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib38] 38.Ferris T.A., Thomas J.W. Relationship of immunoglobulin to dairy calf mortality and influence of herd environment. J. Dairy Sci. 1974;57:641. [Google Scholar]

[bib39] 39.Fischer W., Butte R. Comparative study of electrolyte and blood status in healthy calves and calves with enteritis. Dtsch. Tierarzt. Wochenschr. 1974;81:567. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib40] 40.Fisher E.W. Rehydration in calf diarrhea. Vet. Rec. 1977;101:227. doi: 10.1136/vr.101.12.277. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib41] 41.Fisher E.W., Martinez A.A. Serum immune globulins in calves receiving Escherichia coli endotoxin. Vet. Rec. 1975;96:527. doi: 10.1136/vr.96.24.527. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib42] 42.Fisher E.W., Martinez A.A. Immune globulins and enterotoxic colibacillosis. Vet. Rec. 1976;98:31. doi: 10.1136/vr.98.2.31-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib43] 43.Fisher E.W., Martinez A.A. Aspects of body fluid dynamics of neonatal calf diarrhea. Res. Vet. Sci. 1976;20:302. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib44] 44.Fisher E.W., Martinez A.A. Studies in neonatal calf diarrhea. 7. The effects of milk intake. Brit. Vet. J. 1978;134:234. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)33489-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib45] 45.Fisher E.W., Martinez A.A., Trainin Z., Meirom R. Studies of neonatal calf diarrhoea. 2. Serum and faecal immune globulin in enteric colibacillosis. Brit. Vet. J. 1975;131:402. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)35236-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib46] 46.Fishwick G., Clifford D. The effects of a low protein intake by beef cows during pregnancy on the voluntary intake of roughage, the composition of the colostrum and the serum immune globulin concentration of their calves. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1975;34:74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib47] 47.Foley J.A., Hunter A.G., Otterby D.E. Absorption of colostral proteins by newborn calves fed unfermented, fermented or buffered colostrum. J. Dairy Sci. 1978;61:1450. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83748-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib48] 48.Ford E.J.H., Boyd J.W., Hogg R.A. Index Res. Meat and Livestock Comm.; 1978. Investigation into possible relationships between the quality of colostrum and the subsequent performance of calves. Page 4. [Google Scholar]

[bib49] 49.Franz J., Krejci J., Mensik J. Serum antibodies and immunoglobulins of newborn calves. Zbl. Vet. Med. 1974;B21:540. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1974.tb00529.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib50] 50.Garnot P., Toullec R., Thapon J.L., Martin P., Hoang M.-T., Mathieu C.M., Dumas B.R. Influence of age, dietary protein and weaning on calf abomasal enzymic secretion. J. Dairy Res. 1977;44:9. doi: 10.1017/s0022029900019890. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib51] 51.Gibney M.J., Walker D.M. Milk replacers for preruminant lambs: protein and carbohydrate interactions. Australian J. Agric. Res. 1978;29:133. [Google Scholar]

[bib52] 52.Guilhermet R., Mathieu C.M., Toullec R. Transit of liquid food through the oesophageal groove in the preruminant and ruminant calf. Ann. Zootech. 1975;24:69. [Google Scholar]

[bib53] 53.Halliday R., Russel A.J.F., Williams M.R., Peart J.N. Effects of energy intake during late pregnancy and of genotype on immunoglobulin transfer to calves in suckler herds. Res. Vet. Sci. 1978;24:26. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib54] 54.Halpin C.G., Caple I.W. Changes in intestinal structure and function of neonatal calves infected with reovirus-like agent and Eschericbia coli. Australian Vet. J. 1976;52:438. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1976.tb05384.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib55] 55.Hartman D.A., Everett R.W., Slack S.Y., Warner R.G. Calf mortality. J. Dairy Sci. 1974;57:576. [Google Scholar]

[bib56] 56.Henderson W.M. The disease handicap to animal production. Brit. Vet. J. 1976;132:136. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)34735-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib57] 57.Husband A.J., Brandon N.R., Lascelles A.K. The effect of corticosteroid on absorption and endogenous production of immunoglobulins in calves. Australian J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1973;51:707. doi: 10.1038/icb.1973.67. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib58] 58.Husband A.J., Lascelles A.K. Antibody responses to neonatal immunisation in calves. Res. Vet. Sci. 1975;18:201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib59] 59.Hunt J.N., Stubbs D.F. The volume and energy content of meals as determinants of gastric emptying. J. Physiol. 1975;245:209. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp010841. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib60] 60.Ingram, P. L. 1962. Observations on the pathology and pathogenesis of experimental colibacillosis in calves. Ph.D. thesis, University of London, London, England.

[bib61] 61.Isaacson R.E., Schneider R.A. Distribution and virulence of Escherichia coli in the small intestines of calves with and without diarrhea. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1978;39:1750. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib62] 62.James R.E., Polan C.E. Effect of orally administered duodenal fluid on serum proteins in neonatal calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1978;61:1444. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83747-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib63] 63.James R.E., Polan C.E., Bibb T.L., Laughon B.E. Effect of orally administered duodenal fluid on suseptibility of newborn calves to an Escberichia coli challenge. J. Dairy Sci. 1976;59:1493. doi: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(76)84390-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib64] 64.Jennings A.R., Glover R.E. Enzootic pneumonia in calves. II. The experimental disease. J. Comp. Pathol. 1952;62:6. doi: 10.1016/s0368-1742(52)80002-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib65] 65.Jenny B.F., Mills S.E., Johnston W.E., O’Dell G.D. Effect of fluid intake and dry matter concentration on scours and water intake in calves fed once daily. J. Dairy Sci. 1978;61:765. [Google Scholar]

[bib66] 66.Jericho K.W.F., le C., Darcel Q. Response of the respiratory tract of calves kept at controlled climatic conditions to bovine herpesvirus 1. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1978;42:156. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib67] 67.Jericho K.W.F., Langford E.V. Pneumonia in calves produced with aerosols of Bovine herpesvirus 1 and Pasteurella baemolytica. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1978;42:269. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib68] 68.Jericho K.W.F., Magwood S.E. Histological features of respiratory epithelium of calves held at differing temperature and humidity. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1977;41:369. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib69] 69.Johnson R.J., Leibholz J. The flow of nutrients from the abomasum in calves fed on heat-treated milks. Australian J. Agric. Res. 1976;27:903. [Google Scholar]

[bib70] 70.Johnston W.S., Maclachian G.K. Digestive illness in the calf associated with coagulation of cows’milk. Vet. Rec. 1977;101:325. doi: 10.1136/vr.101.16.325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib71] 71.Jurmanova K., Hajkova M., Krejci J., Cerna J. The participation of mycoplasma in the respiratory diseases of calves in large-capacity calf-houses in the Czech-Socialist Republic. Vet. Med., Praha. 1975;20:583. [Google Scholar]

[bib72] 72.Kaeckenbeeck A. On the neo-natal infection of the calf. 9th Int. Congr.; Dis. Cattle, Paris 1; 1976. p. 193. [Google Scholar]

[bib73] 73.Kaiser A.G. The use of colostrum preserved with formalin for rearing calves. Australian J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 1977;17:221. [Google Scholar]

[bib74] 74.Kanamura Y., Niki R., Arima S. Susceptibility of bovine colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses to digestive enzymes and reducing agents. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1977;41:1203. [Google Scholar]

[bib75] 75.Kendrick J.W., Franti C.E. Bovine viral diarrhea decay of colostrum-conferred antibody in the calf. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1974;35:589. [Google Scholar]

[bib76] 76.Kertz A.F. Calf health, performance and experimental results under a commercial research facility and program. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:1006. [Google Scholar]

[bib77] 77.Keys J.E. Mastitic milk can be fed to calves after fermentation, it causes no health problems. Hoard's Dairyman. 1977;122:1219. [Google Scholar]

[bib78] 78.Kruse V. Yield of colostrum and immunoglobulin in cattle at the first milking after parturition. Anim. Prod. 1970;12:619. [Google Scholar]

[bib79] 79.Kruse V. Absorption of immunoglobulin from colostrum in newborn calves. Anim. Prod. 1970;12:627. [Google Scholar]

[bib80] 80.Kumano Y., Kanamaru Y., Niki R., Arima S. Degradation of bovine IgG1 immunoglobulin by rennin and pepsin. Japanese J. Zootechnol. Sci. 1976;47:543. [Google Scholar]

[bib81] 81.Kamano Y., Kanamaru Y., Niki R., Arima S. Occurrence of bovine IgG1 fragment in faeces of newborn calf. Japanese J. Zootechnol. Sci. 1976;47:554. [Google Scholar]

[bib82] 82.Lacey J. The microflora of fodders associated with bovine respiratory disease. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1968;51:173. doi: 10.1099/00221287-51-2-173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib83] 83.Laksesvela B., Slagsvold P., Landsverk T. Indigestion in young calves. 3. The influence of powders from heat-treated skim milk and whey. Acta. Vet. Scand. 1978;19:159. doi: 10.1186/BF03547621. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib84] 84.Lamotte G.B., Eberhart R.J. Blood leukocytes, neutrophil phagocytosis and plasma corticosteroids in colostrum-fed and colostrumdeprived calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1976;37:1189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib85] 85.Langley O.H., O’Farrell K.J. Immune status of dairy calves following induced parturition. Vet. Rec. 1976;99:187. doi: 10.1136/vr.99.10.187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib86] 86.Leibholz J. Diarrhea of nutritional origin in young calves. New South Wales Vet. Proc. 1975;11:19. [Google Scholar]

[bib87] 87.Leibholz J. Dietary effects on the flow of nutrients from the abomasum of the preruminant calf. Australian J. Agric. Res. 1975;26:623. [Google Scholar]

[bib88] 88.Leonard H.A., Gardner D.L. Dairy heifer and calf mortality. J. Dairy Sci. 1975;58:1240. (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]

[bib89] 89.Liebenberg L.H.P., van der Merwe F.J. The utilisation of milk diets with different fat content by the preruminant calf. 1. Digestibility and metabolizability of the diets and live mass gain of calves. S. African J. Anim. Sci. 1974;4:21. [Google Scholar]

[bib90] 90.Linton A.H., Howe K., Pethiyagoda W., Osborne A.D. Epidemiology of salmonella infection in calves. 1. Its relation to their husbandy and management. Vet. Rec. 1974;94:581. doi: 10.1136/vr.94.25.581. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib91] 91.Lister E.E., Emmons D.B. Int. Dairy Congr. 19. 1974. Gel formation as a quality index of calf milk replacers. IE 120. [Google Scholar]

[bib92] 92.Lister E.E., Emmons D.B. Skim milk quality and energy: protein ratios in calf milk replacer diets. J. Dairy Sci. 1974;57:650. (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]

[bib93] 93.Lister E.E., Emmons D.B. Quality of protein in milk replacers for young calves. 2. Effects of heat treatment of skim milk powder and fat levels on calf growth, feed intake and nitrogen balance. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1976;56:327. [Google Scholar]

[bib94] 94.Logan E.F. The influence of husbandry on colostrum yield and immunoglobulin concentration in beef cows. Br. Vet. J. 1977;133:120. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)34133-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib95] 95.Logan E.F., Gibson T. Serum immunoglobulin levels in suckled beef calves. Vet. Rec. 1975;97:229. doi: 10.1136/vr.97.12.229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib96] 96.Logan E.F., McBeath D.G., Lowman B.G. Quantitative studies on serum immunoglobulin levels in suckled calves from birth to five weeks. Vet. Rec. 1974;94:367. doi: 10.1136/vr.94.16.367. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib97] 97.Logan E.F., McMurray C.H., O’Neill D.G., McParland P.J., McRory F.J. Absorption of colostral immunoglobulins by the neonatal calf. Br. Vet. J. 1978;134:258. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)33492-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib98] 98.Logan E.F., Pearson G.R., McNulty M.S. Studies on the immunity of the calf to colibacillosis. 7. The experimental reproduction of colibacillosis in colostrum-fed calves. Vet. Rec. 1977;101:443. doi: 10.1136/vr.101.22.443. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib99] 99.Logan E.F., Stenhouse A., Ormrod D.J. The role of colostral immunoglobulins in intestinal immunity to enteric colibacillosis in the calf. Res. Vet. Sci. 1974;17:290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib100] 100.Logan E.F., Stenhouse A., Penhale W.J., Armishaw M. Studies on the immunity of the calf to colibacillosis. 6. The prophylactic use of a pooled serum IgM-rich fraction under field conditions. Vet. Rec. 1974;94:386. doi: 10.1136/vr.94.17.386. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib101] 101.Lomba F., Fumiere I., Tshibangu M., Chauvaux G., Bienfet V. Immunoglobulin transfer to calves and health problems in large bovine units. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:353. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib102] 102.Lopez G.A., Phillips R.W., Lewis L.D. Plasma corticoid changes during diarrhea in neonatal calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1975;36:1245. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib103] 103.Marin M., Larivere S., Lallier R. Pathological and microbiological observations made on spontaneous cases of acute neonatal calf diarrhoea. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1976;40:228. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib104] 104.Marsolais G., Assaf R., Montpetit C., Marios P. Diagnosis of viral agents associated with neonatal calf diarrhoea. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1978;42:168. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib105] 105.Martig J., Boss P.H., Nicolet J., Steck F. Etiology and predisposing factors in respiratory disease of milk-fattened veal calves. Livestock Prod. Sci. 1976;3:285. [Google Scholar]

[bib106] 106.Martin S.W., Schwabe C.W., Franti C.E. Dairy calf mortality rates in Tulare County, California. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1975;36:1099. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib107] 107.Martin S.W., Schwabe C.W., Franti C.E. Dairy calf mortality rate: the association of daily meteorological factors and calf mortality. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1975;39:377. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib108] 108.Martin S.W., Schwabe C.W., Franti C.E. Dairy calf mortality rate: influence of meteorologic factors on calf mortality rate in Tulare County, California. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1975;36:1105. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib109] 109.Martin S.W., Schwabe C.W., Franti C.E. Dairy calf mortality rate: influence of management and housing factors on calf mortality rate in Tulare County, California. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1975;36:1111. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib110] 110.Mayan M.H. The effects of ammonia inhalation on young bovine animals. Dissertation Abstr. Int. B. 1974;35:1007B. [Google Scholar]

[bib111] 111.McBeath D.G., Logan E.F. Influence of neonatal management on serum immunoglobulin levels of suckled calves. Vet. Rec. 1974;95:466. doi: 10.1136/vr.95.20.466-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib112] 112.McClurkin A.W. Probable role of viruses in calfbood diseases. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:278. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83865-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib113] 113.McDougall, D. F. 1973. The metabolism of plasma proteins in the young calf. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.

[bib114] 114.McNulty M.S., McFerran J.B., Bryson D.G., Logan E.P., Curran W.L. Studies on rotavirus infection and diarrhoea in young calves. Vet. Rec. 1976;99:229. doi: 10.1136/vr.99.12.229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib115] 115.Mebus C.A. Viral calf enteritis. J. Dairy Sci. 1976;59:1175. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84341-X. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib116] 116.Mebus C.A., Newman L.E. Scanning electron, light and immunofluorescent microscopy of intestine of gnotobiotic calf infected with reovirus-like agent. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1977;38:553. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib117] 117.Mebus C.A., Rhodes M.B., Underdahl N.R. Neonatal calf diarrhoea caused by a virus that induces villous epithelial cell syncytia. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1978;39:1223. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib118] 118.Meeroff J.C., Go V.L.W., Phillips S.F. Control of gastric emptying by osmolality of duodenal contents in man. Gastroenterology. 1975;68:1144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib119] 119.Mensik J., Dressier J., Franz J. A trial to prevent respiratory syndrome by rearing calves with minimum morbidity rate. Vet. Med. Praha. 1977;22:463. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib120] 120.Mensik J., Dressier J., Franz J., Pokorny J. The effect of different systems of colostral nutrition on the level of immunoglobulins in the blood of calves. Vet. Med., Praha. 1977;22:449. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib121] 121.Mensik J., Pospisil Z., Cepica A., Dressier J. The effect of different conditions of housing on the occurrence of the respiratory syndrome in calves. Vet. Med., Praha. 1977;22:475. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib122] 122.Mensik J., Pospisil Z., Suchankova A., Cepica A., Rozkosby V., Machatkova M. Activation of latent infectious bovine rhinotracheitis after experimental infection with parainfluenza 3 virus in young calves. Zbl. Vet. Med. B. 1976;23:854. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1976.tb00661.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib123] 123.Mitchell C.D., Ross P.A. Model study of air flow in two calf houses. Farm Bldg. Progr. 1977;47:19. [Google Scholar]

[bib124] 124.Mitchell J.G., McCoy G.C., Olson H.H. Influence of colostrum feeding on serum protein constituents of neonatal calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1974;57:642. (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]

[bib125] 125.Modlin I.M., Bloom S.R., Mitchell S.J. Experimental evidence for vasoactive intestinal peptide as the cause of the watery diarrhoea syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1978;75:1051. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib126] 126.Molla A. Immunoglobulin levels in calves fed colostrum by stomach tube. Vet. Rec. 1978;103:377. doi: 10.1136/vr.103.17.377. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib127] 127.Moon H., Whipp S., Donta S. Enterotoxigenicity of bovine Escherichia coli and enterotoxin neutralizing activity of serum from domestic animals. 9th Int. Congr; Dis. Cattle, Paris 1; 1976. p. 273. [Google Scholar]

[bib128] 128.Ørskov L.F., Ørskov H., Smith H.W., Sojka W.J. The establishment of K99, a thermolabile, transmissible Escherichia coli K antigen, previously called ‘KCO’, possessed by calf and lamb entero-pathogenic strains. Acta. Pathol. Microbioi. Scand. B. 1975;83:31. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1975.tb00066.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib129] 129.Oyeniyi O.O., Hunter A.G. Colostral constituents including immunoglobulins in the first three milkings postpartum. J. Dairy Sci. 1978;61:44. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83549-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib130] 130.Parmely M.J., Beer A.E. Colostral cell-mediated immunity and the concept of a common secretory immune system. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:655. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83915-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib131] 131.Pearson C.R., McNulty M.S., Logan E.F. Pathological changes in the small intestine of neonatal calves naturally infected with reo-like virus (rotavirus) Vet. Rec. 1978;102:454. doi: 10.1136/vr.102.21.454. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib132] 132.Penhale W.J., Logan E.F., Selman I.E., Fisher E.W., McEwan A.D. Observations on the absorption of colostral immunoglobulins by the neonatal calf and their significance in colibacillosis. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1973;4:223. [Google Scholar]

[bib133] 133.Pirie H.M. Recent advances in respiratory conditions in cattle. Vet. Rec. 1977;101:225. doi: 10.1136/vr.101.13.255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib134] 134.Porter P. Quantitative changes in early lactation and absorption by the neonatal calf. Immunology. 1972;23:225. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib135] 135.Probert M., Stott E.J., Thomas L.H., Collins A.P., Jebbett J. An inactivated parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine: the influence of vaccination regime on the response of calves and their subsequent resistance to challenge. Res. Vet. Sci. 1978;24:222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib136] 136.Reiter B. Review of non specific antimicrobial factors in colostrum. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib137] 137.Rindsig R.B. Sour colostrum dilutions compared to whole milk for calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1976;59:1293. [Google Scholar]

[bib138] 138.Rowland S.J., Roy J.H.B., Sears H.J., Thompson S.Y. The effect of prepartum milking on the composition of the prepartum and postpartum secretions of the cow. J. Dairy Res. 1953;20:16. [Google Scholar]

[bib139] 139.Roy J.H.B. Decision-making and calf health. J. Roy. Agric. Soc. 1971;132:81. [Google Scholar]

[bib140] 140.Roy J.H.B. The role of nutrition in calf health. Span. 1973;16:101. [Google Scholar]

[bib141] 141.Roy J.H.B. Perinatal ill-health in calves. Coram. Europ. Commun.; 1975. Nutrition and management: factors affecting perinatal mortality in calves. Page 125. [Google Scholar]

[bib142] 142.Roy J.H.B., Palmer J., Shillam K.W.G., Ingram P.L., Wood P.C. The nutritive value of colostrum for the calf. 10. The relationship between the period of time that a calf-house has been occupied and the incidence of scouring and mortality in young calves. Brit. J. Nutr. 1955;9:11. doi: 10.1079/bjn19550005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib143] 143.Roy J.H.B., Shillam K.W.G., Hawkins G.M., Lang J.M., Ingram P.L. The effect of white scours on the sodium and potassium concentration in the serum of newborn calves. Brit. J. Nutr. 1959;13:219. doi: 10.1079/bjn19590029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib144] 144.Roy J.H.B., Stobo I.J.F., Gaston H.J. The nutrition of the veal calf. 3. A comparison of liquid skim milk with a diet of reconstituted spray-dried skim-milk powder containing 20% margarine fat. Brit. J. Nutr. 1970;24:459. doi: 10.1079/bjn19700046. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib145] 145.Roy J.H.B., Stobo I.J.F., Gaston H.J., Ganderton P., Shotton S.M., Ostler D.C. The effect of environmental temperature on the performance and health of the preruminant and ruminant calf. Brit. J. Nutr. 1971;26:363. doi: 10.1079/bjn19710044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib146] 146.Salajka E., Ulmann L., Sarmanova Z., Hornich M. Specific prevention and treatment of diarrhoeic E. coli infections in newborn calves. Vet. Med., Praha. 1975;20:659. [Google Scholar]

[bib147] 147.Sasaki M., Davis C.L., Larson B.L. Production and turnover of IgG1 and IgG2 immunoglobulins in the bovine around parturition. J. Dairy Sci. 1976;59:2046. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84486-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib148] 148.Sasaki M., Davis C.L., Larson B.L. Immunoglobulin IgG1 metabolism in newborn calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:623. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83910-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib149] 149.Selman I.E., McEwan A.D., Fisher E.W. Studies on dairy calves allowed to suckle their dams at fixed times post-partum. Res. Vet. Sci. 1971;12:1. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib150] 150.Selman I.E., McEwan A.D., Fisher E.W. Absorption of immune lactoglobulin by newborn dairy calves. Attempts to produce consistent immune lactogloblin absorptions in newborn dairy calves using standardised methods of colostrum feeding and management. Res. Vet. Sci. 1971;12:205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib151] 151.Seto A., Okabe T., Ito Y. Immunoglobulin M association with secretory component and immunoglobulin A deficiency in bovine colostrum. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1977;38:1895. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib152] 152.Shanks P.L. Scouring in calves fed on milk from cows grazing new leys. Vet. Rec. 1950;62:315. doi: 10.1136/vr.62.21.315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib153] 153.Shope R.E., Muscoplat C.C., Chen A.W., Johnson D.W. Mechanism of protection from primary bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection. 1. The effects of dexamethasone. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1976;40:355. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib154] 154.Sissons J.W., Smith R.H. The effect of different diets including those containing soya-bean products, on digesta movement and water and nitrogen absorption in the small intestine of the pre-ruminant calf. Brit. J. Nutr. 1976;36:421. doi: 10.1079/bjn19760097. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib155] 155.Sivaswamy G., Gyles C.L. The prevalence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the faeces of calves with diarrhoea. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1976;40:241. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib156] 156.Slagsvold P., Laksesvela B., Flatlandsmo K., Krogh N., Ulsterin T.L., Ek N., Landsverk T. Indigestion in young calves. 1. Different lactose levels in milk diets and milk replacers. Acta Vet. Scand. 1977;18:194. doi: 10.1186/BF03548448. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib157] 157.Smith H.W. Observations on the aetiology of neonatal diarrhoea (scours) in calves. J. Pathol. Bact. 1962;84:147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib158] 158.Smith H.W., Huggins M.G. Further observations on the association of the colicine v plasmid of Escherichia coli with pathogenicity and with survival in the alimentary tract. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1976;92:335. doi: 10.1099/00221287-92-2-335. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib159] 159.Smith R.H., Sissons J.W. The effect of different feeds, including those containing soya-bean products, on the passage of digesta from the abomasum of the preruminant calf. Brit. J. Nutr. 1975;33:329. doi: 10.1079/bjn19750039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib160] 160.Smith T., Orcutt M.L. The bacteriology of the intestinal tract of young calves with special reference to the early diarrhoea (“scours”) J. Exp. Med. 1925;41:80. doi: 10.1084/jem.41.1.89. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib161] 161.Snodgrass D.A., Wells P.W. The influence of colostrum on neonatal rotaviral infections. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:335. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib162] 162.Snyder A.C., Schuh J.D., Wegner T.N., Gebert J.R. Passive immunization of the newborn dairy calf via fermented colostrum. J. Dairy Sci. 1974;57:641. (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]

[bib163] 163.Spooner R.L., Bradley J.S., Young G.B. Genetics and disease in domestic animals with particular reference to dairy cattle. Vet. Rec. 1975;97:125. doi: 10.1136/vr.97.7.125. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib164] 164.Staples G.E., Haygse C.N. Losses in young calves after transportation. Brit. Vet. J. 1974;130:374. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)35841-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib165] 165.Stobo I.J.F., Roy J.H.B., Ganderton P. The effect of changes in concentrations of dry matter, and of fat and protein in milk substitute diets for veal calves. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 1979:93–95. [Google Scholar]

[bib166] 166.Stobo, I. J. F., J. H. B. Roy, P. Ganderton, and D. J. Jayne-Williams. 1974. Effect of single-cell protein in milk substitute diets on the performance and nutrient utilization of calves. Page 59 in Rep. Nat. Inst. Res. Dairying, 1973-1974.

[bib167] 167.Stone S.S., Deyoe B.L. Appearance of Brucella-specific immunoglobulins in synovia of neonatal calves after colostrum feeding. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1974;35:1259. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib168] 168.Stott G.H., Menefee B.E. Selective absorption of immunoglobulin IgM in the newborn calf. J. Dairy Sci. 1978;61:461. doi: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(78)83621-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib169] 169.Stott G.H., Reinhard E.J. Adrenal function and passive immunity in the dystocial calf. J. Dairy Sci. 1978;61:1457. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83749-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib170] 170.Stott G.H., Wiersma F., Menefee B.E., Radwanski F.R. Influence of environment on passive immunity in calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1976;59:1306. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84360-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib171] 171.Straub O.C., Matthaeus W. The immunoglobulin composition of colostrum and the persistence of acquired immunoglobulins and specific antibodies in the calf. Ann. Rech. Vet. 1978;9:269. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib172] 172.Tagari H., Roy J.H.B. The effect of heat treatment on the nutritive value of milk for the young calf. 8. The effect of the pre-heating treatment of spray-dried skim milk on the pH and contents of total, protein and non-protein nitrogen of the pyloric outflow. Brit. J. Nutr. 1969;23:763. doi: 10.1079/bjn19690088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib173] 173.Ternouth J.H., Roy J.H.B. Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion in calves. 6. The effect of feeding warm or cold milk by bucket or teat. Brit. J. Nutr. 1978;40:553. doi: 10.1079/bjn19780159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib174] 174.Ternouth J.H., Roy J.H.B., Shotton S.M. Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves. 4. The effect of age. Br. J. Nutr. 1976;36:523. doi: 10.1079/bjn19760106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib175] 175.Ternouth J.H., Roy J.H.B., Siddons R.C. Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves. 2. The effects of addition of fat to skim milk and of “severe” pre-heating treatment of spray-dried skim milk powder. Brit. J. Nutr. 1974;31:13. doi: 10.1079/bjn19740004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib176] 176.Ternouth J.H., Roy J.H.B., Stobo I.J.F., Shotton S.M., Gillies C.M. Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion in calves. 5. The effect of giving milk once and twice daily and of weaning. Brit. J. Nutr. 1977;37:237. doi: 10.1079/bjn19770025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib177] 177.Ternouth J.H., Roy J.H.B., Thompson S.Y., Toothill J., Gillies C.M., Edwards-Webb J.D. Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves. 3. Further studies on the addition of fat to skim milk and the use of non-milk proteins in milk substitute diets. Brit. J. Nutr. 1975;33:181. doi: 10.1079/bjn19750023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib178] 178.Thomas L.H., Stott E.J., Collins A.P., Jebbett N.J., Stark A.J. Evaluation of respiratory disease in calves: comparison of disease response to different viruses. Res. Vet. Sci. 1977;23:157. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib179] 179.Thompson T.L., Marth E.H. Changes in the microflora of bovine colostrum during natural fermentation. 1976. J. Milk Food Technol. 1976;39:27. [Google Scholar]

[bib180] 180.Tomescu V., Marschang F. Observations on the correlation between the dung disposal systems and the concentration of ammonia in the air of animal houses. Br. Vet. J. 1977;133:629. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)33944-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib181] 181.Toullec R., Frantzen J.F., Mathieu C.M. Effect of coagulation of milk protein on the digestibility of a milk replacer in preruminant calves. Ann. Zootech. 1974;23:359. [Google Scholar]

[bib182] 182.Toullec R., Mathieu C.M., Pion R. Utilization of whey proteins by preruminant veal calves. 2. Digestibility and utilization for growth. Ann. Zootech. 1974;23:75. [Google Scholar]

[bib183] 183.Tournut J., Bezille P., Redon P. Colibacillary neonatal enteritis of the calf: a new prophylactic method. 9th Int. Congr.; Dis. Cattle 9. Paris 1; 1976. p. 267. [Google Scholar]

[bib184] 184.Ward D.E. Pathophysiology of enteric colibacillosis in the intact neonatal calf. Dissertation Abstr. Int. B. 1976;37:1133. [Google Scholar]

[bib185] 185.Ward D.E., Baldwin B.H., Stevens C.E., Tennant B. Excretion of bicarbonate, lactate and volatile fatty acids in the faeces of calves with experimental colibacillosis. Gastroenterology. 1976;70:976. [Google Scholar]

[bib186] 186.Weijers H.A., van de Kamer J.H. Alteration of intestinal bacterial flora as a cause of diarrhoea. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 1965;35:581. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib187] 187.Wells P.W., Dawson A.McL., Smith W.D., Smith B.S.W. Transfer of IgG from plasma to nasal secretions in newborn lambs. Vet. Rec. 1975;97:455. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib188] 188.Williams M.R., Spooner R.L., Thomas L.H. Quantitative studies on bovine immunoglobulins. Vet. Rec. 1975;96:81. doi: 10.1136/vr.96.4.81. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib189] 189.Williams V.J., Roy J.H.B., Gillies C.M. Milk substitute diet composition and abomasal secretion in the calf. Brit. J. Nutr. 1976;36:317. doi: 10.1079/bjn19760090. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib190] 190.Wise G.H., Miller P.G., Anderson G.W., Linnerud A.C. Changes in milk products sham fed to calves. 4. Suckling from a nurse cow versus consuming from either a nipple feeder or an open pail. J. Dairy Sci. 1976;59:97. [Google Scholar]

[bib191] 191.Wood P.C. The epidemiology of white scours among calves kept under experimental conditions. J. Pathol. Bact. 1955;70:179. doi: 10.1002/path.1700700116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib192] 192.Woode G.N. Epizootiology of bovine rotavirus infection. Vet. Rec. 1978;103:44. doi: 10.1136/vr.103.3.44. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib193] 193.Woode G.N., Bew M.E., Dennis M.J. Studies on cross protection induced in calves by rotaviruses of calves, children and foals. Vet. Rec. 1978;103:32. doi: 10.1136/vr.103.2.32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib194] 194.Woode G.N., Bridger J.C. Viral enteritis of calves. Vet. Rec. 1975;96:85. doi: 10.1136/vr.96.4.85. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib195] 195.Woode G.N., Smith C., Dennis M.J. Intestinal damage in rotavirus infected calves assessed by D-xylose malabsorption. Vet. Rec. 1978;102:340. doi: 10.1136/vr.102.15.340-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib196] 196.Wray C., Callow R.J. Studies on the survival of Salmonella dublin, Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli in stored bovine colostrum. Vet. Rec. 1974;94:407. doi: 10.1136/vr.94.18.407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib197] 197.Wray C., Thomlinson J.R. Factors influencing occurrence of colibacillosis in calves. Vet. Rec. 1975;96:52. doi: 10.1136/vr.96.3.52. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

PERMALINK

Factors Affecting Susceptibility of Calves to Disease

JHB Roy

Abstract

References

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Cite

Add to Collections

PERMALINK

Factors Affecting Susceptibility of Calves to Disease

JHB Roy

Abstract

References

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Similar articles

Cited by other articles

Links to NCBI Databases