Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2012 May 15;10(5):2669. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2669

Scientific Opinion on the welfare of cattle kept for beef production and the welfare in intensive calf farming systems

EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW)
PMCID: PMC7163673  PMID: 32313568

Abstract

Information given in previous Opinions “Welfare of cattle kept for beef production” (SCAHAW, 2001) and “The risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems” (EFSA, 2006) is updated and recent scientific evidence on the topics reviewed. Risks of poor welfare are identified using a structured analysis, and issues not identified in the SCAHAW (2001) beef Opinion, especially effects of housing and management on enteric and respiratory diseases are reviewed. The Opinion covers all systems of beef production, although the welfare of suckler cows or breeding bulls is not considered. The Chapter on beef cattle presents new evidence and recommendations in relation to heat and cold stress, mutilations and pain management, digestive disorders linked to high concentrate feeds and respiratory disorders linked to overstocking, inadequate ventilation, mixing of animals and failure of early diagnosis and treatment. Major welfare problems in cattle kept for beef production, as identified by risk assessment, were respiratory diseases linked to overstocking, inadequate ventilation, mixing of animals and failure of early diagnosis and treatment, digestive disorders linked to intensive concentrate feeding, lack of physically effective fibre in the diet, and behavioural disorders linked to inadequate floor space, and co‐mingling in the feedlot. Major hazards for white veal calves were considered to be iron‐deficiency anaemia, a direct consequence of dietary iron restriction, enteric diseases linked to high intakes of liquid feed and inadequate intake of physically effective fibre, discomfort and behavioural disorders linked to inadequate floors and floor space.

Keywords: Beef cattle welfare, welfare of calves in intensive farming systems, risk assessment, updates

EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) ; Scientific Opinion on the the welfare of cattle kept for beef production and the welfare in intensive calf farming systems. EFSA Journal 2012;10 (5):2669. 166 pp. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2669.

Panel members: Anette Bøtner, Donald Broom, Marcus G. Doherr, Mariano Domingo, Jörg Hartung, Linda Keeling, Frank Koenen, Simon More, David Morton, Pascal A. Oltenacu, Fulvio Salati, Mo Salman, Moez Sanaa, James M. Sharp, Jan A. Stegeman, Endre Szücs, Hans‐H. Thulke, Philippe Vannier, John Webster and Martin Wierup

Correspondence: ahaw@efsa.europa.eu

Acknowledgement: The AHAW Panel wishes to thank the members of the Working Group on the welfare of cattle kept for beef production and the welfare in intensive calf farming systems: Pascal A. Oltenacu, Bo Algers, Telmo Nunes, George Stilwell, Cornelius Gerrit Van Reenen, John Webster and Christoph Winckler for the preparatory work on this Scientific Opinion, and EFSA staff: Chiara Fabris, Oriol Ribò and Eleonora Bastino for the support provided to this Scientific Opinion.

Adoption date: 20 April 2012

Published date: 15 May 2012

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2011‐00286

On request from: European Commission

References

  1. Absmanner E, Rouha‐Müllerder C, Scharl T, Leisch F and Troxler J, 2009. Effects of different housing systems on the behaviour of beef bulls – An on‐farm assessment on Austrian farms. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 118, 12–19. [Google Scholar]
  2. Ackermann MR, Derscheid R and Roth James A, 2010. Innate Immunology of Bovine Respiratory Disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America‐Food Animal Practice, 26, 215–228. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Adjou K, 2011. Less cryptosporidiosis with vaccination against viruses and bacteria. Point Veterinaire, 315, 56–59. [Google Scholar]
  4. ALCASDE (Alternatives to Castration and Dehorning) , 2009. Report on dehorning practices across EU member states (Appendix 20). In: Alcasde Final Report ‐ Study on the improved methods for animal‐friendly production, in particular on alternatives to the alternatives to the castration of pigs and on the alternatives to the dehorning of cattle. SANCO/2008/D5/018.
  5. Alderman G and Cottrill BR, 1993. Energy and protein requirements of ruminants: an advisory manual prepared by the AFRC Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 174 pp.
  6. Alexander TW, Yanke LJ, Topp E, Olson ME, Morck DW and McAllister TA, 2008. Effect of Subtherapeutic Administration of Antibiotics on the Prevalence of Antibiotic‐Resistant Escherichia coli Bacteria in Feedlot Cattle. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 4405–4416. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Ames DR and Insley LW, 1975. Wind chill effect for cattle and sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 40, 161–165. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Ando K, Morita S, Higashi T, Fukahara S, Watanabe S, Park J, Kikuchi M, Kawano K, Wasada I and Hotta T, 2006. Health‐related quality of life among Japanese women with iron‐deficiency anemia. Quality of Life Research, 15, 1559–1563. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Anonymous, 1975. Amputation of half a tip of the tongue in cattle, to prevent sucking. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 100, 13, 722–723. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Arcangioli MA, Duet A, Meyer G, Dernburg A, Bézille P, Poumarat F and Le Grand D, 2008. The role of Mycoplasma bovis in bovine respiratory disease outbreaks in veal calf feedlots. The Veterinary Journal, 177, 89–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Arias RD, Mader TL and Parkhurst AM, 2011. Effects of diet type and metabolizable energy intake on tympanic temperature of steers fed during summer and winter seasons. Journal of Animal Science, 89, 1574–1580. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Arthur PF, 1995. Double muscling in cattle: a review. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research, 46, 1493–1515. [Google Scholar]
  13. Assié S, Bareille N, Beaudeau F and Seegers H, 2009. Management‐ and housing‐related risk factors of respiratory disorders in non‐weaned French Charolais calves. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 91, 218–225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Autio T, Pohjanvirta T, Holopainen R, Rikula U, Pentikäinen J, Huovilainen A, Rusanen H, Soveri T, Sihvonen L and Pelkonen S, 2007. Etiology of respiratory disease in non‐vaccinated, nonmedicated calves in rearing herds. Veterinary Microbiology, 119, 256–265. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bach A, Tejero C and Ahedo J, 2011. Effects of group composition on the incidence of respiratory afflictions in group‐housed calves after weaning. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 2001–2006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bähler C, Regula G, Stoffel MH, Steiner A and von Rotz A, 2010. Effects of the two production programs ‘Naturafarm’ and ‘conventional’ on the prevalence of non‐perforating abomasal lesions in Swiss veal calves at slaughter. Research in Veterinary Science, 88, 352–360. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bangoura B, Mundt HC, Schmäschke R, Westphal B and Daugschies A, 2011. Prevalence of Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii in German cattle herds and factors influencing oocyst excretion. Parasitology Research, Suppl 1, S129–138. [DOI] [PubMed]
  18. Barrington GM, Gay JM and Evermann JF, 2002. Biosecurity for neonatal gastrointestinal diseases. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 18, 7–34. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bartels CJ, Holzhauer M, Jorritsma R, Swart WA and Lam TJ, 2010. Prevalence, prediction and risk factors of enteropathogens in normal and non‐normal faeces of young Dutch dairy calves. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 93, 162–169. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Beard JL, 1990. Neuroendocrine alterations in iron deficiency. Progress in Food and Nutrition Science, 14, 45–82. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Beard JL, 1999. Iron deficiency and neural development: an update. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion, 49 (Suppl. 2), 34S–39S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Beard JL, 2001. Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronal functioning. Journal of Nutrition, 131 (Suppl.), 568S–579S. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Beatty DT, Barnes A, Taylor E, Pethick D, McCarthy M and Maloney SK, 2006. Physiological responses of Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle to prolonged, continuous heat and humidity. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 972–985. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Beaver JM and Olson BE, 1997. Winter range use by cattle of different ages in southwestern Montana. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 51, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
  25. Becker J, Doherr MG, Bruckmaier RM, Bodmer M, Zanolari P and Steiner A, in press. The effects of different methods of rubber‐ring castration on acute and chronic pain in calves. The Veterinary Journal. [DOI] [PubMed]
  26. Berchtold J, 2009. Treatment of calf diarrhea: intravenous fluid therapy. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 25, 73–99. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Berends H, Van Reenen CG, Stockhofe‐Zurwieden N and Gerrits WJJ, in press. Effects of early rumen development and solid feed composition on growth performance and abomasal health in veal calves. Journal of Dairy Science. [DOI] [PubMed]
  28. Berge ACB, Lindeque P, Moore DA and Sischo WM, 2005. A clinical trial evaluating prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotic use on health and performance of preweaned calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 88, 2166–2177. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Berge ACB, Besser TE, Moore DA and Sischo WM, 2009a. Evaluation of the effects of oral colostrum supplementation during the first fourteen days on the health and performance of preweaned calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 286–295. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Berge ACB, Moore DA, Besser TE and Sischo WM, 2009b. Targeting therapy to minimize antimicrobial use in preweaned calves: effects on health, growth, and treatment costs. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 4707–4714. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Bergen RD, Schwartzkopf‐Genswein KS, McAllister TA and Kennedy AD, 2008. Effects of feeding time on behaviour, thermoregulation and growth of steers in winter. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 88, 369–379. [Google Scholar]
  32. Bergeron R, Badnell‐Waters AJ, Lambton S and Mason G, 2006. Stereotypic oral behaviour in captive ungulates: foraging, diet and gatrointestinal function In: Stereotypic Animal Behaviour Fundamentals and Applications to Welfare. 2nd edition Eds Mason G. and Rushen J. CABI, 19–57. [Google Scholar]
  33. Berman A, 2008. Increasing Heat Stress Relief Produced by Coupled Coat Wetting and Forced Ventilation. Journal of Dairy Science, 91, 4571–4578. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Blanch M, Calsamiglia S, Devant M and Bach A, 2010. Effects of acarbose on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and microbial profile involved in ruminal acid. Journal of Dairy Research 77, 123–128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Blancou J, 2008. The control of rabies in Eurasia: overview, history and background. Developmental Biology, 131, 3–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Blum JW and Hammon H, 1999. Endocrine and metabolic aspects in milk‐fed calves. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 17, 219–230. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Boivin X, Marcantognini L, Boulesteix P, Godet J, Brule A and Veissier I, 2007. Attitudes of farmers towards Limousin cattle and their handling. Animal Welfare, 16, 147–151. [Google Scholar]
  38. Boivin X, Gilard F and Egal D, 2009. The effect of early human contact and the separation method from the dam on responses of beef calves to humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 120, 132–139. [Google Scholar]
  39. Bondy GS and Pestka JJ, 2000. Immunomodulation by fungal toxins. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 3, 109–143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Booker CW, Abutarbush SM, Morley PS, Jim GK, Pittman TJ, Schunicht OC, Perrett T, Wildman BK, Fenton RK, Guichon PT and Janzen ED, 2008. Microbiological and histopathological findings in cases of fatal bovine respiratory disease of feedlot cattle in Western Canada. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 49, 473–481. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Bouley J, Meunier B, Chambon C, De Smet S, Hocquette JF and Picard B, 2005. Proteomic analysis of bovine skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Proteomics, 5, 490–500. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Bowman DD, 1999. Protozoans In: Georgis' parasitology for veterinarians. 7th edition Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 86–93. [Google Scholar]
  43. Braz M, Carreira M, Carolino N, Rodrigues T and Stilwell G, 2012. Effect of rectal or intravenous tramadol on the incidence of pain related behaviour after disbudding calves with caustic paste. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 136, 20–25. [Google Scholar]
  44. Bremner I, Brockway JM, Donnelly HT and Webster AJF, 1976. Anaemia and veal calf production. Veterinary Record, 99, 203–205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Bretschneider G, 2005. Effects of age and method of castration on performance and stress response of beef male cattle ‐ a review. Livestock Production Science, 97, 89–100. [Google Scholar]
  46. Breukink HJ, Wensing T, Van Weeren‐Keverling Buisman A, Van Bruinessen‐Kapsenberg EG and De Visser NA, 1988. Consequences of failure of the reticular groove reflex in veal calves fed milk replacer. Veterinary Quarterly, 10, 126–135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Brodersen BW, 2010. Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 26, 323–333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Brown‐Brandl TM, Neinaber JA, Eigenberg RA, Hahn GL and Freetly H, 2003. Thermoregulatory responses of feedlot cattle. Journal of Thermal Biology, 28, 149–157. [Google Scholar]
  49. Brown‐Brandl TM, Eigenberg RA and Nienaber JA, 2006. Heat stress risk factors of feedlot heifers. Livestock Science, 105, 57–68. [Google Scholar]
  50. Brownlie T, Utermohlen V, Hinton PS, Giordano C and Haas JD, 2002. Marginal iron deficiency without anemia impairs aerobic adaptation among previously untrained women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75, 734–742. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Brscic M, Gottardo F, Prevedello P, Tessitore E and Cozzi G, 2009. Veal calves' clinical/health status in large groups fed with automatic feeding devices. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 8 (Suppl.), 187–189. [Google Scholar]
  52. Brscic M, Heutinck LF, Wolthuis‐Fillerup M, Stockhofe N, Engel B, Visser EK, Gottardo F, Bokkers EAM, Lensink BJ, Cozzi G and Van Reenen CG, 2011. Prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders recorded at postmortem inspection in white veal calves and associated risk factors. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 853–863. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Brscic M, Leruste H, Heutinck LFM, Bokkers EAM, Wolthuis‐Fillerup M, Stockhofe N, Gottardo F, Lensink BJ, Cozzi G and Van Reenen CG, 2012. Prevalence of respiratory disorders in veal calves and potential risk factors. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 2753–2764. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Brutsaert TD, Hernandez‐Cordero S, Rivera J, Viola T, Highes G and Haas JD, 2003. Iron supplementation improves progressive fatigue resistance during dynamic knee extensor exercise in iron‐depleted, nonanemic women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77, 441–448. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Buckham Sporer KR, Weber PS, Burton JL, Earley B and Crowe MA, 2008. Transportation of young beef bulls alters circulating physiological parameters that may be effective biomarkers of stress. Journal of Animal Science, 86, 1325–1334. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Buhman MJ, Hungerford LL and Smith DR, 2003. An economic risk assessment of the management of pregnant feedlot heifers in the USA. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 59, 207–222. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Bullen JJ, Rogers HJ, Spalding PB and Ward CG, 2006. Natural resistance, iron and infection: a challenge for clinical medicine. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 55, 251–258. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Burrow HM, Seifert GW and Corbet NJ, 1988. A new technique for measuring temperament in cattle. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production, 17, 154–157. [Google Scholar]
  59. Callan RJ and Garry FB, 2002. Biosecurity and bovine respiratory disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 18, 57–77. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Capitan A, Grohs C, Gautier M and Eggen A, 2009. The scurs inheritance: new insights from the French Charolais breed. BMC Genetics 2009, 10: 33. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Carstens GE, 1994. Cold thermoregulation in the newborn calf. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 10, 69–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Casas E and Stone RT, 2006. Putative quantitative trait loci associated with the probability of contracting infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 3180–3184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Casas E, Garcia MD, Wells JE and Smith TP, 2011a. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ANKRA2 and CD180 genes with bovine respiratory disease and presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis . Animal Genetic, 42, 571–577. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Casas E, Kuehn LA, McDaneld TG, Smith TPL and Keele JW, 2011b. Genomic regions associated with incidence of disease in cattle using DNA pooling and a high density single nucleotide polymorphism array [abstract]. Journal of Animal Science, 89 (E‐Supplement 1), 158, (Abstract 18).20817856 [Google Scholar]
  65. Cassar‐Malek I, Picard B, Bernard C and Hocquette JF, 2008. Application of gene expression studies in livestock production systems: a European perspective. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 48, 701–710. [Google Scholar]
  66. Caswell JL, Bateman KG, Cai HY and Castillo‐Alcala F, 2010. Mycoplasma bovis in respiratory disease of feedlot cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 26, 365–379. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Cena K and Monteith JL, 1975. Transfer processes in animal coats. Radiative transfer. Proceedings of the Royal Society London: Biological Sciences, 188, 377–393. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Ceppi A and Blum JW, 1994. Effects of growth hormone on growth performance, haematology, metabolites, and hormones in iron‐deficient veal calves. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 41, 443–458. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Ceppi A, Mullis PE, Eggenberger E and Blum JW, 1994. Growth‐hormone concentration and disappearance rate, insulin‐like growth factor‐I and growth‐factor‐II and insulin levels in iron‐deficient veal calves. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 38, 281–286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Charlier C, Coppieters W, Rollin F, Desmecht D and Agerholm JS, 2008. Highly effective SNP‐based association mapping and management of recessive defects in livestock. Nature Genetics, 40, 449–454. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Checkley SL, Janzen ED and Campbell JR, 2005. Efficacy of vaccination against Fusobacterium necrophorum infection for control of liver abscesses and footrot in feedlot cattle in western Canada. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 46, 1002–1007. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Chevalet C, Hocquette JF, Sellier P and Monget P, 2007. AGENAE‐GENANIMAL: the French Research program in animal genomics In: Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition. Eds Ortigues‐Marty I, Miraux N, Brand‐Williams W, EAAP Publication 124. Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen, The Netherlands, 311–312 [Google Scholar]
  73. Chiquette J, Allison MJ and Rasmussen MA, 2008. Prevotella bryantii 25A used as a probiotic in early‐lactation dairy cows: Effect on ruminal fermentation characteristics, milk production, and milk composition. Journal of Dairy Science, 91, 3536–3543. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Christopherson RJ and Young BA, 1986. Effects of cold environments on domestic animals In: Grazing Research at Northern Latitudes. Ed Gudmundson O. Plenum Publishing Corp., 247–257. [Google Scholar]
  75. Clark JA and McArthur AJ, 1994. Thermal exchanges In: Livestock Housing. Eds Wathes CM. and Charles DR, CABI, 97–122. [Google Scholar]
  76. Clark SF, 2008. Iron deficiency anemia. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 23, 128–141. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Cobbold RN, Rice DH, Davis MA, Besser TE and Hancock DD, 2006. Long‐term persistence of multi‐drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Newport in two dairy herds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 228, 585–591. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Coetzee JF, Gehring R, Bettenhausen AC, Lubbers BV, Toerber SE, Thomson DU, Kukanich B and Apley MD, 2007. Attenuation of acute plasma cortisol response in calves following intravenous sodium salicylate administration prior to castration. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 30, 305–313. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Coetzee JF, Gehring R, Tarus‐Sang J and Anderson DE, 2010. Effect of sub‐anesthetic xylazine and ketamine (‘ketamine stun’) administered to calves immediately prior to castration. Veterinary Anaesthesia Analgesia, 37, 566–578. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Compassion in World Farming (CIWF) , online. Available from: http://www.ciwf.org.uk/
  81. Confer AW, 2009. Update on bacterial pathogenesis in BRD. Animal Health Research Reviews, 10, 145–148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Constable PD, 2004. Antimicrobial use in the treatment of calf diarrhoea. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 18, 8–17. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Cook A, Reid‐Smith RJ, Irwin RJ, McEwen SA, Young V, Butt K and Ribble C, 2011. Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Milk‐Fed Veal Meat from Southern Ontario, Canada. Journal of Food Protection, 74, 1328–1333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Corbière F, Cassard H, Foucras G, Meyer G and Schelcher F, 2008. Hepatic abscesses: pathogenesis, treatment and prevention in cattle. Le Nouveau Praticien Veterinaire Elevages et Sante, 9, 36–41. [Google Scholar]
  85. Corner LA, Murphy D and Gormley E, 2011. Mycobacterium bovis infection in the Eurasian badger (Meles meles): the disease, pathogenesis, epidemiology and control. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 144, 1–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Cortese VS, 2009. Neonatal Immunology. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 25, 221–227. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Coskun A, Sen I, Guzelbektes H, Ok M, Turgut K and Canikli S, 2010. Comparison of the effects of intravenous administration of isotonic and hypertonic sodium bicarbonate solutions on venous acid‐base status in dehydrated calves with strong ion acidosis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 236, 1098–1103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Crispin SM, 2005. Notes on veterinary ophthalmology. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, 384 pp. [Google Scholar]
  89. Cuyler C and Øritsland NA, 2004. Rain more important than windchill for insulation loss in Svalbard reindeer fur. Rangifer, 24, 7–14. [Google Scholar]
  90. Curley Jr KO, Paschal JC, Welsh Jr TH and Randel RD, 2006. Technical note: Exit velocity as a measurement of cattle temperament is repeatable and associated with serum concentration of cortisol in Brahman bulls. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 3100–3103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Curley Jr KO, Neuendorff DA, Lewis AW, Cleere JJ, Welsh Jr TH and Randel RD. 2008. Functional characteristics of the bovine hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis vary with temperament. Hormones and Behavior, 53, 20–27. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Cusack PM, McMeniman NP and Lean IJ, 2007. Feedlot entry characteristics and climate: their relationship with cattle growth rate, bovine respiratory disease and mortality. Australian Veterinary Journal, 85, 311–316. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Dallman PR, 1986. Biochemical basis for the manifestations of iron deficiency. Annual Reviews, 6, 13–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Daniels TK, Bowman JGP, Sowell BF, Branine ME and Hubbert ME, 2000. Effects of metaphylactic antibiotics on behavior of feedlot calves. The Professional Animal Scientist, 16, 247–253. [Google Scholar]
  95. Davis MA, Hancock DD, Besser TE, Daniels JB, Baker KN and Call DR, 2007. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin isolates from beef and dairy sources. Veterinary Microbiology, 119, 221–230. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Decaro N, Campolo M, Desario C, Cirone F, D'Abramo M, Lorusso E, Greco G, Mari V, Colaianni ML, Elia G, Martella V and Buonavoglia C, 2008. Respiratory disease associated with bovine coronavirus infection in cattle herds in Southern Italy. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 20, 28–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. DeFrancesco KA, Cobbold RN, Rice DH, Besser TE and Hancock DD, 2004. Antimicrobial resistance of commensal Escherichia coli from dairy cattle associated with recent multi‐resistant salmonellosis outbreaks. Veterinary Microbiology, 98, 55–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. De Passillé AM, Borderas F and Rushen J, 2011. Cross‐sucking by dairy calves may become a habit or reflect characteristics of individual calves more than milk allowance at weaning. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 133, 137–143. [Google Scholar]
  99. DeVries TJ and von Keyserlingk MAG, 2009. Competition for feed affects the feeding behavior of growing dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 3922–3929. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. De Waele V, Speybroeck N, Berkvens D, Mulcahy G and Murphy TM, 2010. Control of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves: use of halofuginone lactate in two different calf rearing systems. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 96, 143–151. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Dewell RD, Hungerford LL, Keen JE, Laegreid WW, Griffin DD, Rupp GP and Grotelueschen DM, 2006. Association of neonatal serum immunoglobulin G1 concentration with health and performance in beef calves. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 228, 914–921. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Dhabhar FS, 2002. Stress‐induced augmentation of immune function – the role of stress hormones, leukocyte trafficking and cytokines. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 16, 785–798. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Dieguez FJ, Yus E, Vilar MJ, Sanjuán ML and Arnaiz I, 2009. Effect of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection on dairy calf rearing. Research in Veterinary Science, 87, 39–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Divers TJ and Peek SF, 2007. Rebhun's Diseases of Dairy Cattle. 2nd edition Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, 704 pp. [Google Scholar]
  105. Dobson H, Tebble JE, Smith RF and Ward WR, 2001. Is stress really all that important? Theriogenology, 55, 65–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Doster AR, 2010. Bovine Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 26, 395–407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Duff GC and Galyean ML, 2007. Board‐invited review: Recent advances in management of highly stressed, newly received feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 85, 823–840. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Eckert R, Randall D, Burggren W and French K, 2000. Tierphysiologie. 3rd edition Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, DE. [Google Scholar]
  109. Edwards TA, 2010. Control Methods for Bovine Respiratory Disease for Feedlot Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 26, 273–284. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2006. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW Panel) on a request from the European Commission on the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems. An update of the Scientific Veterinary Committee Report on the Welfare of Calves. The EFSA Journal, 366, 1–36. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) , 2009. Scientific Opinion on welfare of dairy cows in relation to leg and locomotion problems based on a risk assessment with special reference to the impact of housing, feeding, management and genetic selection. EFSA Journal 2009: 1142, 57 pp. [Google Scholar]
  112. EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) , 2012. Guidance on risk assessment for animal welfare. EFSA Journal, 10 (1): 2513, 29 pp. [Google Scholar]
  113. Ehrlemark AG and Sällvik KG, 1996. A model of heat and moisture dissipation from cattle based on thermal properties. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 39, 187–194. [Google Scholar]
  114. Eicher SD, Morrow‐Tesch JL, Albright JL, Dailey JW, Young CR and Stanker LH, 2000. Tail‐docking influences on behavioral, immunological, and endocrine responses in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 83, 1456–1462. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Eicher SD, Morrow‐Tesch JL, Albright JL and Williams RE, 2001. Tail‐docking alters fly numbers, fly‐avoidance behaviors, and cleanliness, but not physiological measures. Journal of Dairy Science, 84, 1822–1828. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Eicher SD and Dalley JW, 2002. Indicators of acute pain and fly avoidance behaviors in Holstein calves following tail‐docking. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, 2850–2858. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Eicher SD, Cheng HW, Sorrells AD and Schutz MM, 2006. Short communication: behavioral and physiological indicators of sensitivity or chronic pain following tail docking. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 3047–3051. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Elizondo‐Salazar JA, Jones CM and Heinrichs AJ, 2010. Evaluation of calf milk pasteurization systems on 6 Pennsylvania dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 5509–5513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Ellis JA, 2010. Bovine Parainfluenza‐3 Virus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 26, 575–593. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Enriquez DH, Ungerfeld R, Quintans G, Guidoni AL and Hötzel MJ, 2010. The effects of alternative weaning methods on behaviour in beef calves. Livestock Science, 128, 20–27. [Google Scholar]
  121. Enriquez D, Hötzel MJ and Ungerfeld R, 2011. Minimising the stress of weaning of beef calves; a review. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 53, 28–35. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Enjalbert F, 2009. The relationship between trace elements status and health in calves. Revue Medecine Veterinaire, 160, 429–435. [Google Scholar]
  123. EUROSTAT (European Statistics) , online. Available from : http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home
  124. Ewoldt JM, 2008. Surgery of the scrotum. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 24, 253–266. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Faerevik G, Andersen IL, Jensen MB and Bøe KE, 2007. Increased group size reduces conflicts and strengthens the preference for familiar group mates after regrouping of weaned dairy calves (Bos taurus) . Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 108, 215–228. [Google Scholar]
  126. Faerevik G, Tjentland K, Lovik S, Andersen IL and Bøe KE, 2008. Resting pattern and social behaviour of dairy calves housed in pens with different sized lying areas. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 114, 54–64. [Google Scholar]
  127. Faerevik G, Jensen MB and Bøe KE, 2010. The effect of group composition and age on social behavior and competition in groups of weaned dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 4274–4279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Fagan KA and Weil JV, 2004. Potential Genetic Contributions to Control of the Pulmonary Circulation and Ventilation at High Altitude. High Altitude Medicine and Biology, 2, 165–171. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Fasquelle C, Sartelet A, Li W, Dive M, Tamma N, Michaux C, Druet T, Huijbers IJ, Isacke CM, Coppieters W, Georges M and Charlier C, 2009. Balancing Selection of a Frame‐Shift Mutation in the MRC2 Gene Accounts for the Outbreak of the Crooked Tail Syndrome in Belgian Blue Cattle. PLoS Genetics, 5, 1–8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Fecteau G, Smith BP and George LW, 2009. Septicemia and Meningitis in the Newborn Calf. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 25, 195–208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Fell LR, Colditz IG, Walker KH and Watson DL, 1999. Associations between temperament, performance and immune function in cattle entering a commercial feedlot. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 39, 795–802. [Google Scholar]
  132. Fitzgerald M, 1994. Neurobiology of Foetal and Neonatal Pain In: Textbook of Pain. 3rd edition Eds Wall P. and Melzack R. Churchchill Livingstone, London, UK, pp 153–163. [Google Scholar]
  133. Foster DM and Smith GW, 2009. Pathophysiology of Diarrhea in Calves. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 25, 13–36. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Fox DG, Sniffen CJ, O'Connor JD, Russell JB and Van Soest PJ, 1992. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: III. Cattle requirements and diet adequacy. Journal of Animal Science, 70, 3578–3596. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Frank GH, Briggs RE, Duff GC, Loan RW and Purdy CW, 2002. Effects of vaccination before transit and administration of florfenicol at time of arrival in a feedlot on the health of transported calves and detection of Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal secretions. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63, 251–256. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Frizzo LS, Soto LP, Zbrun MV, Bertozzi E, Sequeira G, Armesto RR and Rosmini MR, 2010. Lactic acid bacteria to improve growth performance in young calves fed milk replacer and spray‐dried whey powder. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 157, 159–167. [Google Scholar]
  137. Fröberg S and Lidfors L, 2009. Behaviour of dairy calves suckling the dam in a barn with automatic milking or being fed milk substitute from an automatic feeder in a group pen. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 117, 150–158. [Google Scholar]
  138. Fulton RW, Blood KS, Panciera RJ, Payton ME, Ridpath JF, Confer AW, Saliki JT, Burge LT, Welsh RD, Johnson BJ and Reck A, 2009. Lung pathology and infectious agents in fatal feedlot pneumonias and relationship with mortality, disease onset, and treatments. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 21, 464–477. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Fulwider WK, Grandin T, Rollin E, Engle TE, Dalsted, NL and Lamm WD, 2008. Survey of Dairy Management Practices on One Hundred Thirteen North Central and Northeastern United States Dairies. Journal Dairy Science, 91, 1686–1692. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Galyean ML, Gunter SA and Malcolm‐Callis KJ, 1995. Effects of arrival medication with tilmicosin phosphate on health and performance of newly received beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 1219–1226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Garber MJ, Roeder RA, Combs JJ, Eldridge L, Miller JC, Hinman DD and Ney JJ, 1990. Efficacy of vaginal spaying and anabolic implants on growth and carcass characteristics in beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science, 68, 1469–1475. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Gasbarre LC, Leighton EA and Sonstegard T, 2001. Role of the bovine immune system and genome in resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes. Veterinary Parasitology, 98, 51–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Gaughan JB, Mader TL, Holt SM and Lisle A, 2008. A new heat load index for feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 86, 226–234. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Gay E and Barnouin J, 2009. A nation‐wide epidemiological study of acute bovine respiratory disease in France. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 89, 265–271. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Gay KD, Eicher SD, Wilcox CS, Bridges JA, Rostagno MH, Charley SE and Schutz MM, 2010a. Effect of bedding material on performance, health, and hide contamination of calves reared in hutches. Journal Dairy Science, 93, 2301 (abstract). [Google Scholar]
  146. Gay KD, Eicher SD, Wilcox CS, Bridges JA, Rostagno MH, Charley SE, Grott MJ, Williams RE and Schutz MM, 2010b. Effect of bedding material on flies, and behavior and innate immunity of calves reared in hutches. Journal Dairy Science, 93 (Suppl. 1), 611 (abstract). [Google Scholar]
  147. Gera T and Sachdev HPS, 2002. Effect of iron supplementation on incidence of infectious illness in children: systematic review. British Medical Journal, 325, 1142–1144. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Gianesella M, Morgante M, Stelletta C, Ravarotto L, Giudice E and Van Saun RJ, 2010. Evaluating the effects of rumenocentesis on health and performance in dairy cows. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 79, 459–468. [Google Scholar]
  149. Gonda MG, 2011. Integrating animal genomics with animal health: Genetics of vaccine response in cattle. Proceedings of the Beef Improvement Federation 43rd Annual Research Symposium and Annual Meeting, Bozeman, Montana, 27–31 pp.
  150. Gondim LF, 2006. Neospora caninum in wildlife. Trends in Parasitology, 22, 247–252. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Gonzalez LA, Ferret A, Manteca X, Ruiz‐de‐la‐Torre L, Calsamiglia S, Devant M and Bach A, 2008. Performance, behavior, and welfare of Friesian heifers housed in pens with two, four, and eight individuals per concentrate feeding place. Journal of Animal Science, 86, 1146–1458. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Gorden PJ and Plummer P, 2010. Control, Management, and Prevention of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Dairy Calves and Cows. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 26, 243–259. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Gould DH, McAllister MM, Savage JC and Hamar DW, 1991. High sulfide concentrations in rumen fluid associated with nutritionally induced polioencephalomalacia in calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 52, 1164–1169. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Graf B and Senn M, 1999. Behavioural and physiological responses of calves to dehorning by heat cauterization with or withoutlocal anaesthesia. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 62, 153–171. [Google Scholar]
  155. Grandin T, 1993. Behavioral agitation during handling of cattle is persistent over time. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 36, 1–9. [Google Scholar]
  156. Graunke KL, Schuster T and Lidfors LM, 2011. Influence of weather on the behaviour of outdoor‐wintered beef cattle in Scandinavia. Livestock Science, 136, 247–255. [Google Scholar]
  157. Griffin D, Chengappa MM, Kuszak J and McVey DS, 2010. Bacterial Pathogens of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 26, 381–394. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Grobet L, Martin LJ, Poncelet D, Pirottin D and Brouwers B, 1997. A deletion in the bovine myostatin gene causes the double‐muscled phenotype in cattle. Nature Genetics, 17, 71–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Gulliksen SM, Jor E, Lie KI, Hamnes IS, Løken T, Akerstedt J and Osterås O, 2009a. Enteropathogens and risk factors for diarrhea in Norwegian dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 5057–5066. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Gulliksen SM, Jor E, Lie KI, Løken T, Åkerstedt J and Østerås O, 2009b. Respiratory infections in Norwegian dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 5139–5146. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Gulliksen SM, Lie KI, Løken T and Østerås O, 2009c. Calf mortality in Norwegian dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 2782–2795. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Gupta S, Earley B, Ting STL and Crowe MA, 2005. Effect of repeated regrouping and relocation on the physiological, immunological, and hematological variables and performance of steers. Journal of Animal Science, 83, 1948–1958. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Gupta S, Earley B, Nolan M, Formentin E and Crowe MA, 2008. Effect of repeated regrouping and relocation on behaviour of steers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 110, 229–243. [Google Scholar]
  164. Gutzwiller A and Morel A, 2003. Housing young winter‐born calves in hutches. Revue suisse d'agriculture, 35, 61–64. [Google Scholar]
  165. Guzel M, Karakurum MC, Durgut R and Mamak N, 2010. Clinical efficacy of diclofenac sodium and flunixin meglumine as adjuncts to antibacterial treatment of respiratory disease of calves. Australian Veterinary Journal, 88, 236–239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Gygax M, Hirni H, Zwahlen R, Lazary S and Blum JW, 1993. Immune functions of veal calves fed low amounts of iron. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 40, 345–358. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Gygax L, Siegwart R and Wechsler B, 2007. Effects of space allowance on the behavior and cleanliness of finishing bulls kept in pens with fully slatted rubber coated flooring. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 107, 1–12. [Google Scholar]
  168. Habermehl NL, 1993. Heifer ovariectomy using the Willis spay instrument: Technique, morbidity and mortality. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 34, 664–667. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Haley DB, Bailey DW and Stookey JM, 2005. The effects of weaning beef calves in two stages on their behavior and growth rate. Journal Animal Science, 83, 2205–2214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Hammond AC, Olson TA, Chase CC Jr, Bowers EJ, Randel RD, Murphy CN, Vogt DW and Tweolde A, 1996. Heat tolerance in two tropically adapted Bos Taurus breeds, Senepol and Romosinuano, compared with Brahman, Angus, and Hereford cattle in Florida. Journal of Animal Science, 74, 295–303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Heffernan C, Misturelli F, Nielsen L, Gunn GJ and Yu J, 2009. Analysis of Pan‐European attitudes to the eradication and control of bovine viral diarrhoea. Veterinary Record, 164, 163–167. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Heinrich A, Duffield TF, Lissemore KD and Millman ST, 2010. The effect of meloxicam on behavior and pain sensitivity of dairy calves following cautery dehorning with a local anesthetic. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 2450–2457. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Hendriksen RS, Mevius DJ, Schroeter A, Teale C, Meunier D, Butaye P, Franco A, Utinane A, Amado A, Moreno M, Greko C, Stark K, Berghold C, Myllyniemi AL, Wasyl D, Sunde M and Aarestrup FM, 2008. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens isolated from cattle in different European countries: 2002–2004. In Acta Veterinary Scandinavica, 50, 28, 10 pp. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Henning PH, Horn CH, Steyn DG, Meissner HH and Hagg FM, 2010. The potential of Megasphaera elsdenii isolates to control ruminal acidosis. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 157, 13–19. [Google Scholar]
  175. Hepola H, Hänninen L, Pursiainen P, Tuure VM, Syrjala‐Qvist L, Pyykkönen M and Saloniemi H, 2006. Feed intake and oral behaviour of dairy calves housed individually or in groups in warm or cold buildings. Livestock Science, 105, 94–104. [Google Scholar]
  176. Herrli‐Gygi M, Steiner A, Doherr MG, Blum JW, Kirchhofer M and Zanolari P, 2008. Digestive processes in ruminal drinkers characterized by means of the acetaminophen absorption test. The Veterinary Journal, 176, 369–377. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Hershko C, 2007. Mechanisms of iron toxicity. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 28, S500–S509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Hewson CJ, Dohoo IR, Lemke KA and Barkema HW, 2007. Canadian veterinarians' use of analgesics in cattle, pigs, and horses in 2004 and 2005. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48, 155–164. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Hickey MC, Drennan M and Earley B, 2003. The effect of abrupt weaning of suckler calves on plasma concentrations of cortisol, catecholamines, leukocytes, acute‐phase proteins and in vitro interferon‐gamma production. Journal of Animal Science, 81, 2847–2855. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Hillman PE, Gebremedhin KG and Warner RG, 1989. Heat transfer through wetted fur of neonatal calves. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 89, 4515–4523. [Google Scholar]
  181. Hocquette JF and Chatelliert V, 2011. Prospect for the European beef sector over the next 30 years. Animal Frontiers, 1, 20–28. [Google Scholar]
  182. Hodgson PD, Aich P, Manuja A, Hokamp K, Roche FM, Brinkman FSL, Potter A, Babiuk LA and Griebel P, 2005. Effect of stress on viral‐bacterial synergy in bovine respiratory disease: novel mechanisms to regulate inflammation. Comparative and Functional Genomics, 6, 244–250. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Holland BP, Burciaga‐Robles LO, VanOverbek DL, Shook JN, Step DL, Richards CJ and Krehbiel CR, 2010. Effect of bovine respiratory disease during preconditioning on subsequent feedlot p erformance, carcass characteristics, and beef attributes. Journal of Animal Science, 88, 2486–2499. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Holmes CW, 1970. Effects of air temperature on body temperatures and sensible heat loss of Friesian and Jersey calves at 12 and 76 days of age. Animal Production, 12, 493–501. [Google Scholar]
  185. Holt TN and Callan RJ, 2007. Pulmonary Arterial Pressure Testing for High Mountain Disease in Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 23, 575–596. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Höppe P, 1999. The physiological equivalent temperature ‐ a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. International Journal of Biometeorology, 43, 71–75. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Hostettler‐Allen RL, Tappy L and Blum JW, 1994. Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and glucosuria in intensively milk‐fed calves. Journal of Animal Science, 72, 160–173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Hugi DP, Bruckmaier RM and Blum JW, 1997. Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, glucosuria, and galactosuria in intensively milk‐fed calves: dependency on age and effects of high lactose intake. Journal of Animal Science, 75, 469–482. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Huxley JN and Whay HR, 2006. Current attitudes of cattle practitioners to pain and the use of analgesics in cattle. Veterinary Record, 159, 662–668. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Ianotti LL, Tielsch JM, Black MM and Black RE, 2006. Iron supplementation in early childhood: health benefits and risks. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 84, 1261–1276. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. ICAR (International Committee of Animal Recording) , online. Available from: http://www.icar.org/
  192. INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) , 1989. Ruminant nutrition. Recommended allowances and feed tables. John Libbey Eurotext, Montrouge, France, 389 pp. [Google Scholar]
  193. Interbull Centre (EU Reference Laboratory for Zootechnics ‐ bovine breeding) , online. Available from: http://www.interbull.org/
  194. Ishiwata T, Uetake K, Kilgour RJ, Eguchi Y and Tanaka T, 2007. Oral behaviors of beef steers in pen and pasture environments. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 10, 185–192. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Jeffery M, Loxton I, Van der Mark S, James T, Shorthose R, Bell K and D'Occhio M, 1997. Liveweight gains, and carcass and meat characteristics of entire, surgically spayed or immunologically spayed beef heifers. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 37, 719–726. [Google Scholar]
  196. Jensen MB, 2003. The effects of feeding method, milk allowance and social factors on milk feeding behaviour and cross‐sucking in group housed dairy calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 80, 191–206. [Google Scholar]
  197. Jensen P and Andersson L, 2005. Genomics Meets Ethology: A New Route to Understanding Domestication, Behavior, and Sustainability in Animal Breeding. Ambio, 34, 320–324. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Jiang M, Gebremedhin KG and Albright LD, 2005. Simulation of skin temperature and sensible and latent heat losses through fur layers. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 48, 767–775. [Google Scholar]
  199. Jones C and Chowdhury S, 2007. A review of the biology of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV‐1), its role as a cofactor in the bovine respiratory disease complex and development of improved vaccines. Animal Health Research Reviews, 8, 187–205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Jubb TF, Fordyce G, Bolam MJ, Hadden DJ, Cooper NJ, Whyte TR, Fitzpatrick LA, Hill F, D'Occhio MJ, 2003. Trial introduction of the Willis dropped ovary technique for spaying cattle in northern Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal, 81, 66–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Kabuga JD, 1992. The influence of thermal conditions on rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate of lactating Holstein‐Friesian cows in the humid tropics. International Journal of Biometeorology, 36, 146–150. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Kaneene JB, Warnick LD, Bolin CA, Erskine RJ, May K and Miller R, 2008. Changes in tetracycline susceptibility of enteric bacteria following switching to nonmedicated milk replacer for dairy calves. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46, 1968–1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Kennedy AD, Bergen RD, Christopherson RJ, Glover ND and Small JA, 2005. Effect of once daily 5‐h or 10‐h cold‐exposures on body temperature and resting heat production of beef cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 85, 177–183. [Google Scholar]
  204. Keren EN and Olson BE, 2006. Thermal balance of cattle grazing winter range: Model application. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 1238–1247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Khan MA, Lee HJ, Lee WS, Kim HS, Ki KS, Hur TY, Suh GH, Kang SJ and Choi YJ, 2007a. Structural growth, rumen development, and metabolic and immune responses of Holstein male calves fed milk through step‐down and conventional methods. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 3376–3387. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Khan MA, Lee HJ, Lee WS, Kim HS, Kim SB, Ki KS, Park SJ, Ha JK and Choi YJ, 2007b. Starch source evaluation in calf starter: I. Feed consumption, body weight gain, structural growth, and blood metabolites in Holstein calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 5259–5268. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Khan MA, Lee HJ, Kim HS, Kim SB, Park SB, Baek KS, Ha JK and Choi YJ, 2008. Starch source evaluation in calf starter: II. Ruminal parameters, rumen development, nutrient digestibilities, and nitrogen utilization in Holstein calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 91, 1140–1149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Khan MA, Weary DM and Von Keyserlingk MAG, 2011a. Effects of milk ration on solid feed intake, weaning, and performance in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 1071–1081. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Khan MA, Weary DM and Von Keyserlingk MAG, 2011b. Hay intake improves performance and rumen development of calves fed higher quantities of milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 3547–3553. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. King BD, Cohen RDH, Guenther CL and Janzen ED, 1991. The effect of age and method of castration on plasma cortisol in beef calves. Canadian Society of Animal Science, 71, 257–263. [Google Scholar]
  211. King DA, Schuele Pfeiffer CE, Randel RD, Welsh TH Jr, Oliphint RA, Baird BE, Curley KO Jr, Vann RC, Hale DS and Savell JW, 2006. Influence of animal temperament and stress responsiveness on the carcass quality and beef tenderness of feedlot cattle. Meat Science, 74, 546–556. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. Kizilkaya K, Tait RG, Garrick DJ, Fernando RL and Reecy JM, 2011. Whole genome analysis of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in Angus cattle using Bayesian threshold models. BMC Proceedings 2011, 5 (Suppl. 4), S22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  213. Kleen JL, Hooijer GA, Rehage J and Noordhuizen JPTM, 2003. Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA): a review. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series A, 50, 406–414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. Kosiorowska A, Puggaard L, Hedemann MS, Sehested J, Jensen SK, Kristensen NB, Kuropka P, Maycz K and Vestergaard M, 2011. Gastrointestinal development of dairy calves fed low‐ or high‐starch concentrate at two milk allowances. Animal, 5, 211–219. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Krohn CC, Jago JG and Boivin X, 2001. The effect of early handling on the socialisation of young calves to humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 74, 121–133. [Google Scholar]
  216. Krohn CC, Boivin X and Jago JG, 2003. The presence of the dam during handling prevents the socialization of young calves to humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 80, 263–275. [Google Scholar]
  217. Kuehn LA, Keele JW, Casas E, Jones S, King DA, McDaneld TG, Smith TPL and Wheeler TL, 2011. Use of sample pooling in a genome‐wide association study identifies chromosomal regions affecting incidence of bovine respiratory disease [abstract]. Journal of Animal Science, 89 (E‐Supplement 1), 422 (Abstract #336). [Google Scholar]
  218. Lago A, McGuirk SM, Bennett TB, Cook NB and Nordlund KV, 2006. Calf respiratory disease and pen microenvironments in naturally ventilated calf barns in winter. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 4014–4025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. Laiblin C, Ilchmann G and Metzner M, 1996. Management in beef herds with special reference to parasite control measures analysis of a survey. Praktische Tierarzt, 77, 538–543. [Google Scholar]
  220. Lallemand M, Villeneuve A, Belda J and Dubreuil P, 2006. Field study of the efficacy of halofuginone and decoquinate in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in veal calves. Veterinary Record, 159, 672–676. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. Lanz Uhde F, Kaufmann T, Sager H, Albini S, Zanoni R, Schelling E and Meylan M, 2008. Prevalence of four enteropathogens in the faeces of young diarrhoeic dairy calves in Switzerland. Veterinary Record, 163, 362–366. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. Larsson A, Dimander SO, Rydzik A, Uggla A, Waller PJ and Höglund J, 2006. A 3‐year field evaluation of pasture rotation and supplementary feeding to control parasite infection in first‐season grazing cattle‐effects on animal performance. Veterinary Parasitology, 142, 197–206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. Lassen B, Viltrop A, Raaperi K and Järvis T, 2009. Eimeria and Cryptosporidium in Estonian dairy farms in regard to age, species, and diarrhoea. Veterinary Parasitology, 166, 212–219. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  224. Lazic S, Petrovic T, Bugarski D and Kendri&scar;ić N, 2009. Complex of respiratory diseases in cattle from the aspect of parainfluenca‐3 virus. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 25, 703–711. [Google Scholar]
  225. Lefcourt AM and Elsasser TH, 1995. Adrenal responses of Angus Hereford cattle to the stress of weaning. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 2669–2676. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. Lekeux P, 2007. A therapeutic strategy for treatment of the bovine respiratory disease complex: The rationale for the combination of a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug with an antibiotic. Cattle Practice, 15, 115–119. [Google Scholar]
  227. Lekeux P and Wallemacq H, 2010. The advantage of administering non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the treatment of beef cattle affected by bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Large animal review, 16, 53–54. [Google Scholar]
  228. Lensink BJ, Raussi S, Boivin X, Pyykkonen M and Veissier I, 2001. Reactions of calves to handling depend on housing condition and previous experience with humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 70, 187–199. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Lindberg A, Brownlie J, Gunn GJ, Houe H, Moennig V, Saatkamp HW, Sandvik T and Valle PS, 2006. The control of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in Europe: today and in the future. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 25, 961–979. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Lidfors L, Jung J and De Passillé AM, 2010. Changes in suckling behaviour of dairy calves nursed by their dam during the first month post partum. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 128, 23–29. [Google Scholar]
  231. Lindt F and Blum JW, 1993. Physical performance of veal calves during chronic iron‐deficiency anemia and after acute iron overload. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series A, 40, 444–455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. Lindt F and Blum JW, 1994a. Occurrence of iron deficiency in growing cattle. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series A, 41, 237–246. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. Lindt F and Blum JW, 1994b. Growth performance, haematological traits, meat variables, and effects of treadmill and transport stress in veal calves supplied different amounts of iron. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series A, 41, 333–342. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Lockwood PW, Johnson JC and Katz TL, 2003. Clinical efficacy of flunixin, carprofen and ketoprofen as adjuncts to the antibacterial treatment of bovine respiratory disease. Veterinary Record, 152, 392–394. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  235. Loneragan GH, Dargatz DA, Morley PS and Smith MA, 2001. Trends in mortality ratios among cattle in US feedlots. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 219, 1122–1127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  236. Lorenz I, 2009. D‐Lactic acidosis in calves. The Veterinary Journal, 179, 197–203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  237. Lorenz I, Fagan J and More SJ, 2011. Calf health from birth to weaning. II. Management of diarrhoea in pre‐weaned calves. Irish Veterinary Journal, 64, 9, 6 pp. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  238. Lowe DE, Steen RWJ, Beatiie VE and Moss BW, 2001. The effects of floor type systems on the performance, cleanliness, carcass composition and meat quality of housed finishing beef cattle. Livestock Production Science, 69, 33–42. [Google Scholar]
  239. Lucca U, Tettamanti M, Mosconi P, Apolone G, Gandini F, Nobili A, Tallone MV, Detoma P, Giacomin A, Clerico M, Tempia P, Guala A, Fasolo G and Riva E, 2008. Association of mild anemia with cognitive, functional, mood and quality of life outcomes in the elderly: the “health and anemia” study. PLOS One 3, e1920. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  240. Lynch S, Stoltzfus RJ and Rawat R, 2007. Critical review of strategies to prevent and control iron deficiency in children. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 28 (no. 4 supplement), S610–S620. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  241. Maas J and Robinson PH, 2007. Preparing Holstein steer calves for the feedlot. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 23, 269–279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  242. Macartney JE, Bateman KG and Ribble CS, 2003. Health performance of feeder calves sold at conventional auctions versus special auctions of vaccinated or conditioned calves in Ontario. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 223, 677–683. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  243. Maddox‐Hyttel C, Langkjaer RB, Enemarka HL and Vigreb H, 2006. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different age groups of Danish cattle and pigs‐occurrence and management associated risk factors. Veterinary Parasitology, 141, 48–59. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  244. Mader TL, Davis MS and Brown Brandl TM, 2006. Environmental factors influencing heat stress in feedlot cattle. Journal Animal Science, 84, 712–719. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  245. Mader TL, Davis MS and Gaughan JB, 2007. Effect of sprinkling on feedlot microclimate and cattle behavior. International Journal of Biometeorology, 51, 541–551. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  246. Mader TL, Johnson LJ and Gaughan JB, 2010. A comprehensive index for assessing environmental stress in animals. Journal of Animal Science, 88, 2153–2165. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  247. Maggini S, Wintergers ES, Beveridge S and Hornig DH, 2007. Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral immune responses. British Journal of Nutrition, 98, S29–S35. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  248. Majak W, Hall JW and McCaughy WP, 2005. Pasture management strategies for reducing the risk of legume bloat in cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 1493–1498. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  249. Manninen M, Sankari S, Jauhiainen L, Kivinen T and Soveri T, 2007. Insulated, uninsulated and outdoor housing for replacement beef heifers on restricted grass silage‐based diet in a cold environment. Livestock Science, 107, 113–125. [Google Scholar]
  250. Marcé C, Guatteo R, Bareille N and Fourichon C, 2010. Dairy calf housing systems across Europe and risk for calf infectious diseases. Animal 4, 1588–1596. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  251. Markel TA, Crisostomo PR, Wang MJ, Herring CM, Meldrurn KK, Lillemoe KD and Meldrum DR, 2007. The struggle for iron: gastrointestinal microbes modulate the host immune response during infection. Journal of Leucocyte Biology, 81, 393–400. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  252. Marshall T, 2007. A review of abomasal ulcers in beef calves. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Vancouver, Canada, 57‐60.
  253. Marshall T, 2009. Abomasal ulceration and tympany of calves. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 25, 209–220. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  254. Marti S, Velarde A, de la Torre JL, Bach A, Aris A, Serrano A, Manteca X and Devant M, 2010. Effects of ring castration with local anesthesia and analgesia in Holstein calves at 3 months of age on welfare indicators. Journal of Animal Science, 88, 2789–2796. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  255. Maunsell F and Donovan GA, 2008. Biosecurity and risk management for dairy replacements. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 24, 155–190. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  256. Mayer C, Thio T, Schulze Westerath H, Ossent P, Gygax L, Wechsler B and Friedli K, 2007. Vergleich von Betonspaltenböden, gummimodifizierten Spaltenböden und Buchten mit Einstreu in der Bullenmast unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Tiergerechtheit. Landbauforschung Völkenrode‐FAL Agricultural Research, Braunschweig, Germany, Sonderheft: 303, 50 pp. [Google Scholar]
  257. Mazurek M, McGee M, Crowe MA, Prendiville DJ, Boivin X and Earley B, 2011. Consistency and stability of behavioural fear responses of heifers to different fear‐eliciting situations involving humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 131, 21–28. [Google Scholar]
  258. McCormack J, 1976. Surgical procedure for prevention of self‐sucking in cattle (a photographic essay). Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician, 71, 681–683. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  259. McCosker K, Letchford P, Petherick JC, Meyer D and McGowan M, 2010. Morbidity, mortality and body weight gain of surgically spayed, yearling Brahman heifers. Australian Veterinary Journal, 88, 497–503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  260. McGuirk SM, 2008. Disease management of dairy calves and heifers. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 24, 139–153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  261. McLaughlin CL, Thompson A, Greenwood K, Sherington J and Bruce C, 2009. Effect of acarbose on acute acidosis. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 2758–2760. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  262. McMeekan CM, Stafford KJ, Mellor DJ, Bruce RA, Ward RN and Gregory NG, 1998. Effects of regional analgesia and/or a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory analgesic on the acute cortisol response to dehorning in calves. Research in Veterinary Science, 64, 147–150. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  263. Mee JF, 2009. Bovine perinatology: Current understanding and future developments In: Animal Reproduction ‐ New Research Developments. Ed Dahnof LT. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY, 67–106. [Google Scholar]
  264. Mellor DJ, Molony V and Robertson IS, 1991. Effects of castration on behaviour and plasma cortisol concentrations in young lambs, kids and calves. Research in Veterinary Science, 51, 149–154. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  265. Meyers SN, McDaneld TG, Swist SL, Marron BM, Steffen DJ, O'Toole D, O'Connell JR, Beever JE, Sonstegard TS and Smith TP, 2010. A Deletion Mutation in Bovine SLC4A2 is Associated with Osteopetrosis in Red Angus Cattle. Biomed Central Genomics, 11, 337, 14 pp. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  266. Min BR, Barry TN, Attwood GT and McNabb WC, 2003. The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 106, 3–19. [Google Scholar]
  267. Misch LJ, Duffield TF, Millman ST and Lissemore KD, 2007. An investigation into the practices of dairy producers and veterinarians in dehorning dairy calves in Ontario. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48, 1249–1254. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  268. Mohler VL, Izzo MM and House JK, 2009. Salmonella in Calves. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 25, 37–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  269. Morgan SE, 2011. Water Quality for Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 27, 285–295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  270. Morand‐Fehr P and Doreau M, 2001. Effects of heat stress on feed intake and digestion in ruminants. Productions Animales, 14, 15–27. [Google Scholar]
  271. Mounier L, Veissier I and Boissy A, 2005. Behavior, physiology, and performance of bulls mixed at the onset of finishing to form uniform body weight groups. Journal of Animal Science, 83, 1696–1704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  272. Mounier L, Veissier I, Andanson S, Delval E and Boissy A, 2006. Mixing at the beginning of fattening moderates social buffering in beef bulls. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 96, 185–200. [Google Scholar]
  273. Mutsvangwa T, Walton JP, Plaizier JC, Duffield TF, Bagg R, Dick P, Vessie G and McBride BW, 2002. Effects of a monensin controlled‐release capsule or premix on attenuation of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, 3454–3461. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  274. Nagaraja TG, Narayanan SK, Stewart GC and Chengappa MM, 2005. Fusobacterium necrophorum infections in animals: Pathogenesis and pathogenic mechanisms. Anaerobe, 11, 239–246. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  275. Nagaraja TG and Titgemeyer EC, 2007. Ruminal acidosis in beef cattle: The current microbiological and nutritional outlook. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, E17–E38. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  276. Newberry RC and Swanson JC, 2008. Implications of breaking mother‐young social bonds. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 110, 3–23. [Google Scholar]
  277. Nordlund K, 2007. Practical considerations for ventilating calf barns in winter. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Vancouver, Canada, 85‐93.
  278. NRC (National Research Council) , 2001. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle (7th edition). The National Academies Press, Washington DC, USA, 248 pp. [Google Scholar]
  279. OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) , 2011. Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Available from http://www.oie.int/index.php?id=169&L=0&htmfile=ehapitre_1.7.1.htm
  280. O'Handley RM and Olson ME, 2006. Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in ruminants. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 22, 623–643. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  281. Olson DP, Papasian CJ and Ritter RC, 1980. The effects of cold stress on neonatal calves. I, Clinical condition and pathological lesions. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine, 44, 11–18. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  282. Olson DP, Bull RC, Kelley KW, Ritter RC, Woodward LF and Everson DO, 1981a. Effects of maternal nutritional restriction and cold stress on young calves' clinical condition, behavioural reactions and lesions. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 42, 758–763. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  283. Olson DP, Bull RC, Kelley KW, Ritter RC, Woodward LF and Everson DO, 1981b. Effects of maternal nutritional restriction and cold stress on young calves: absorption of colostral immunoglobulin. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 42, 876–880. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  284. Olson TA, Lucena C, Chase CC Jr and Hammond AC, 2003. Evidence of a major gene influencing hair length and heat tolerance in Bos taurus cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 81, 80–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  285. Oppenheimer SJ, 2001. Iron‐deficiency anemia: reexamining the nature and magnitude of the public health problem. Journal of Nutrition, 131, 616S–635S. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  286. Oski FA, Honig AS, Helu B and Howanitz P, 1983. Effect of iron therapy on behavior performance in nonanemic, iron‐deficient infants. Pediatrics, 71, 877–880. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  287. Oswald IP, Marin DE, Bouhet S, Pinton P, Taranu I and Accensi F, 2005. Immunotoxicological risk of mycotoxins for domestic animals. Food Additives and Contaminants, 22, 354–360. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  288. Panciera RJ and Confer AW, 2010. Pathogenesis and pathology of bovine pneumonia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 26, 191–214. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  289. Pang WY, Earley B, Sweeney T and Crowe MA, 2006. Effect of carprofen administration during banding or burdizzo castration of bulls on plasma cortisol, in vitro interferon‐$gM production, acute‐phase proteins, feed intake, and growth. Journal Animal Science, 84, 351–359. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  290. Pappas G, 2010. The changing Brucella ecology: novel reservoirs, new threats. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 36, 8–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  291. Patterson AJ, Brown WJ, Powers JR and Roberts DCK, 2000. Iron deficiency, general health and fatigue: results from the Australian longitudinal study on women's health. Quality of Life Research, 9, 491–497. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  292. Patterson AJ, Brown WJ and Roberts DCK, 2001. Dietary supplement and treatment of iron deficiency results in improvements in general health and fatigue in Australian women of childbearing age. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 20, 337–342. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  293. Pedersen RE, Sørensen JT, Skjøth F, Hindhede J and Nielsen TR, 2009. How milk‐fed dairy calves perform in stable versus dynamic groups. Livestock Science, 121, 215–218. [Google Scholar]
  294. Peirano PD, Algarin CR, Chamorro R, Reyes S, Garrido MI, Duran S and Lozoff B, 2009. Sleep and neurofunctions throughout child development: lasting effects of early iron deficiency. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 48, 8–15. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  295. Pereira AMF, Baccari F, Titto EAL and Almeida JAA, 2007. Effect of thermal stress on physiological parameters, feed intake and plasma thyroid hormones concentration in Alentejana, Mertolenga, Frisian and Limousine cattle breeds. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52, 199–208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  296. Pereira C, 2011. Relação entre temperamento, níveis de cortisol plasmático e cortisol salivar em vitelos à entrada na engorda e susceptibilidade a doença respiratória bovinanot in the “references”. MSc Thesis. UTL Repository; http://www.repository.utl.pt/ [Google Scholar]
  297. Pereira C and Stilwell G, 2011. Relationship between temperament and cortisol levels in plasma and saliva in calves entering a feedlot and susceptibility to Bovine Respiratory Disease. MSc Thesis. Technical University of Lisbon Repository, http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3505 [Google Scholar]
  298. Petherick JC, McCosker K, Mayer DG, Letchford P and McGowan M, 2011. Preliminary investigation of some physiological responses of Bos indicus heifers to surgical spaying. Australian Veterinary Journal, 89, 131–137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  299. Petrujkić B, Samanc H, Adamović M, Stojić V, Petrujkić T, Grdović S, Sefer D and Marković R, 2010. Effects of feeding buffering mineral mixture on subacute rumen acidosis and some production traits in dairy cows. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 3, 171–177. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  300. Philipp H, Schmidt H, Düring F and Salamon E, 2003. Efficacy of meloxicam (Metacam®) as adjunct to a basic therapy for the treatment of diarrhoea in calves. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 44, (Suppl.1) 273.15074646 [Google Scholar]
  301. Pinner KK, 2006. Lack of animal welfare assessment regarding trans‐vaginal spaying of heifers. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 47, 266–272. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  302. Pithua P, Wells SJ, Godden SM and Raizman EA, 2009. Clinical trial on type of calving pen and the risk of disease in Holstein calves during the first 90 d of life. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 89, 8–15. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  303. Platz S, Ahrens F, Bahrs E, Nüske S and Erhard MH, 2007. Association between floor type and behaviour, skin lesions, and claw dimensions in group‐housed fattening bulls. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 80, 209–221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  304. Postema HJ, 1985. Veterinary and zootechnical aspects of veal production. PhD Thesis, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, 121 pp.
  305. Prayaga KC, 2007. Genetic options to replace dehorning in beef cattle‐a review. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 58, 1–8. [Google Scholar]
  306. Prentice AM, 2008. Iron metabolism, malaria, and other infections: what is all the fuss about? Journal of Nutrition, 138, 2537–2541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  307. Price EO, 1997. Behavioural genetics and the process of animal domestication In: Genetics and the Behaviour of Domestic Animals. Ed Grandin T. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, 34 pp. [Google Scholar]
  308. Price EO, Adams TE, Huxsoll CC and Borgwardt RE, 2003a. Aggressive behavior is reduced in bulls actively immunized against gonadotropin‐releasing hormone. Journal of Animal Science, 81, 411–415. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  309. Price EO, Harris JE, Borgwardt RE, Sween ML and Connor JM, 2003b. Fenceline contact of beef calves with their dams at weaning reduces the negative effects of separation on behavior and growth rate. Journal of Animal Science, 81, 116–121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  310. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Blood DC and Hinchcliff KW, 1999. Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, 9th edition, Saunders, London, UK, 1881 pp.
  311. Radostits OM, 2001. Herd Health Food Animal Production Medicine. 3rd Edition Saunders; Philadelphia, USA, 884 pp. [Google Scholar]
  312. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW and Constable PD, 2007. Veterinary Medicine ‐ A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. 10th Edition Saunders‐Elsevier, London, UK, 2065 pp. [Google Scholar]
  313. Ramig RF, 2004. Pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic rotavirus infection. Journal of Virology, 78, 10213–10220. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  314. Ratcliff MD, Kegley EB, Lusby KS, Gunter A, Daniels LB and Hubbellet DS, 2005. Assessing castration at arrival on long‐term growth performance of cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 83 Suplm, 2, 32–32. [Google Scholar]
  315. Ratledge C, 2007. Iron metabolism and infection. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 28 (no. 4 supplement), S515–S523. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  316. Raussi S, Boissy A, Delval E, Pradel P, Kaihilahti J and Veissier I, 2005. Does repeated regrouping alter the social behaviour of heifers? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 93, 1–12. [Google Scholar]
  317. Raussi S, Niskanen S, Siivonen J, Hänninen L, Hepola H, Jauhiainen L and Veissier I, 2010. The formation of preferential relationships at early age in cattle. Behavioural Processes, 84, 726–731. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  318. Rauw WM, Kanis E, Noordhuizen‐Stassen EN and Grommers FJ, 1998. Undesirable side effects of selection for high production efficiency in farm animals: a review. Livestock Production Science, 56, 15–33. [Google Scholar]
  319. Rawson RE, Bates DW, Dziuk HE, Ruth GR, Good AL, Serfass RC and Anderson JF, 1988. Health and Physiology of newborn calves housed in severe cold. Proceedings of 3rd international livestock environment symposium, Toronto, Canada, 365‐368.
  320. Rawson RE, Dziuk HE, Good AL, Anderson JF, Bates DW, Ruth GR and Serfass RC, 1989a. Health and metabolic responses of young calves housed at ‐30°C to ‐8°C. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 53, 268–274. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  321. Rawson RE, Dziuk HE, Good AL, Anderson JF, Bates DW and Ruth GR, 1989b. Thermal insulation of young calves exposed to cold. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 53, 275–278. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  322. Redbo I, 1992. The influence of restraint on the occurrence of oral stereotypies in dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 35, 115–123. [Google Scholar]
  323. Redbo I, Emanuelson M, Lundberg K and Oredsson N, 1996. Feeding level and oral stereotypies in dairy cows. Animal Science, 62, 199–206. [Google Scholar]
  324. Redbo I and Nordblad A, 1997. Stereotyies in heifers are affected by feeding regime. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 53, 193–202. [Google Scholar]
  325. Reece WO, 1984. Response of anemic calves to exertion. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 45, 437–439. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  326. Reece WO and Hotchkiss K, 1987. Blood studies and performance among calves reared by different methods. Journal of Dairy Science, 70, 1601–1611. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  327. Rerat M, Albini S, Jaquier V and Hussy D, 2012. Bovine respiratory disease: Efficacy of different prophylactic treatments in veal calves and antimicrobial resistance of isolated Pasteurellaceae. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 103, 265–273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  328. Ridpath JF, 2010. Bovine Viral Diarrhea, Virus: Global Status. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 26, 105–121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  329. Robertson IS, Kent JE and Molony V, 1994. Effect of different methods of castration on behaviour and plasma cortisol in calves of three ages. Research in Veterinary Science, 56, 8–17. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  330. Rosenzweig PH and Volpe SL, 1999. Iron, thermoregulation, metabolic rate. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 39, 131–148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  331. Roth BA, Keil NM, Gygax L and Hillmann E, 2009a. Temporal distribution of sucking behaviour in dairy calves and influence of energy balance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 119, 137–142. [Google Scholar]
  332. Roth BA, Keil NM, Gygax L and Hillmann E, 2009b. Influence of weaning method on health status and rumen development in dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 645–656. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  333. Roth BA, Barth K, Gygax L and Hillmann E, 2009c. Influence of artificial vs. mother‐bonded rearing on sucking behaviour, health and weight gain in calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 119, 143–150. [Google Scholar]
  334. Rushen J, De Passillé AM, von Keyserlingk MAG and Weary DM, 2008. Acute or Short‐term Challenges to Animal Welfare In: The Welfare of Cattle. Eds Rushen J, De Passillé AM, von Keyserlingk MAG. and Weary DM. Springer, The Netherlands, 115–141 [Google Scholar]
  335. Sato K, Bartlett PC and Saeed MA, 2005. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from dairy farms using organic versus conventional production methods. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 226, 589–594. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  336. Sazawal S, Black RE, Ramsan M, Chwaya HM, Stoltzfus RJ, Dutta A, Dhingra U, Kabole I, Deb S, Othman MK and Kabole FM, 2006. Effects of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospital and mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting: community‐based, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Lancet, 367, 133–143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  337. SCAHAW (Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare) , 1999. Standards for the microclimate inside animal transport road vehicles. SANCO/B3/AW/R13/1999). Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scah/out35_en.pdf.
  338. SCAHAW (Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare) , 2001. The welfare of cattle kept for beef production. SANCO.C.2/AH/R22/2000. Available from: http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scah/outcome_en.html
  339. Schaefer AL, Cook NJ, Church JS, Basarab J, Perry B, Miller C and Tong AKW, 2007. The use of infrared thermography as an early indicator of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves. Research in Veterinary Science, 83, 376–384. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  340. Schaefer AL, Cook NJ, Bench C, Chabot JB, Colyn J, Liu T, Okine EK, Stewart M and Webster JR, 2011. The non‐invasive and automated detection of bovine respiratory disease onset in receiver calves using infrared thermography. Research in Veterinary Science 2. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034528811003833 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  341. Schaible UE and Kaufmann SHE, 2004. Iron and microbial infection. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2, 946–953. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  342. Schelcher F, Rebillard A and Raboisson D, 2008. Bovine cryptosporidiosis: from treatment to prevention. Le Nouveau Praticien Veterinaire Elevages et Sante, 7, 41–48. [Google Scholar]
  343. Schneider MJ, Tait RG Jr, Busby WD and Reecy JM, 2009. An evaluation of bovine respiratory disease complex in feedlot cattle: Impact on performance and carcass traits using treatment records and lung lesion scores. Journal of Animal Science, 87, 1821–1827. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  344. Schneider MJ, Tait RG Jr, Ruble MV, Busby WD and Reecy JM, 2010. Evaluation of fixed sources of variation and estimation of genetic parameters for incidence of bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves and feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 88, 1220–1228. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  345. Schrader L, Roth HR, Winterling C, Brodmann N, Langhans W, Geyer H and Graf B, 2001. The occurrence of tail tip alterations in fattening bulls kept under different husbandry conditions. Animal Welfare, 10, 119–130. [Google Scholar]
  346. Schuehle C, Adams C, King D, Lucia L, Cabrera‐Diaz E, Welsh T Jr, Randel R, Curley K Jr, Oliphint R, Vann R, Acuff G and Savell J, 2005. Relationship between stress responsiveness, animal temperament, and fecal shedding of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in feedlot cattle. T105. Proc. 51st International Congress of Meat Science and Technology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
  347. Schütz KE, Clark KV, Cox NR, Matthews LR and Tucker CB, 2010. Responses to short‐term exposure to simulated rain and wind by dairy cattle: time budgets, shelter use, body temperature and feed intake. Animal Welfare, 19, 375–383. [Google Scholar]
  348. Schwartzkopf‐Genswein KS, Beauchemin KA, Beauchemin KA, Gibb DJ, Crews DH Jr, Hickman DD, Streeter M and McAllister TA, 2003. Effect of bunk management on feeding behavior, ruminal acidosis and performance of feedlot cattle: a review. Journal of Animal Science, 81, 149–158. [Google Scholar]
  349. Segnalini M, Nardone A, Bernabucci U, Vitali A, Ronchi B and Lacetera N, 2011. Dynamics of the temperature‐humidity index in the Mediterranean basin. International Journal of Biometeorology, 55, 253–263. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  350. Sen I, Altunok V, Ok M, Coskun A and Constable PD, 2009. Efficacy of oral rehydration therapy solutions containing sodium bicarbonate or sodium acetate for treatment of calves with naturally acquired diarrhea, moderate dehydration, and strong ion acidosis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 234, 926–934. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  351. Senft RL and Rittenhouse LR, 1985. A model of thermal acclimation in cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 61, 297–306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  352. Seo T, Sato S, Kosaka K, Sakamoto N and Tokumoto K, 1998. Tongue‐playing and heart rate in calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 58, 179–182. [Google Scholar]
  353. Silverlås C, De Verdier K, Emanuelson U, Mattsson JG and Björkman C, 2010. Cryptosporidium infection in herds with and without calf diarrhoeal problems. Parasitology Research, 107, 1435–1444. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  354. Sivula NJ, Ames TR, Marsh WE and Werdin RE, 1996. Descriptive epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in Minnesota dairy heifer calves. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 27, 155–171. [Google Scholar]
  355. Slavik P, Illek J, Brix M, Musilová L, Rajmon R, Klabanová P and Jílek F, 2009. Health status of beef cows and their calves in the Czech Republic. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 78, 47–56. [Google Scholar]
  356. Smith BP, 2002. Diseases of the alimentary tract. Salmonellosis in ruminants In: Smith BP, editor. Large animal internal medicine. 3rd edition, Mosby, Inc. St. Louis, MO, USA, 694–789. [Google Scholar]
  357. Smith BP, 2009a. Large Animal Internal Medicine. Smith BP, editor. 4th Edition, Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA, 1856 pp. [Google Scholar]
  358. Smith GW, 2009b. Treatment of calf diarrhea: oral fluid therapy. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 25, 55–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  359. Snowder GD, Van Vleck LD, Cundiff LV and Bennett GL, 2006. Bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle: Environmental, genetic, and economic factors. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 1999–2008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  360. Sorrells SF and Sapolsky RM, 2007. An inflammatory review of glucocorticoid actions in the CNS. Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 21, 259–272. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  361. Stafford KJ, Mellor DJ, Todd SE, Ward RN and McMeekan CM, 2003. The effect of different combinations of lignocaine, ketoprofen, xylazine and tolazoline on the acute cortisol response to dehorning in calves. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 51, 219–226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  362. Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ, 2005. The welfare significance of the castration of cattle: a review. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 53, 271–278. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  363. Stafford KJ and Mellor DJ, 2010. Painful husbandry procedures in livestock and poultry. In: Improving animal welfare: a practical approach. Ed. Grandin T. CAB International: Cambridge, MA, USA, 88–114. [Google Scholar]
  364. Stanford K, Wang W, Berg BP, Majak W, McCartney DH, Baron V and McAllister TA, 2001. Effects of alcohol ethoxylate and pluronic detergents on the development of pasture bloat in cattle and sheep. Journal of Dairy Science, 84, 167–176. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  365. Steele MA, Croom J, Kahler M, AlZahal O, Hook SE, Plaizier K and McBride BW, 2011. Bovine rumen epithelium undergoes rapid structural adaptations during grain‐induced subacute ruminal acidosis. American Journal of Physiology‐Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 300, R1515–R1523. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  366. Stegelmeier BL, 2011. Livestock: Diagnostic Approaches and Laboratory Tests. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 27, 407–417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  367. Step DL, Streeter RN and Kirkpatrick JG, 2002. Bovine coccidiosis review. The Bovine Practitioner, 36, 126–135. [Google Scholar]
  368. Step DL and Smith LA, 2006. Nonrespiratory Diseases of Stocker Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 22, 413–434. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  369. Stewart ID, Smith RP and Ellis‐Iversen J, 2008a. Eimeria species in cattle on farms in England and Wales. Veterinary Record, 162, 482–483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  370. Stewart M, Stafford KJ, Dowling SK, Schaefer AL and Webster JR, 2008b. Eye temperature and heart rate variability of calves disbudded with or without local anaesthetic. Physiology and Behavior, 93, 789–797. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  371. Stilwell G, 2007. Surto de diarreia por Salmonella enteritidis num viteleiro de engorda (Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infection in a calf fattening unit). Veterinary Medicine (Portuguese issue), 9, 61–70. [Google Scholar]
  372. Stilwell G, Lima MS and Broom DM, 2007. Comparing the effect of three different disbudding methods on behaviour and plasma cortisol of calves. Revista Portuguesa Ciěncias Veterinárias, 102, 281–288. [Google Scholar]
  373. Stilwell G, 2008. O efeito de anestesia regional associada ou não a um AINE sobre o cortisol e comportamento de vitelas descornadas por amputação com alicate. Veterinary Medicine, 10, 60–68. [Google Scholar]
  374. Stilwell G, Lima MS and Broom DM, 2008a. The effects of two non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and of epidural injection on plasma cortisol and behaviour of calves castrated using a Burdizzo clamp. American Journal Veterinary Research, 69, 744–750. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  375. Stilwell G, Lima MS and Broom DM, 2008b. Comparing plasma cortisol and behaviour of calves dehorned with caustic paste after non‐steroidal‐anti‐inflammatory analgesia. Livestock Science, 119, 63–69. [Google Scholar]
  376. Stilwell G, Matos M, Carolino N and Lima MS, 2008c. Effect of a quadrivalent vaccine against respiratory virus on the incidence of respiratory disease in weaned beef calves. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 85, 151–157. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  377. Stilwell G, 2009. Effects of surgical castration with one or two incisions on cortisol, rectal temperature, scrotum swelling and behaviour of calves. Proceedings of European Buiatrics Forum, Marseille, France, 21p.
  378. Stilwell G, Campos de Carvalho R, Lima MS and Broom DM, 2009. Effect of caustic paste disbudding, using local anaesthesia with and without analgesia, on behaviour and cortisol of calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 116, 35–44. [Google Scholar]
  379. Stilwell G, Campos de Carvalho R, Carolino N, Lima MS and Broom DM, 2010. Effect of hot‐iron disbudding on behaviour and plasma cortisol of calves sedated with xylazine. Research in Veterinary Science, 88, 188–193. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  380. Stilwell G and Campos de Carvalho R, 2011. Clinical outcome of calves with failure of passive transfer as diagnosed by a commercially available IgG quick test kit. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 52, 524–526. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  381. Stilwell G, Lima MS, Carvalho RC and Broom DM, 2012. Effects of hot‐iron disbudding, using regional anaesthesia with and without carprofen, on cortisol and behaviour of calves. Research in Veterinary Science, 92, 338–341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  382. Stilwell G, 2012. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, personal communication.
  383. Stoltzfus RJ, Heidkamp R, Kenkel D and Habnicht JP, 2007. Iron supplementation of young children: learning from the new evidence. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 28, S572–S584. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  384. Stoltzfus RJ, 2008. Research needed to strengthen science and programs for the control of iron deficiency and its consequences in young children. Journal of Nutrition, 138, 2542–2546. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  385. Stull C and Reynolds J, 2008. Calf Welfare. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 24, 191–203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  386. Suárez BJ, van Reenen CG, Gerrits WJJ, Stockhofe N, van Vuuren AM and Dijkstra J, 2006. Effects of supplementing concentrates differing in carbohydrate composition in veal calf diets: II. Rumen development. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 4376–4386. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  387. Suárez BJ, Van Reenen CG, Stockhofe N, Dijkstra J and Gerrits WJJ, 2007. Effect of roughage source and roughage to concentrate ratio on animal performance and rumen development in veal calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 2390–2403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  388. Sudre K, Cassar ‐Malek I, Listrat A, Ueda Y, Leroux C, Jurie C, Auffray C, Renand G, Martin P and Hocquette JF, 2005. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses of two bovine skeletal muscles in Charolais bulls divergently selected for muscle growth. Meat Science, 70, 267–277. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  389. Suttle NF, 2010. Mineral nutrition of livestock. 4th edition Cabi, Oxfordshire, UK, 608 pp. [Google Scholar]
  390. SVC (Scientific Veterinary Committee) Animal Welfare Section , 1995. Report on the welfare of calves. Directorate Generale for Agricolture VI/BII.2, 120 pp. [Google Scholar]
  391. Svensson C, 1993. Bovine coccidiosis with special reference to Eimeria alabamensis infections in grazing calves. Thesis. Skara, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 48 pp.
  392. Svensson C and Liberg P, 2006. The effect of group size on health and growth rate of Swedish dairy calves housed in pens with automatic milk‐feeders. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 73, 43–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  393. Svensson C and Jensen MB, 2007. Short communication: Identification of diseased calves by use of data from automatic milk feeders. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 994–997. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  394. Swann PF, 1975. The toxicology of nitrate, nitrite and n‐nitroso compounds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 26, 1761–1770. [Google Scholar]
  395. Sweeney BC, Rushen J, Weary DM and De Passillé AM, 2010. Duration of weaning, starter intake, and weight gain of dairy calves fed large amounts of milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 148–152. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  396. Sylvester SP, Stafford KJ, Mellor DJ, Bruce RA and Ward RN, 1998. Acute cortisol responses of calves to four methods of dehorning by amputation. Australian Veterinary Journal, 76, 123–126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  397. Szeredi L, Janosi S and Pálfi V, 2010. Microbiological and pathological examination of fatal calf pneumonia cases induced by bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 58, 341–356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  398. Szonyi B, Chang YF, Wade SE and Mohammed HO, 2012. Evaluation of factors associated with the risk of infection with Cryptosporidium parvum in dairy calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 73, 76–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  399. Tadepalli S, Narayanan SK, Stewart GC, Chengappa MM and Nagaraja TG, 2009. Fusobacterium necrophorum: A ruminal bacterium that invades liver to cause abscesses in cattle. Anaerobe, 15, 36–43. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  400. Taylor LF, Booker CW, Jim GK and Guichon PT, 1997. Epidemiological investigation of the buller steer syndrome (riding behaviour) in a western Canadian feedlot. Australian Veterinary Journal, 75, 45–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  401. Taylor LF, Booker CW, Jim GK and Guichon PT, 1999. Sickness, mortality and the buller steer syndrome in a western Canadian feedlot. The Bovine Practitioner, 33, 80–84. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  402. Taylor JD, Fulton RW, Lehenbauer TW, Step DL and Confer AW, 2010. The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: What is the evidence for predisposing factors? Canadian Veterinary Journal‐ La Revue Vètèrinaire Canadienne, 51, 1095–1102. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  403. Tedeschi LO, Fox DG, Sainz RD, Arioni LG, Medeiros SR and Boin C, 2005. Mathematical models in ruminant nutrition. Scientia Agricola, 62, 76–91. [Google Scholar]
  404. Theodoropoulos G, Peristeropoulou P, Kouam MK, Kantzoura V and Theodoropoulou H, 2010. Survey of gastrointestinal parasitic infections of beef cattle in regions under Mediterranean weather in Greece. Parasitology International, 59, 556–559. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  405. Thompson GE and Clough DP, 1970. Temperature regulation in the newborn ox. Biology of the Neonate, 15, 19–25. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  406. Thomson DU and White BJ, 2006. Backgrounding Beef Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 22, 373–398. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  407. Thrune M, Bach A, Ruiz‐Moreno M and Stern MD, 2009. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on ruminal pH and microbial fermentation in dairy cows: Yeast supplementation on rumen fermentation. Livestock Science, 124, 261–263. [Google Scholar]
  408. Thüer S, Mellema S, Doherr MG, Wechsler B, Nuss K and Steiner A, 2007. Effect of local anaesthesia on short‐ and long‐term pain induced by two bloodless castration methods in calves. The Veterinary Journal, 173, 333–342. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  409. Timsit E, Bareille N, Seegers H, Lehebel A and Assié S, 2011. Visually undetected fever episodes in newly received beef bulls at a fattening operation: Occurrence, duration and impact on performance. Journal of Animal Science, 89, 4272–4280 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  410. Ting STL, Earley B, Veissier I, Gupta S and Crowe MA, 2005. Effects of age of Holstein‐Friesian calves on plasma cortisol, acute‐phase proteins, immunological function, scrotal measurements and growth in response to Burdizzo castration. Animal Science, 80, 377–386. [Google Scholar]
  411. Todd CG, Millman ST, McKnight DR, Duffield TF and Leslie KE, 2010. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug therapy for neonatal calf diarrhea complex: Effects on calf performance. Journal of Animal Science, 88, 2019–2028. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  412. Torsein M, Lindberg A, Sandgren CH, Persson Waller K, Törnquist M and Svensson C, 2011. Risk factors for calf mortality in large Swedish dairy herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 99, 136–147. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  413. Trefz FM, Lorch A, Feist M, Sauter‐Louis C and Lorenz I, 2012. Metabolic Acidosis in Neonatal Calf Diarrhea‐Clinical Findings and Theoretical Assessment of a Simple Treatment Protocol. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26, 162–170. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  414. Trost LB, Fowler Bergfeld W and Calogeras E, 2006. The diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency and its potential relationship to hair loss. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 54, 824–844. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  415. Trotz‐Williams LA, Wayne Martin S, Leslie KE, Duffield T, Nydam DV and Peregrine AS, 2007. Calf‐level risk factors for neonatal diarrhea and shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum in Ontario dairy calves. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 82, 12–28. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  416. Ude G, Georg H and Schwalm A, 2011. Reducing milk induced cross‐sucking of group housed calves by an environmentally enriched post feeding area. Livestock Science, 138, 293–298. [Google Scholar]
  417. Ungerfeld R, Quintans G, Enriquez DH and Hötzel MJ, 2009. Behavioural changes at weaning in 6‐mo beef calves reared by cows of high or low milk yield. Journal of Animal Production, 49, 637–642. [Google Scholar]
  418. Van Halderen AV and Henton MM, 2004. Moraxella spp. infections In: Infectious diseases of livestock. Eds Coetzer JAW. and Tustin RC. 2nd edition Oxford University Press, New York, USA, 1487–1491. [Google Scholar]
  419. Van Immerseel F, Pardon B, Maes S, Heyndrickx M, Timbermont L, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R and Deprez P, 2010. Isolation of a clonal population of Clostridium perfringens type A from a Belgian Blue calf with abomasal ulceration. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 143, 289–293. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  420. Van Kruiningen HJ, Nyaoke CA, Sidor IF, Fabis JJ, Hinckley LS and Lindell KA, 2009. Clostridial abomasal disease in Connecticut dairy calves. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 50, 857–860. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  421. Van Reenen CG, Mars MH, Leushuis IE, van Oirschot JT and Blokhuis HJ, 1999. The effect of housing system and dietary iron supply on stress physiology measures and resistance against an experimental infection with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) in veal calves. Report ID‐Lelystad, Lelystad, The Netherlandsk, 74 pp.
  422. Van Reenen CG, Stockhofe NN, Somers JGCJ and Achterstraat EJ, 2007. Pilotstudy in practyice on the influence of frequency of milk replacer meals and a diet without milk replacer on aboamasal lesions in veal calves (in Ducth). Report, Wageningen University and Research Center, 17 pp.
  423. Van Soest PJ, 1982. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. OandB, Books Inc, Corvallis, Oregon, USA, 373 pp. [Google Scholar]
  424. Van Weeren‐Keverling Buisman A, Wensing T, Breukink HJ and Mouwen JMVM, 1991. Ruminal drinking in veal calves. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Veal Calf Production, 14–16 March 1990, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Pudoc Wageningen. Eds Metz JHM. and Groenestein CM, 113–117.
  425. Vasconcelos JT and Galyean ML, 2008. ASAS centennial paper: Contributions in the Journal of Animal Science to understanding cattle metabolic and digestive disorders. Journal of Animal Science, 86, 1711–1721. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  426. Vessier I and Le Neindre P, 1989. Weaning in calves: its effect on social organization. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 24, 43–54. [Google Scholar]
  427. Vicari T, Van den Borne JJGC, Gerrits WJJ, Zbinden Y and Blum JW, 2008. Postprandial blood hormone and metabolic concentrations influenced by feeding frequency and feeding levels in veal calves. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 34, 74–88. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  428. Vickers KJ, Niel L, Kiehlbauch LM and Weary DM, 2005. Calf response to caustic paste and hot‐iron dehorning using sedation with and without local anesthetic. Journal of Dairy Science, 88, 1454–1459. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  429. Vieira AD, von Keyserlingk MAG and Weary DM, 2010. Effects of pair versus single housing on performance and behavior of dairy calves before and after weaning from milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 3079–3085. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  430. von Holleben K, Henke S, Schmidt T, Bostelmann N, von Wenzlawowocz M and Hartung J, 2003. Handling of slaughter cattle in pre and post transport situations including loading and unloading on journeys up to 8 hours in Germany. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 110, 93–99. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  431. Wagner JJ, Grubb PT and Engle TE, 2008. Case study: The effects of severe winter weather on net energy for maintenance required by yearling steers. The Professional Animal Scientist, 24, 494–499. [Google Scholar]
  432. Waiblinger S, Menke C and Coleman G, 2002. The relationship between attitudes, personal characteristics and behaviour of stockpeople and subsequent behaviour and production of dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 79, 195–219. [Google Scholar]
  433. Waiblinger S, Boivin X, Pedersen V, Tosi M‐V, Janczak AM, Visser EK and Jones RB, 2006. Assessing the human‐animal relationship in farmed species: A critical review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 101, 185–242. [Google Scholar]
  434. Wathes CM, Jones CDR and Webster AJF, 1983. Ventilation, air hygiene and animal health. Veterinary Record, 113, 554–559. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  435. Wathes CM, Zaidan WAR, Pearson GR, Hinton M and Todd JN, 1988. Aerosol infection of calves and mice with Salmonella typhimurium . Veterinary Record, 123, 590–594. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  436. Watts JL and Sweeney MT, 2010. Antimicrobial Resistance in Bovine Respiratory Disease Pathogens: Measures, Trends, and Impact on Efficacy. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 26, 79–88. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  437. Weary DM, Jasper J and Hötzel MJ, 2008. Understanding weaning distress. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 110, 24–41. [Google Scholar]
  438. Webb LE, Bokkers EAM, Engel B, Gerrits WJJ, Berends H and Van Reenen CG, 2012. Behaviour and welfare of veal calves fed different amounts of solid feed supplemented to a milk replacer ration adjusted for similar growth. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 136, 108–116. [Google Scholar]
  439. Webster AJF, 1970a. Prediction of the heat loss from cattle exposed to cold outdoor environments. Journal of Applied Physiology, 30, 684–690. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  440. Webster AJF, 1970b. Direct effects of cold weather on the energetic efficiency of beef production in different regions of Canada. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 50, 563–573. [Google Scholar]
  441. Webster AJF, Chlumecky J and Young BA, 1970. Effects of cold environments on the energy exchanges of young beef cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 50, 89–100. [Google Scholar]
  442. Webster AJF, 1974. Heat losses from cattle with particular emphasis on the effects of cold In: Heat losses from Animals and Man. Eds Monteith J. and Mount LE, Butterworths, London, UK, 205–231. [Google Scholar]
  443. Webster AJF, 1976. The influence of climatic environment on metabolism in cattle In: Principles of cattle production. !Eds Swan and Broster , Butterworths, London, UK, 103–120. [Google Scholar]
  444. Webster AJF, 1989. Bioenergetics, bioengineering and growth. Animal Production, 48, 249–269. [Google Scholar]
  445. Webster AJF, 2009. Animal Welfare and Nutrition In: Welfare of Production Animals; assessment and management of risks. Eds Smulders FJM. and Algers B, Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 113–132. [Google Scholar]
  446. Welsh RD, Dye LB, Payton ME and Confer AW, 2004. Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial pathogens from bovine pneumonia. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 16, 426–431. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  447. Westra R and Christopherson RJ, 1976. Effects of cold on digestibility, retention time of digesta, reticulum motility and thyroid hormones in sheep. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 56, 699–708. [Google Scholar]
  448. Whay HR and Huxley JN, 2005. Pain relief in cattle: A practitioner's perspective. Cattle Practice, 13, 81–85. [Google Scholar]
  449. White BJ and Renter DG, 2009. Bayesian estimation of the performance of using clinical observations and harvest lung lesions for diagnosing bovine respiratory disease in post‐weaned beef calves. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 21, 446–453. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  450. WHO (World Health Organisation) , 2007. Conclusions and recommendations of the WHO consultation on prevention and control of iron deficiency in infants and young children in malaria‐endemic areas. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 28, S621–S627. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  451. Wileman BW, Thomson DU, Reinhardt CD and Renter DG, 2009. Analysis of modern technologies commonly used in beef cattle production: conventional beef production versus nonconventional production using metaanalysis. Journal of Animal Science, 87, 3418–3426. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  452. Windschnurer I, Barth K and Waiblinger S, 2009. Can stroking during milking decrease avoidance distances of cows towards humans. Animal Welfare, 18, 507–513. [Google Scholar]
  453. Wintergers ES, Maggini S and Hornig DH, 2007. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 51, 301–323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  454. Winterling C and Graf B, 1995. Ursachen und Einflussfaktoren von Schwanzspitzenveränderungen bei Mastrindern. KTBL‐Schrift, 370, 128–139. [Google Scholar]
  455. Wise GH, Anderson GW and Linnerud AC, 1984. Relationship of milk intake by sucking and by drinking to reticular groove reactions and ingestion behavior in calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 67, 1983–1992. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  456. Wittum TE, Woollen NE, Perino LJ and Littledike ET, 1996. Relationships among treatment for respiratory tract disease, pulmonary lesions evident at slaughter and rate of weight gain in feedlot cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 209, 814–818. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  457. Wood JD, Richardson Ri, Nute GR, Fisher AV, Campo MM, Kasapidou E, Sheard PR and Enser M, 2004. Effects of fatty acids on meat quality: a review. Meat Science, 66, 21–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  458. Woolums AR, Ames TR and Baker JC, 2009. The bronchopneumonias (respiratory disease complex of cattle, sheep, and goats) In: Large Animal Internal Medicine. 4th Edition, Ed Smith BP. Mosby, Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 602–643. [Google Scholar]
  459. Wyatt CR, Riggs MW and Fayer R, 2010. Cryptosporidiosis in Neonatal Calves. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 26, 89–103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  460. Yanar M, Kartal TZ, Aydin R, Kocyigit R and Diler A, 2010. Effect of differential floor types on the growth performance and some behavioural traits of Holstein Friesian calves. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 20, 175–179. [Google Scholar]
  461. Yang WZ and Beauchemin KA, 2009. Increasing physically effective fiber content of dairy cow diets through forage proportion versus forage chop length: chewing and ruminal pH. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 1603–1615. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  462. Young BA, 1981. Cold stress as it affects animal production. Journal of Animal Science, 52, 154–163. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  463. Young BA, Walker B, Dixon AE and Walker VA, 1989. Physiological adaption to the environment. Journal of Animal Science, 67, 2426–2432. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  464. Zebeli Q, Mansmann D, Steingass H and Ametaj BN, 2010. Balancing diets for physically effective fibre and ruminally degradable starch: a key to lower the risk of sub‐acute rumen acidosis and improve productivity of dairy cattle. Livestock Science, 127, 1–10. [Google Scholar]
  465. Zimmermann MB and Hurrell RF, 2007. Nutritional iron deficiency. Lancet, 370, 511–520. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from EFSA Journal are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES