Abstract
Objective
This study explores the clinical characteristics of patients with diabetes with severe covid-19, and the association of diabetes with survival duration in patients with severe covid-19.
Research design and methods
In this single-center, retrospective, observational study, the clinical and laboratory characteristics of 193 patients with severe covid-19 were collected. 48 patients with severe covid-19 had diabetes, and 145 patients (ie, the controls) did not have diabetes. A severe case was defined as including at least one of the following criteria: (1) Respiratory rate >30/min. (2) Oxygen saturation ≤93%. (3) PaO2/FiO2≤300 mm Hg. (4) Patients, either with shock or respiratory failure, requiring mechanical ventilation, or combined with other organ failure, requiring admission to intensive care unit (ICU).
Results
Of 193 patients with severe covid-19, 48 (24.9%) had diabetes. Compared with patients with severe covid-19 without diabetes, patients with diabetes were older, susceptible to receiving mechanical ventilation and admission to ICU, and had higher mortality. In addition, patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes had higher levels of leukocyte count, neutrophil count, high-sensitivity C reaction protein, procalcitonin, ferritin, interleukin (IL) 2 receptor, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α, D-dimer, fibrinogen, lactic dehydrogenase and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. Among patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes, more non-survivors were men (30 (76.9%) vs 9 (23.1%)). Non-survivors had severe inflammatory response, and cardiac, hepatic, renal and coagulation impairment. Finally, the Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed a trend towards poorer survival in patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes than patients without diabetes. The HR was 1.53 (95% CI 1.02 to 2.30; p=0.041) after adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease by Cox regression. The median survival durations from hospital admission in patients with severe covid-19 with and without diabetes were 10 days and 18 days, respectively.
Conclusion
The mortality rate in patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes is considerable. Diabetes may lead to an increase in the risk of death.
Keywords: adult diabetes
Significance of this study.
What is already known about this subject?
High morbidity has been observed in patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes.
Diabetes is considered a risk factor for complications in respiratory illness due to virus infection.
The clinical course and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes remains unclear.
What are the new findings?
Patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes exhibit severe inflammation response.
Patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes were older, more likely to receive mechanical ventilation and admission to intensive care unit, and had higher mortality.
The survival duration in patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes is obviously shorter than in those without diabetes.
How might these results change the focus of research or clinical practice?
More attention should be paid to patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes, since those patients have high mortality.
Introduction
The prevalence of covid-19 has dramatically spread worldwide,1–4 and a large number of patients is suffering from this fulminating infectious disease.5 6 By the end of February 19, 2020, 74 283 patients have been confirmed with covid-19 in the mainland of China, and the mortality rate is around 2.7%.7 Age and comorbidities are considered to be the main risk factors for increased risk of death in patients with covid-19.7 8
Recently, several studies have suggested that the prevalence of diabetes in patients with mild covid-19 may range from 5.7% to 5.9%,8 9 while the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with severe covid-19 has seen a sharp rise from 22.2% to 26.9%.8 9 These epidemiological evidences indicate a critical role of diabetes in patients with severe covid-19. Diabetes and hyperglycemia are reported to exacerbate inflammation by increasing the release of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin (IL) 10.10–12 In addition, diabetes may lead to lung dysfunction, such as decreased forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity.13 Therefore, diabetes could possibly be a risk factor for covid-19. Our study aims to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes mellitus, and the association of diabetes with the outcome in patients with severe covid-19.
Research design and methods
Study design and population
This is a single-center, retrospective, observational study. Tongji hospital is mainly responsible for the treatment of patients with severe covid-19 assigned by the government in Wuhan. All the participants were diagnosed with covid-19 according to WHO interim guidance. A total of 198 patients were treated at Tongji Hospital (Wuhan, China) from January 10, 2020 to February 24, 2020; 5 were excluded in accordance with the exclusion criteria. Patients were admitted under the following inclusion criteria: (1) Adults (over 18 years old). (2) Laboratory confirmation of covid-19 by real-time PCR. (3) Chest CT findings meeting the standard for diagnosis of covid-19. Patients were admitted under the following exclusion criteria: (1) Missing data on clinical characteristics. (2) Missing data on laboratory characteristics. (3) Secondary diabetes. (4) Type 1 diabetes. Finally, a total of 193 patients who had finished the completed medical records and follow-up were included. All the patients were community dwelling. All the procedures complied with the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided oral informed consent.
Data collection
We reviewed the clinical records and laboratory data for all the patients. Two study investigators checked the data collected independently. We collected information on age, sex, chronic medical history (diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic pulmonary disease, chronic liver disease, treatment for diabetes and other comorbidities), clinical symptoms (fever, cough, dyspnea, pectoralgia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, headache, fatigue) and living status. And we also collected laboratory data, such as blood routine, liver and renal function, random blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, lipid, cardiac troponin I, high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP), ferritin, coagulation function, IL-2 receptor, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNFα.
Definitions
Diabetes was defined as self-reported medical history of diabetes, and the use of antidiabetic drugs; otherwise, newly diagnosed diabetes was based on fasting plasma glucose, random plasma glucose and classic signs of hyperglycemia during hospital stay. (Considering critical condition in patients with severe covid-19, oral glucose tolerance test was not used for diagnosis of diabetes since hyperglycemia may lead to worsening of patient’s illness.) Diagnostic codes were mainly used to identify covid-19 patients with diabetes on admission to hospital. Severity of the disease was staged according to the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of covid-19 (trial seventh edition) published by the National Health Commission of China on March 4, 2020. Severe cases were defined as including one of the following criteria: (1) Respiratory rate >30/min. (2) Oxygen saturation ≤93%. 3. PaO2/FiO2 ≤300 mm Hg. (4) Patients developing either shock or respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, or combined with other organ failure, requiring admission to intensive care unit (ICU). Moderate cases were defined as follows: (1) Patients with fever and respiratory symptoms. (2) Patients with obvious chest CT findings for covid-19 (such as ground-glass opacities). Mild cases were defined as follows: (1) Patients with mild clinical manifestation. (2) Patients without obvious chest CT findings for covid-19.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS (V.22.0). A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Distribution of the continuous variables was carried out by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Independent sample t-test was applied to analyze normally distributed data, and Mann-Whitney test was applied to analyze non-normally distributed data. The χ2 test was applied to examine categorical data. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to compare the 30-day survival rate for patients with severe covid-19 with and without diabetes by the log-rank test.
Results
Our study included 193 hospitalized patients with severe covid-19. The median age was 64 (IQR 49–73) years, and 114 (59.1%) were men. Among them, 76 (39.4%) patients reported a history of exposure to patients with confirmed or highly suspected covid-19 infection, and 92 (47.7%) patients were admitted to ICU. During hospitalization, 110 (57.0%) patients received non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation treatment and 108 (56.0%) critically ill patients died. The median length of hospital stay was 13 (IQR 7–16) days (table 1).
Table 1.
The characteristics of patients with severe covid-19 with or without diabetes
| Total (n=193) | Diabetes (n=48) | Non-diabetes (n=145) | P value* | |
| Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | ||
| Age, median (IQR), years | 64 (49 to 73) | 70 (62 to 77) | 60 (43 to 71) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 114 (59.1) | 33 (68.8) | 81 (55.9) | 0.115 |
| Female | 79 (40.9) | 15 (31.3) | 64 (44.1) | |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Fever | 173 (89.6) | 43 (89.6) | 130 (89.7) | 0.989 |
| Cough | 135 (69.9) | 37 (77.1) | 98 (67.6) | 0.214 |
| Dyspnea | 115 (59.6) | 33 (68.8) | 82 (56.6) | 0.136 |
| Pectoralgia | 10 (5.2) | 1 (2.1) | 9 (6.2) | 0.458 |
| Diarrhea | 51 (26.4) | 10 (20.8) | 41 (28.3) | 0.311 |
| Nausea | 14 (7.3) | 2 (4.2) | 12 (8.3) | 0.528 |
| Vomiting | 5 (2.6) | 2 (4.2) | 3 (2.1) | 0.788 |
| Anorexia | 68 (35.2) | 21 (43.8) | 47 (32.4) | 0.154 |
| Headache | 21 (10.9) | 5 (10.4) | 16 (11.0) | 0.905 |
| Fatigue | 101 (52.3) | 28 (58.3) | 73 (50.3) | 0.337 |
| Comorbidities | 94 (48.7) | 29 (60.4) | 65 (44.8) | 0.061 |
| Hypertension | 73 (37.8) | 24 (50.0) | 49 (33.8) | 0.045 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 31 (16.1) | 13 (27.1) | 18 (12.4) | 0.016 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 8 (4.1) | 5 (10.4) | 3 (2.1) | 0.036 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.8) | 0.574 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 14 (7.3) | 4 (8.3) | 10 (6.9) | 0.739 |
| Chronic liver disease | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | 1.000 |
| Exposure to disease | 76 (39.4) | 17 (35.4) | 59 (40.7) | 0.517 |
| ICU patients | 92 (47.7) | 32 (66.7) | 60 (41.4) | 0.002 |
| Mechanical ventilation treatment† | 110 (57.0) | 39 (81.3) | 71 (49.0) | <0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay, median (IQR), days | 13 (7 to 16) | 10 (6 to 13) | 13 (9 to 18) | 0.001 |
| Mortality | 108 (56.0) | 39 (81.3) | 69 (47.6) | <0.001 |
*P values indicate differences between diabetes and non-diabetes. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
†Non-invasive mechanical ventilation and invasive mechanical ventilation were included. Non-invasive mechanical ventilation included bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy.
ICU, intensive care unit.
The most common symptoms were fever (89.6%), cough (69.9%), dyspnea (59.6%) and fatigue (52.3%) at the onset of illness. Some patients also presented with anorexia (35.2%) and diarrhea (26.4%). Other symptoms included headache, pectoralgia, nausea and vomiting. Ninety-four (48.7%) patients had comorbidities, including hypertension (37.8%), cardiovascular disease (16.1%), cerebrovascular disease (4.1%), chronic pulmonary disease (7.3%), chronic kidney disease (2.1%) and chronic liver disease (0.5%) (table 1).
Of all patients, 48 (24.9%) had diabetes and 145 (75.1%) had no diabetes. Compared with patients without diabetes, patients with diabetes were older (median age, 70 (IQR 62–77) years vs 60 (IQR 43–71) years) and were more likely to have hypertension (24 (50.0%) patients vs 49 (33.8%) patients), cardiovascular disease (13 (27.1%) patients vs 18 (12.4%) patients) and cerebrovascular disease (5 (10.4%) patients vs 3 (2.1%) patients). Neither the symptoms nor other comorbidities were significantly different between patients with diabetes and those without. Compared with patients without diabetes, more patients with diabetes were admitted to ICU (32 (66.7%) patients vs 60 (41.4%) patients) and received mechanical ventilation treatment (39 (81.3%) patients vs 71 (49.0%) patients). Patients with diabetes also had a shorter duration of hospital stay (10 (IQR 6–13) days vs 13 (IQR 9–18) days) and higher mortality (81.3% vs 47.6%) than patients without diabetes (table 1).
As shown in table 2, numerous biochemical values were significantly different between patients with diabetes and those without. Obviously patients with diabetes had higher levels of random blood glucose (11.31 mmol/L vs 6.56 mmol/L) and glycated hemoglobin (7.2% vs 5.8%). On admission, patients with diabetes had higher levels of leukocyte count (7.99×109/L vs 5.55×109/L), neutrophil count (7.25×109/L vs 3.94×109/L), hsCRP (75.5 mg/L vs 43.3 mg/L), procalcitonin (0.16 ng/mL vs 0.09 ng/mL), ferritin (1373.0 µg/L vs 630.5 µg/L), IL-2 receptor (1098 U/mL vs 649 U/mL), IL-6 (47.08 pg/mL vs 21.31 pg/mL), IL-8 (26.0 pg/mL vs 16.4 pg/mL), TNFα (11.3 pg/mL vs 8.3 pg/mL), D-dimer (2.6 µg/mL fibrinogen equivalent units (FEU) vs 1.2 µg/mL FEU), lactic dehydrogenase (465 U/L vs 330 U/L) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (665 pg/mL vs 259 pg/mL). And most of these values in both groups were above the normal range, which indicated patients with diabetes had more severe inflammatory response and myocardial damage. The level of cardiac troponin I had no statistically significant difference between the two groups, but showed a higher trend in patients with diabetes. The levels of lymphocyte count (0.54 ×109/L vs 0.81 ×109/L) and albumin (32.2 g/L vs 34.9 g/L) were below the normal range in both groups and patients with diabetes had lower values than patients without diabetes. In addition, most patients had normal liver and kidney function, although patients with diabetes had higher levels of total bilirubin (11.3 µmol/L vs 8.7 µmol/L), triglyceride (1.79 µmol/L vs 1.34 mmol/L) and urea nitrogen (8.0 µmol/L vs 5.3 mmol/L) compared with patients without diabetes.
Table 2.
The biochemical values in patients with severe covid-19 with or without diabetes on admission to hospital
| Normal range | Diabetes (n=48) | Non-diabetes (n=145) | P value* | |
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | |||
| Random blood glucose, mmol/L | 11.31 (7.96 to 16.79) | 6.56 (5.59 to 8.08) | <0.001 | |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | 4.0–6.0 | 7.2 (6.7 to 8.3) | 5.8 (5.5 to 6.1) | <0.001 |
| Leukocyte count, ×109/L | 3.50–9.50 | 7.99 (5.90 to 13.04) | 5.55 (4.20 to 8.43) | 0.001 |
| Neutrophil count, ×109/L | 1.80–6.30 | 7.25 (4.33 to 11.81) | 3.94 (2.54 to 7.71) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count, ×109/L | 1.10–3.20 | 0.54 (0.42 to 0.93) | 0.81 (0.56 to 1.24) | 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 115.0–150.0 | 128.5 (115.0 to 140.0) | 130.0 (118.0 to 142.0) | 0.775 |
| Platelet count, ×109/L | 125.0–350.0 | 161.0 (126.5 to 232.5) | 173.0 (130.0 to 230.0) | 0.503 |
| Prothrombin time, s | 11.5–14.5 | 14.4 (13.6 to 17.0) | 14.3 (13.2 to 15.5) | 0.094 |
| Thrombin time, s | 14.0–19.0 | 17.1 (15.8 to 19.8) | 16.4 (15.6 to 17.7) | 0.014 |
| APTT, s | 29.0–42.0 | 38.4 (35.7 to 45.5) | 40.2 (36.8 to 44.1) | 0.483 |
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 2.00–4.00 | 4.85 (3.32 to 6.70) | 4.31 (3.34 to 5.35) | 0.085 |
| D-dimer, µg/mL FEU | <0.5 | 2.6 (1.0 to 21.0) | 1.2 (0.4 to 10.7) | 0.012 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | ≤33.0 | 22.5 (16.3 to 40.0) | 22.0 (15.0 to 38.3) | 0.454 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | ≤32.0 | 34.0 (21.3 to 58.3) | 31.0 (22.0 to 47.0) | 0.472 |
| Albumin, mean±SD, g/L | 35.0–52.0 | 32.2±5.2 | 34.9±6.4 | 0.009 |
| Total bilirubin, µmol/L | ≤21.0 | 11.3 (7.5 to 20.6) | 8.7 (6.5 to 13.4) | 0.008 |
| Creatine kinase, U/L | ≤170.0 | 132.0 (70.0 to 290.0) | 106.5 (63.8 to 233.3) | 0.329 |
| Lactic dehydrogenase, U/L | 135–214 | 465 (306 to 645) | 330 (231 to 535) | 0.011 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | <5.18 | 3.41 (2.96 to 4.26) | 3.45 (2.98 to 4.06) | 0.701 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | <1.70 | 1.79 (1.24 to 2.36) | 1.34 (0.89 to 1.79) | 0.003 |
| Urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 3.1–8.8 | 8.0 (5.1 to 11.0) | 5.3 (3.6 to 9.0) | 0.003 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 45.0–84.0 | 83.5 (65.8 to 102.3) | 78.0 (58.0 to 100.0) | 0.264 |
| Uric acid, µmol/L | 202.3–416.5 | 273.2 (183.3 to 356.8) | 276.0 (205.0 to 352.9) | 0.927 |
| hsCRP, mg/L | <1.0 | 75.5 (49.9 to 150.5) | 43.3 (11.0 to 116.5) | 0.004 |
| ESR, mm/H | 0.0–20.0 | 38.0 (15.0 to 65.8) | 27.0 (14.5 to 43.5) | 0.140 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.02–0.05 | 0.16 (0.09 to 0.78) | 0.09 (0.04 to 0.20) | 0.001 |
| Ferritin, µg/L | 15.0–150.0 | 1373.0 (738.2 to 2457.0) | 630.5 (266.1 to 1659.0) | 0.001 |
| IL-2 receptor, U/mL | 223–710 | 1098 (626 to 1538) | 649 (407 to 1193) | 0.002 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | <7.00 | 47.08 (19.04 to 126.80) | 21.31 (7.67 to 64.06) | 0.006 |
| IL-8, pg/mL | <62.0 | 26.0 (14.9 to 54.4) | 16.4 (9.9 to 41.0) | 0.032 |
| IL-10, pg/mL | <9.10 | 10.20 (5.85 to 17.43) | 9.00 (5.00 to 13.65) | 0.128 |
| TNFα, pg/mL | <8.1 | 11.3 (7.4 to 18.3) | 8.3 (6.9 to 12.1) | 0.023 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | <285 | 665 (170 to 2053) | 259 (46 to 901) | 0.007 |
| Cardiac troponin I, pg/mL | ≤15.60 | 23.05 (8.70 to 208.60) | 10.20 (3.60 to 38.40) | 0.059 |
*P values indicate differences between diabetes and non-diabetes. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FEU, fibrinogen equivalent units; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reaction protein; IL, interleukin; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α.
Eighty-five (44.0%) of all patients with severe covid-19 survived. Compared with survivors, non-survivors were significantly older (median age, 70 (IQR 62–78) years vs 46 (IQR 37–64) years) and there were more men who died (76 (70.4%) patients vs 38 (44.7%) patients). Non-survivors were more likely to have chronic diseases, including diabetes (39 (36.1%) patients vs 9 (10.6%) patients), hypertension (57 (52.8%) patients vs 16 (18.8%) patients), cardiovascular disease (27 (25.0%) patients vs 4 (4.7%) patients), cerebrovascular disease (8 (7.4%) patients vs 0 (0.0%) patients). Most non-survivors were admitted to ICU (84.3%) and non-survivors were more likely to receive glucocorticoid treatment (95 (88.0%) patients vs 41 (48.2%) patients) and mechanical ventilation treatment (105 (97.2%) patients vs 5 (5.9%) patients). Non-survivors had significantly shorter duration of hospital stay (9 (IQR 5–13) days vs 15 (IQR 13–23) days) than survivors (table 3).
Table 3.
The baseline characteristics of survivors and non-survivors infected with severe covid-19
| Total (n=193) | Survivors (n=85) | Non-survivors (n=108) | P value* | |
| Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | ||
| Age, median (IQR), years | 64 (49 to 73) | 46 (37 to 64) | 70 (62 to 78) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 114 (59.1) | 38 (44.7) | 76 (70.4) | <0.001 |
| Female | 79 (40.9) | 47 (55.3) | 32 (29.6) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 48 (24.9) | 9 (10.6) | 39 (36.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 73 (37.8) | 16 (18.8) | 57 (52.8) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 31 (16.1) | 4 (4.7) | 27 (25.0) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 8 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (7.4) | 0.010 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4 (2.1) | 1 (1.2) | 3 (2.8) | 0.790 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 14 (7.3) | 3 (3.5) | 11 (10.2) | 0.136 |
| Chronic liver disease | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | 1.000 |
| ICU patients | 92 (47.7) | 1 (1.2) | 91 (84.3) | <0.001 |
| Glucocorticoid treatment | 136 (70.5) | 41 (48.2) | 95 (88.0) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation treatment† | 110 (57.0) | 5 (5.9) | 105 (97.2) | <0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay, median (IQR), days | 13 (7 to 16) | 15 (13 to 23) | 9 (5 to 13) | <0.001 |
*P values indicate differences between survivors and non-survivors. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
†Non-invasive mechanical ventilation and invasive mechanical ventilation were included. Non-invasive mechanical ventilation included bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy.
ICU, intensive care unit.
Among patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes, 39 (81.2%) patients died. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve also showed a trend toward poorer survival in patients with diabetes compared with patients without diabetes, and the HR was 3.17 (95% CI 1.93 to 5.20) (figure 1). The median survival duration from hospital admission was 10 days in patients with diabetes and was 18 days in patients without diabetes. After adjustment for age and sex by Cox regression, the HR was 1.66 (95% CI 1.11 to 2.47; p=0.013). After further adjustment for hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease, patients with diabetes still had a lower survival rate than patients without diabetes (HR 1.53 (95% CI 1.02 to 2.30); p=0.041). In addition, the median survival duration from symptom appearance was 21 days in patients with diabetes and 28 days in patients without diabetes. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve also showed a lower survival rate in patients with diabetes compared with patients without diabetes, and the HR was 2.60 (95% CI 1.62 to 4.18; p<0.001).
Figure 1.
Kaplan-Meier survival curve for patients with severe covid-19 with and without diabetes.
Of 48 patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes, men were more likely to die. Compared with survivors with diabetes, non-survivors had longer diabetes duration, and more non-survivors reported cough and dyspnea. Age, medicine control for diabetes, glycated hemoglobin, other symptoms and comorbidities between survivors and non-survivors with diabetes showed no significant differences. More non-survivors were admitted to ICU, received mechanical ventilation treatment and glucocorticoid treatment, but had significantly shorter duration of hospital stay, which reflected the rapid progress of disease in non-survivors (table 4).
Table 4.
The baseline characteristics of survivors and non-survivors in patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes
| Total (n=48) | Survivors (n=9) | Non-survivors (n=39) | P value* | |
| Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | ||
| Age, mean±SD, years | 69.4±9.9 | 64.7±7.3 | 70.5±10.1 | 0.112 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 33 (68.8) | 3 (33.3) | 30 (76.9) | 0.032 |
| Female | 15 (31.3) | 6 (66.7) | 9 (23.1) | |
| Diabetes duration, median (IQR), years | 2 (1 to 5) | 0.5 (0.5 to 2.5) | 2 (1 to 5) | 0.021 |
| Medicine control for diabetes† | ||||
| No medication | 20/34 (58.8) | 6/9 (66.7) | 14/25 (56.0) | 0.266 |
| Oral medication | 10/34 (29.4) | 3/9 (33.3) | 7/25 (28.0) | |
| Insulin | 4/34 (11.8) | 0/9 (0.0) | 4/25 (16.0) | |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | ||||
| <7.0 | 17 (35.4) | 4 (44.4) | 13 (33.3) | 0.852 |
| ≥7.0,<8.0 | 16 (33.3) | 2 (22.2) | 14 (35.9) | |
| ≥8.0,<9.0 | 11 (22.9) | 2 (22.2) | 9 (23.1) | |
| ≥9.0 | 4 (8.3) | 1 (11.1) | 3 (7.7) | |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Fever | 43 (89.6) | 7 (77.8) | 36 (92.3) | 0.496 |
| Cough | 37 (77.1) | 3 (33.3) | 34 (87.2) | 0.002 |
| Dyspnea | 33 (68.8) | 3 (33.3) | 30 (76.9) | 0.032 |
| Diarrhea | 10 (20.8) | 4 (44.4) | 6 (15.4) | 0.139 |
| Nausea | 2 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.1) | 1.000 |
| Anorexia | 21 (43.8) | 2 (22.2) | 19 (48.7) | 0.284 |
| Headache | 5 (10.4) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (12.8) | 0.568 |
| Fatigue | 28 (58.3) | 4 (44.4) | 24 (61.5) | 0.574 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 24 (50.0) | 3 (33.3) | 21 (53.8) | 0.460 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 13 (27.1) | 2 (22.2) | 11 (28.2) | 1.000 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 5 (10.4) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (12.8) | 0.568 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 4 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.3) | 1.000 |
| Exposure to disease | 17 (35.4) | 6 (66.7) | 11 (28.2) | 0.074 |
| ICU patients | 32 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | 32 (82.1) | <0.001 |
| Glucocorticoid treatment | 39 (81.3) | 4 (44.4) | 35 (89.7) | 0.008 |
| Mechanical ventilation treatment‡ | 39 (81.3) | 1 (11.1) | 38 (97.4) | <0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay, median (IQR), days | 10 (6 to 13) | 14 (11 to 18) | 9 (6 to 12) | 0.004 |
*P values indicate differences between survivors and non-survivors. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
†Data were expressed as n/N (%), where N indicated available total cases.
‡Non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation were included. Non-invasive mechanical ventilation included bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy.
ICU, intensive care unit.
Compared with survivors with diabetes, non-survivors had higher levels of leukocyte count, neutrophil count, hsCRP, procalcitonin, ferritin, IL-2 receptor, IL-6, TNFα, and lower levels of lymphocyte count, which indicated non-survivors with diabetes had more severe inflammatory response. Non-survivors with diabetes also had a lower level of albumin, and higher levels of total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, urea nitrogen, creatine, cardiac troponin I, NT-proBNP, prothrombin time, D-dimer than survivors, reflecting severe cardiac, hepatic, renal and coagulation impairment (table 5).
Table 5.
The biochemical values of survivors and non-survivors in patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes on admission to hospital
| Normal range | Survivors (n=9) | Non-survivors (n=39) | P value* | |
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | |||
| Random blood glucose, mmol/L | 9.02 (6.39 to 13.73) | 12.38 (8.39 to 17.35) | 0.096 | |
| Glycated hemoglobin, mean±SD, % | 4.0–6.0 | 7.6±1.3 | 7.4±1.0 | 0.639 |
| Leukocyte count, ×109/L | 3.50–9.50 | 4.93 (3.50 to 7.58) | 9.09 (6.20 to 13.34) | 0.004 |
| Neutrophil count, ×109/L | 1.80–6.30 | 3.23 (2.26 to 5.38) | 8.04 (5.36 to 12.49) | 0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count, ×109/L | 1.10–3.20 | 0.94 (0.54 to 1.84) | 0.50 (0.34 to 0.76) | 0.024 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 115.0–150.0 | 125.0 (112.0 to 141.5) | 131 (115 to 140) | 0.682 |
| Platelet count, ×109/L | 125.0–350.0 | 161.0 (159.5 to 286.5) | 160.0 (113.0 to 228.0) | 0.219 |
| Prothrombin time, s | 11.5–14.5 | 13.6 (13.2 to 14.4) | 15.2 (13.8 to 17.4) | 0.007 |
| Thrombin time, s | 14.0–19.0 | 16.1 (15.7 to 17.0) | 18.1 (15.8 to 20.0) | 0.124 |
| APTT, s | 29.0–42.0 | 36.3 (33.9 to 42.7) | 39.0 (36.1 to 45.5) | 0.188 |
| Fibrinogen, mean±SD, g/L | 2.00–4.00 | 4.80±1.38 | 5.08±2.50 | 0.748 |
| D-dimer, µg/mL FEU | <0.5 | 0.41 (0.26 to 0.89) | 4.95 (1.80 to 21.00) | <0.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | ≤33.0 | 20.0 (13.5 to 31.5) | 23.0 (17.0 to 40.0) | 0.369 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | ≤32.0 | 26.0 (16.5 to 34.0) | 41.0 (24.0 to 63.0) | 0.023 |
| Albumin, mean±SD, g/L | 35.0–52.0 | 37.2±2.6 | 31.0±5.0 | 0.001 |
| Total bilirubin, µmol/L | ≤21.0 | 7.5 (6.5 to 11.1) | 13.4 (9.3 to 22.2) | 0.007 |
| Creatine kinase, U/L | ≤170.0 | 76.5 (46.5 to 107.3) | 207.0 (92.0 to 331.0) | 0.013 |
| Lactic dehydrogenase, U/L | 135–214 | 237 (185 to 296) | 501 (359 to 748) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mean±SD, mmol/L | <5.18 | 3.75±0.69 | 3.56±1.00 | 0.599 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | <1.70 | 1.12 (1.00 to 2.04) | 1.92 (1.52 to 2.59) | 0.086 |
| Urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 3.1–8.8 | 2.9 (2.7 to 4.6) | 9.5 (6.2 to 12.7) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 45.0–84.0 | 65.0 (53.5 to 79.5) | 88.0 (73.0 to 114.0) | 0.014 |
| Uric acid, µmol/L | 202.3–416.5 | 263.0 (167.0 to 318.4) | 277.3 (184.0 to 374.0) | 0.376 |
| hsCRP, mg/L | <1.0 | 13.0 (1.0 to 48.0) | 97.2 (64.4 to 191.0) | <0.001 |
| ESR, mm/H | 0.0–20.0 | 32.0 (4.3 to 50.5) | 38.5 (15.8 to 77.5) | 0.230 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.02–0.05 | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.08) | 0.38 (0.13 to 1.18) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin, µg/L | 15.0–150.0 | 432.5 (245.8 to 809.1) | 1612.0 (1125.0 to 2733.0) | <0.001 |
| IL-2 receptor, U/mL | 223–710 | 541 (331 to 837) | 1180 (931 to 1654) | 0.001 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | <7.00 | 22.20 (5.87 to 43.03) | 55.77 (26.99 to 137.90) | 0.016 |
| IL-8, pg/mL | <62.0 | 21.9 (13.3 to 193.0) | 27.2 (15.9 to 53.0) | 0.945 |
| TNFα, pg/mL | <8.1 | 7.3 (5.9 to 11.8) | 12.8 (8.0 to 19.6) | 0.022 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | <285 | 46 (31 to 267) | 970 (323 to 2535) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac troponin I, pg/mL | ≤15.60 | 1.9 (1.9 to 5.0) | 43.1 (11.0 to 239.4) | <0.001 |
*P values indicate differences between survivors and non-survivors. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FEU, fibrinogen equivalent units; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reaction protein; IL, interleukin; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α.
Discussion
The purpose of this present retrospective study was to figure out the clinical characteristics of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes, and evaluate the role of diabetes in the outcome of patients with severe covid-19. We mainly illustrated that patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes were older, and had severer inflammation response compared with patients with severe covid-19 without diabetes. Furthermore, the Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the survival rate of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes was significantly lower.
Previous studies suggested that patients with severe covid-19 had a high prevalence of diabetes,8 9 14 which was nearly 20% compared with 11.6%15 in Chinese adults. But few researches focused on the clinical characteristics of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes and the direct correlation between diabetes and survival rate in patients with severe covid-19. Our observations were in line with previous findings that the prevalence of diabetes in patients with severe covid-19 is up to 24%. Patients with diabetes were more likely to develop covid-19, which may be due to the fact that patients with diabetes had low pulmonary function.13 But the mechanisms explaining lung dysfunction in diabetes remain vague. Animal studies suggested that alveolar capillary microangiopathy and interstitial fibrosis were induced by glycosylation of the lung tissue collagen in the diabetes model, and this process was mediated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and angiotensin II.16 17 Autopsy also identified that patients with diabetes had thickening lung basal lamina,18 which may have an influence on pulmonary diffusion function.
According to our study, patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes had a similar pattern of clinical characteristics to patients with severe covid-19 without diabetes. Patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes had a high proportion of symptoms of cough and dyspnea, but it did not reach a statistically significant difference due to the small sample size.
The obvious laboratory abnormalities observed in our study were increased leukocytes, neutrophils and decreased lymphocytes in patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes compared with patients with severe covid-19 without diabetes. This observation may suggest that patients with diabetes had more serious infection of virus, and probably were inclined to accompany bacterial infection. In addition, inflammatory indicators were more severe in patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes, such as hsCRP, procalcitonin, IL-2 receptor, IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα. Several potential pathway studies suggested diabetes and obesity may lead to activate differentiation of CD4+ T cells though Th1 cell and Th2 cell,12 19 20 and induce dysfunction of Th17 cells21 and Treg cells which affected the balance of proinflammation and anti-inflammation.22 And immune system imbalance may induce secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, increased level of urea nitrogen, albumin and NT-proBNP were also observed in our study. These abnormalities suggest that covid-19 infection may be associated with progressive systemic injury in patients with diabetes.
Diabetes was reported to increase the risk of complications in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), H1N1 influenza virus infection and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).23–26 Covid-19 was defined as β-coronavirus, which had 85% sequence similarity with SARS and 50% sequence similarity with MERS.27 The structural protein S of covid-19 invades lung cells though the binding of structural protein S to the receptors, such as ACE2 and CD147.28 Severe pneumonia causes lung damage, which may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome, and even lead to septic shock. Similar to previous studies, patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes in our study were particularly susceptible to receive mechanical ventilation and intensive care, and had higher mortality than those without diabetes. Meanwhile the median survival duration from hospital admission was significantly shortened in patients with diabetes compared with patients without diabetes. The mechanisms linking diabetes with higher mortality and shorter survival time in patients with diabetes were lung dysfunction and aggravated inflammation, which we discussed in the previous part. Another potential mechanism was that hyperglycemia was a risk factor for mortality.25 Hyperglycemia induced by diabetes was linked to aggressive glycosylation,29 which leads to overproduction of advanced glycation end products. And aberrant glycosylation was considered to be related to dysfunction of immunoglobulins.30 Dysregulation in glycosylation of IgG Fc domains may lead to susceptibility to infectious diseases.31 In addition, dysfunction of IgG may impair clearance function between phagocytic cell antigens (such as bacteria or virus, which may aggravate serious infection). And hyperglycemia may be due to following reasons: (1) Patients with severe covid-19 were unable to take food regularly, and the nutritional support was mainly though intravenous fluid infusion. (2) Covid-19 could cause dysfunction of gastrointestinal absorption. (3) Steroid treatment. (4) Infection itself can cause blood glucose fluctuation. Covid-19 was reported to use ACE2 as a receptor,27 which was expressed in lung, pancreas and other tissues. Covid-19 may bind to ACE2 in pancreas, which can damage pancreatic function and lead to hyperglycemia.
Among patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes, our observations were in line with previous findings that more non-survivors were men.7 The specific mechanism for covid-19 susceptibility in men was that expression of ACE2 in men was nearly three times more than women.32 In addition, non-survivors had severe inflammatory response, and cardiac, hepatic, renal and coagulation impairment, which is consistent with previous studies.7 8
The strengths of the study are discussed as follows. First, our study found that diabetes was associated with high mortality and short survival duration in patients with severe covid-19. Second, clinical data of patients with severe covid-19 were collected from Tongji Hospital, which is a designated hospital responsible for the treatment of patients with severe covid-19 in Wuhan. Third, all authors are first line doctors, who could directly observe participants. There are several limitations of our study. First, the sample size was relatively small. Second, a retrospective method was used in our study. Third, high mortality was observed in our study. It may be explained by the fact that Tongji Hospital is the designated hospital for severe cases. In fact, with the accumulation of treatment experience, the mortality in patients with severe covid-19 dramatically decreases. So the real mortality in patients with severe covid-19 still needs further study on large sample.
In summary, our findings demonstrated that patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes were more likely to receive mechanical ventilation and admission to ICU, and had higher mortality. Patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes exhibit severe inflammation response. Furthermore, our results suggest that diabetes can be considered a risk factor for death in patients with severe covid-19. Finally, intensive treatment for diabetes should be considered in the management of covid-19.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the participants for their willingness to participate in this study The authors also thank the staff who carried out the extensive clinical and nursing work in Tongji Hospital.
Footnotes
Contributors: Author Contributions: KD, YoY, XY and YaY conceived the research and participated in the study design. YoY, FW, HR, SZ and XS assisted in collecting the data. YoY, FW and KD analyzed the data. KD and YoY drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81600661).
Competing interests: None declared.
Patient consent for publication: Not required.
Ethics approval: This study design and protocol were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (ID: TJ-IRB20200315).
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement: Data are available upon reasonable request.
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