Abstract
目的
对比研究经细胞外间隙(extracellular space,ECS)途径的脑对流增强给药(convection enhanced delivery, CED)在进行脑病微创治疗时,不同给药速率下成年大鼠与老年大鼠脑ECS结构参数及局部药物分布的改变.
方法
36只SD雄性大鼠按照月龄分为成年大鼠组(2~8月龄,18只)和老年大鼠组(18~24月龄,18只),每组再按照不同的给药速率(0.1 μL/min,0.2 μL/min,0.3 μL/min)随机分为3个亚组,每亚组6只.采用立体定位注射法分别在各组鼠脑尾状核区导入浓度为10 mmol/L的磁示踪剂钆-二乙三胺五乙酸(gadolinium-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid,Gd-DTPA)后,应用磁示踪法动态采集Gd-DTPA在脑间质系统(brain interstitial system, ISS)中的扩散和分布图像.利用自主研发的MRI影像测量分析系统软件对所获得的图像进行处理和分析,可获得各组大鼠脑尾状核区ECS内的有效扩散系数(DECS),清除率,容积占比和半衰期(T1/2)等参数.比较分析在不同给药速率下,老年大鼠与成年大鼠脑ECS内药物清除以及ECS结构功能的影响和差异.应用磁示踪DECS-mapping技术观察示踪剂在尾状核区的分布引流情况.
结果
0.1 μL/min注药速率下,与成年大鼠相比,老年大鼠的容积占比增加(18.20%±0.04% vs. 17.20%±0.03%,t=3.752,P=0.004),迂曲度下降(1.63±0.04 vs. 1.78±0.09, t=-3.680,P=0.004),药物清除速率下降[(1.94±0.68) mm 2/s vs. (3.25±0.43) mm 2/s,t=-3.971,P=0.003],ECS内分子扩散速率增快[(3.99±0.21)×10 -4mm 2/s vs. (3.36±0.37)×10 -4mm 2/s,t=3.663,P=0.004].注药速率增加到0.2 μL/min时,老年大鼠ECS内药物清除减慢[(2.53±0.45) mmol/L vs. (3.37±0.72) mmol/L,t=-1.828,P=0.021],但容积占比,ECS内分子扩散和宏观药物代谢参数无明显差异.注药速率增加到0.3 μL/min时,老年大鼠容积占比减小(17.20%±0.03% vs. 18.20%±0.05%,t=-0.869,P=0.045), ECS内药物清除明显加快[(4.04±0.76) mmol/L vs. (3.26±0.55) mmol/L,t=1.786,P=0.014],迂曲度和ECS内分子扩散速率无明显差异.
结论
老年脑CED给药在不同速率时ECS内药物清除及ECS结构参数发生改变,0.2 μL/min速率下CED给药对老年脑ECS影响最小.应用CED进行脑病治疗时应综合考虑年龄和注药速率等因素的影响,经ECS途径给药进行脑病微创治疗时应制定个体化临床治疗方案.
Keywords: 放射性示踪剂, 脑, 细胞外间隙, 对流增强给药, 磁共振成像
Abstract
Objective
To compare the changes of extracellular space (ECS) structure and local drug distribution in adult brain and aged brain at different drug delivery rates in minimally invasive treatment of encephalopathy by convection enhanced delivery (CED) via ECS pathway.
Methods
Thirty-six SD male rats were divided into adult rats group (2-8 months, n=18) and aged rats group (18-24 months, n=18) according to the age of the month. According to the drug rates (0.1 μL/min, 0.2 μL/min, and 0.3 μL/min), they were randomly divided into 3 subgroups, 6 in each subgroup. Gadolinium-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) with a concentration of 10 mmol/L were introduced into the caudate nucleus of each group of rats by stereotactic injection. Tracer-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to dynamically monitor the diffusion and distribution images of the Gd-DTPA in the brain interstitial system (ISS). Using the self-developed MRI image measurement and analysis system software to process and analyze the obtained images, the diffusion coefficient, clearance rate, volume fraction, and half-life of each group of rats in the caudate nucleus ECS could be acquired. The effects and differences of drug clearance and ECS structural function in the brain of aged rats and adult rats were compared and analyzed at different drug delivery rates. Magnetic tracer DECS-mapping technique was used to observe the distribution and drainage of tracer in caudate nucleus.
Results
At the injection rate of 0.1 μL/min, the volume fraction in the aged rats was increased compared with that in the adult rats (18.20%±0.04% vs. 17.20%±0.03%, t=3.752, P=0.004), and the degree of tortuosity was decreased (1.63±0.04 vs. 1.78±0.09, t=-3.680, P=0.004), the drug clearance rate was decreased [(1.94±0.68) mm 2/s vs. (3.25±0.43) mm 2/s, t=-3.971, P=0.003], and the molecular diffusion in ECS was increased [(3.99±0.21)×10 -4 mm 2/s vs. (3.36±0.37)×10 -4 mm 2/s, t=3.663, P=0.004]. When the rate of injection increased to 0.2 μL/min, the drug clearance in ECS of the aged rats was slowed down [(2.53±0.45) mmol/L vs. (3.37±0.72) mmol/L, t=-1.828, P=0.021]. However, there were no significant differences in volume fraction,molecular diffusion in ECS and macroscopic drug metabolism parameters. When the rate of injection increased to 0.3 μL/min, the volume fraction in the aged rats was decreased (17.20%±0.03% vs. 18.20%±0.05%, t=-0.869, P=0.045), and the drug clearance rate in ECS was significantly accelerated [(4.04±0.76) mmol/L vs. (3.26±0.55) mmol/L, t=1.786, P=0.014], and there was no significant difference in tortuosity and the rate of molecular diffusion in the ECS.
Conclusion
The drug clearance and ECS structural parameters of brain ECS in aged brain with CED administration were changed at different rates, and it has the least effect on ECS in the aged brain at the injection rate of 0.2 μL/min. For the application of CED for the treatment of encephalopathy, we should consider the influence of factors such as age and injection rate, and provide reference for the development of individualized clinical treatment plan for minimally invasive treatment of encephalopathy via ECS pathway.
Keywords: Radioactive tracers, Brain, Extracellular space, Convection enhanced delivery, Magnetic resonance imaging
脑局部给药是避开血脑屏障的微创脑病治疗的新兴技术,其中,经脑细胞外间隙(extracellular space,ECS)途径的对流增强给药技术(convection enhanced delivery,CED)于2009年获美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)批准,并已进入临床前研究阶段[1,2].ECS是位于脑细胞与细胞之间或细胞与血管之间纳米尺度的不规则腔隙性结构,是脑细胞和血管系统直接生存和工作的微环境,同时也是药物发挥作用的直接空间[3,4].目前,许多学者已经开始应用经ECS途径给药方法对相关脑病的治疗进行探索和研究[5,6,7].在灵长类动物的临床前研究中证实了该方法安全性的基础上,又进一步在临床中开展了大量的对恶性脑胶质瘤治疗的相关研究[8,9].对脑ECS内药物清除,ECS本身特征及其变化规律的了解是该类脑病微创治疗方法行之有效的关键.本课题组在前期的研究中提出的磁示踪法可实现在活体,全脑范围内对ECS这一纳米尺度超微结构空间的探测和定量分析工作[10,11].目前,年龄因素和不同给药速率对经ECS途径CED给药的影响尚未见报道.本研究采用磁示踪法对比研究成年脑与老年脑经ECS途径不同速率给药后药物清除及ECS结构功能参数的改变,为脑局部给药微创治疗脑病的个体化治疗方案的制定提供参考依据.
1. 材料与方法
1.1. 实验动物
本研究获得北京大学生物医学伦理委员会批准(LA 2012-016),本研究入组雄性SD大鼠共36只,其中2~4月龄雄性SD成年大鼠18只,体质量300~350 g,24~28月龄雄性SD老年大鼠18只,体质量450~550 g.所有SD大鼠由北京大学医学部实验动物科学部提供,符合北京大学医学部实验动物护理与使用指南.大鼠在封闭的饲养室采用光照定时装置,提供适当的昼夜光变化周期(12 h光/暗),控制温度为(22±1)℃,湿度为60%±5%.
1.2. 实验仪器
本实验所采用的实验仪器为3.0 T磁共振成像仪(Magnetic Trio,西门子公司,德国),由北京大学第三医院提供,鼠脑立体定位仪和鼠脑模具购自深圳瑞沃德公司.
1.3. 实验分组
36只SD雄性大鼠按照月龄分为成年大鼠组(2~8月龄,18只)和老年大鼠组(18~24月龄,18只),每组再按照不同的给药速率随机分为0.1 μL/min,0.2 μL/min,0.3 μL/min 三个亚组,每亚组6只.具体如下:组一:成年大鼠,给药速率为0.1 μL/min;组二:成年大鼠,给药速率为0.2 μL/min;组三:成年大鼠,给药速率为0.3 μL/min;组四:老年大鼠,给药速率为0.1 μL/min;组五:老年大鼠,给药速率为0.2 μL/min;组六:老年大鼠,给药速率为0.3 μL/min.
1.4. 实验方法
将36只实验大鼠腹腔麻醉(复合麻醉剂包括戊巴比妥钠,无水乙醇,水合氯醛,硫酸镁和丙二醇,麻醉剂用量为3 mL/kg,之后每隔1 h视大鼠状态适量追加麻醉剂0.1~0.3 mL)后放入MRI中进行预扫描.预扫描结束后,对大鼠头部进行手术备皮,碘伏消毒,沿正中矢状缝自枕部至双眼间切开皮肤,剥离肌肉和骨膜,双氧水擦拭便于明确暴露前囟.以前囟为坐标原点,按照《大鼠脑立体定位图谱》对大鼠尾状核区进行定位(前囟前1 mm,旁右3 mm,深6 mm),确定目标脑区的注射点后颅骨钻孔.将微量进样器排气后,以恒定速率注射磁示踪剂钆-二乙三胺五乙酸(gadolinium-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid,Gd-DTPA)溶液2 μL,注射完毕后,留针5 min后缓慢拔针防止反流.利用3.0 T超导磁共振扫描仪(Magnetom Trio, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany)配合使用8通道腕关节线圈进行扫描,采用T1磁化准备的快速采集梯度回波序列(magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo, MP-RAGE).扫描参数设置:反转时间(inversion time, TI)900 ms,重复时间(repetition time,TR)1 500 ms,回波时间(echo time,TE) 3.7 ms,翻转角(flip angle, FA) 12°,视野(field of view, FOV) 267 mm,矩阵(matrix) 512×512,体素(voxel) 0.5 mm×0.5 mm×0.5 mm, 带宽(brand width) 300 Hz/Px,激发次数2,扫描时间(time of acquiration,TA) 290 s.所有动物皆在注射Gd-DTPA后不同时间点(0.25,0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,6 h)应用MRI进行检查,直到示踪剂所致的高信号消失(图1~4).
1.
示踪剂在成年大鼠尾状核区域的扩散分布
Diffusion distribution of tracer in the caudate nucleus of adult rats
2.
示踪剂在老年大鼠尾状核区域的扩散分布
Diffusion distribution of tracer in the caudate nucleus of aged rats
3.
磁示踪剂注入成年大鼠(A)和老年大鼠(B)后脑DECS-mapping图像显示分布引流情况不同
The distribution and drainage of magnetic tracer were different in adult rats (A) and aged rats (B) brain DECS-mapping images
4.
磁示踪测量DECS-mapping图像的等高线图显示成年大鼠(A)和老年大鼠(B)扩散系数的形态及幅值改变
Contour map of DECS-mapping of magnetic tracer measurement shows the changes of morphology and amplitude of diffusion coefficient of adult rats (A) and aged rats (B)
1.5. 数据处理与分析
利用自主研发的脑组织通道MRI影像测量分析系统软件[11]对图像进行后处理及分析,将获得的图像进行配准等一系列后处理,利用对流扩散方程求解获得平均扩散系数,清除速率,容积占比,迂曲度等ECS结构和功能参数.
1.6. 统计学分析
利用SPSS 20.0软件完成统计学分析,扩散系数,清除速率,容积占比,迂曲度等参数采用均值±标准差表示,两组参数比较采用独立样本t检验进行分析,三组参数之间的两两比较采用LSD多重比较方法进行分析,取α=0.05,即P<0.05为差异有统计学意义.
2. 结果
2.1. 年龄因素对经ECS途径CED给药的影响
0.1 μL/min注药速率下,与成年大鼠相比,老年大鼠的容积占比增大(P=0.004),迂曲度下降(P=0.004),药物清除速率下降(P=0.003),ECS内分子扩散速率增快(P=0.004).注射速率增加到0.2 μL/min时,老年大鼠ECS内药物清除减慢(P=0.021),但容积占比,ECS内分子扩散和宏观药物代谢参数无明显差异.注药速率增加到 0.3 μL/min时,老年大鼠容积占比减小(P=0.045),ECS内药物清除明显增加(P=0.014),迂曲度和ECS内分子扩散速率无明显差异,具体见表1.
2.2. 不同给药速率对经ECS途径CED给药的影响
成年大鼠组注药速率为0.3 μL/min时,其容积占比相比给药速率为0.1 μL/min和0.2 μL/min时明显增加(P<0.05),而迂曲度差异无统计学意义,同时,其ECS内药物清除速率随着注药速率的增加而增加,而ECS内分子扩散速率未见明显差异(表1).
1.
成年大鼠与老年大鼠在不同给药速率下ECS结构与功能参数比较
Comparison of structural and functional parameters of ECS between adult rats and aged rats at different drug delivery rates
| Items | 0.1 μL/min | 0.2 μL/min | 0.3 μL/min |
| Volume fraction, x±s | |||
| Adult rats | 17.20%±0.03% | 17.60%±0.04% | 18.20%±0.05% |
| Aged rats | 18.20%±0.04% | 17.70%±0.03% | 17.20%±0.03% |
| P | 0.004 | 0.261 | 0.045 |
| Degree of tortuosity, x±s | |||
| Adult rats | 1.78±0.09 | 1.77±0.07 | 1.76±0.10 |
| Aged rats | 1.63±0.04 | 1.69±0.06 | 1.79±0.11 |
| P | 0.004 | 0.135 | 0.896 |
| Diffusion coefficient/(×10-4 mm2/s), x±s | |||
| Adult rats | 3.36±0.37 | 3.42±0.37 | 3.40±0.43 |
| Aged rats | 3.99±0.21 | 3.70±0.26 | 3.31±0.55 |
| P | 0.004 | 0.155 | 0.723 |
| Clearance rate/(×10-4 mm2/s), x±s | |||
| Adult rats | 3.25±0.43 | 3.37±0.72 | 3.26±0.55 |
| Aged rats | 1.94±0.68 | 2.53±0.45 | 4.04±0.76 |
| P | 0.003 | 0.021 | 0.014 |
| Half-life/min, x±s | |||
| Adult rats | 81.12±5.12 | 81.89±3.81 | 86.51±3.35 |
| Aged rats | 141.83±7.25 | 105.95±8.67 | 88.61±3.71 |
| P | 0.002 | 0.154 | 0.328 |
老年大鼠组中,容积占比随着注药速率的增加而减小,表现为注药速率为0.3 μL/min时其容积占比相比注药速率为0.1 μL/min和0.2 μL/min时明显减小(P<0.05),而迂曲度随着注药速率的增加而增加,表现为注药速率为0.3 μL/min时其迂曲度相比注药速率为0.1 μL/min和0.2 μL/min时明显增加(P<0.05), 同时,ECS内药物清除速率随着注药速率的增加而增加,其在三种给药速率下清除速率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).此时ECS内分子扩散速率随着注药速率的增加而减低,表现为注药速率为0.3 μL/min时,其ECS内分子扩散速率相比注药速率为0.1 μL/min和0.2 μL/min时明显减低(P<0.05,表1).
3. 讨论
传统经口服或静脉给药对中枢神经系统疾病进行治疗时,由于血脑屏障作用使药物难以入脑充分发挥作用,因而疗效不佳[12,13],经脑ECS途径的局部给药成为治疗脑疾病的极具前景的方法.2009年美国FDA批准将经脑ECS途径给药方法应用于脑恶性胶质瘤的治疗[14],同时,前期研究已证实该方法能够有效对脑缺血进行预防性治疗[15,16].CED是20世纪90年代美国国立卫生研究所的Edward Oldfield团队提出的一种经脑ECS途径给药方法[17],其原理是通过施加压力将大分子药物直接均匀输送至脑内目标区域来实现药物在脑内局部区域的高浓度分布以对脑内病变靶向治疗.上述方法一经提出便在脑病的治疗研究中得到了广泛的关注,包括恶性神经胶质瘤,帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)和阿尔兹海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)等中枢神经系统疾病的治疗及相关研究[18,19,20].Souweidane等[21]使用CED方法对弥漫性内生性脑桥胶质瘤患者进行剂量递增临床试验,结果表明CED是一种合理安全的治疗策略,并可实现药物的局部高浓度分布.然而,利用经脑ECS途径的给药方式实现对脑病的有效治疗,需要以对脑ECS结构和功能特征以及其内组织间液(interstitial fluid, ISF)引流规律的充分认识为前提,才能使药物在ECS内充分发挥作用,实现对疾病精确,有效的治疗.目前,年龄因素和不同给药速率对于药物在脑ECS内扩散及清除的影响尚未见报道,因此,目前也很难对不同年龄的个体建立相对精准和个体化的经脑ECS途径给药的治疗方案.
既往研究发现,深部脑组织中,包绕于轴突表面的髓鞘参与了ECS空间壁结构的构成.在脑组织衰老过程中,老年脑内结构及功能发生退行性改变[22].我们前期的研究发现,髓鞘不仅在轴突间电信号传导过程中起到了加速和绝缘的作用,而且还起到ISF引流的匝道和引导作用,致密的成熟髓鞘纤维束将脑内分隔为不同的ECS分区[23].老年状态下,由于各种原因引起的髓鞘脱失将直接影响脑ECS结构及ISF引流规律的改变.本研究应用磁示踪法分析利用CED方法在不同给药速率下,药物在成年大鼠和老年大鼠脑ECS内扩散及清除的差别,可获得反映ECS变化的参数包括扩散常数,迂曲度,容积占比和清除系数等[24].扩散常数描述的是ECS内分子的扩散速率,为张量;迂曲度是示踪分子在脑组织里的迂曲程度;容积占比是描述ECS容积占整个脑组织容积的百分比;清除系数是指ECS内药物清除和代谢速率.本研究发现,成年大鼠与老年大鼠在不同给药速率下药物扩散及清除的变化趋势存在差异.随着注药速率的增加,成年大鼠和老年大鼠脑ECS内药物清除速率均呈现加快的趋势,并且与成年大鼠相比,老年大鼠脑ECS内药物清除速率加快得更为明显.在0.1 μL/min和0.2 μL/min的注药速率下,老年大鼠尾状核区ECS内药物清除速率明显低于成年大鼠,而在0.3 μL/min的注药速率下,老年大鼠尾状核ECS内药物清除速率比成年大鼠更快.与此同时,随着注药速率的加快,成年大鼠与老年大鼠尾状核内容积占比变化趋势存在明显差异,表现为成年大鼠注药区容积占比呈现逐渐增加的趋势,当注药速率为0.3 μL/min时,其容积占比相较注药速率为0.1 μL/min和0.2 μL/min时明显增加.老年大鼠中,容积占比的变化呈现明显相反的趋势,表现为随着注药速率的加快,注药区容积占比逐渐减小,且当注药速率为0.3 μL/min时,其容积占比相较注药速率为0.1 μL/min和0.2 μL/min时明显减小.考虑其原因为成年大鼠尾状核内的ISF均沿着有髓纤维束向邻近皮层进行单向引流,由于内囊区域致密的有髓纤维束形成的屏障结构的阻挡,尽管尾状核与丘脑彼此邻近,但两个区域的ISF并不会发生沟通[23],而老年大鼠由于髓鞘脱失而导致屏障结构的阻挡功能消失.当注药压力增加而漏口没有完全开放的情况下,压力增加会导致局部间隙增宽,但当压力增加到一定程度并引起漏口增大明显时,压力增加会导致大量ISF通过漏口,导致压力下降,ECS的容积占比得以部分恢复和下降.在注药速率较低的情况下,老年大鼠尾状核ECS内的药物能够较好地在注药目标区域停留,而在注药速率较高时,部分药物在压力的作用下出现分流现象,导致目标区域药物的流失,从而无法达到预期的给药剂量,甚至可能会引起非目标脑区脑组织的毒副作用.
本研究证实了经ECS途径局部给药后药物在老年大鼠与成年大鼠脑深部ECS内的扩散与清除规律存在着明显的差异,同时,注药速率的变化也会对经脑ECS途径局部给药时的药物清除产生影响.本研究结果表明,年轻状态下脑ECS是一个相对稳定的系统,而老年状态下不同给药速率会对ECS的结构功能产生影响,因此,采用经ECS途径CED给药对脑病进行局部微创治疗时,需同时考虑年龄及给药速率等因素的影响,从而提供精准,高效的经脑ECS途径局部微创给药治疗方案.此外,本研究尚有一些不足之处,仅重点探讨了成年大鼠与老年大鼠在不同给药速率下ECS内药物清除及扩散的差异,而对于不同给药速率下老年个体ECS及其内ISF引流的改变及其机制还有待进一步的研究.
Funding Statement
北京市科技计划(Z181100001518004); 国家重大科研仪器研制项目(61827808); 首都科技领军人才培养工程(Z181100006318003)
Supported by the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission (Z181100001518004); the National Major Scientific Research Instrument Development Project (61827808); the Program for Training Capital Science and Technology Leading Talents (Z181100006318003)
Contributor Information
韩 鸿宾 (Hong-bin HAN), Email: hanhongbin@bjmu.edu.cn.
刘 爱连 (Ai-lian LIU), Email: cjr.liuailian@163.com.
宋 清伟 (Qing-wei SONG), Email: songqw1964@163.com.
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