Zn-mediated decarboxylative carbagermatranation of aliphatic N-hydroxyphthalimide esters: evidence for an alkylzinc intermediate

Alkyl carbagermatranes (Ge) synthesized from corresponding NHP esters was achieved. Mechanistic studies indicate that alkyl zinc intermediate was involved.

Abstract

Alkyl nucleophiles synthesized by decarboxylation of the corresponding N-hydroxyphthalimide esters (NHP esters) would inherit the complex structure of natural carboxylic acids and result in useful cross-coupling fragments. Herein, we report the synthesis of alkyl carbagermatranes via Zn-mediated decarboxylation of NHP esters without Ni catalysis or photocatalysis. Mechanistic studies indicate that an alkyl zinc intermediate was involved; however, the generation of alkyl zinc will be inhibited in the presence of Ni. Hence, this study provides valuable resolution to the perplexing problem about whether organozinc was involved in recently emerging catalytic systems of NHP ester–Zn. Meanwhile, alkyl zinc reagents from NHP esters are compatible with aryl/alkyl bromides and iodides; therefore the scope of carbagermatranation in this work precedes that of in situ-generated organozinc from alkyl halides.

Introduction

In the realm of cross-coupling reactions, while the innovation of catalytic systems has been occurring constantly, another major concern should be the synthesis of nucleophiles. In recent years, numerous methods have been extensively developed for the synthesis of alkyl nucleophiles.1 In particular, synthesis of alkyl nucleophiles by means of decarboxylation would help incorporate complex structures that are derived from naturally abundant carboxylic acid resources. Baran's group has already reported the synthesis of diversified alkyl boronates via decarboxylation of aliphatic NHP esters under nickel or copper catalysis (Scheme 1a).2 In addition, Aggarwal’s group and Li's group also managed to synthesize alkyl boronates through decarboxylation induced by light (Scheme 1a).3 By this strategy, diversified alkyl silanes were also readily synthesized by Oestreich's group (Scheme 1b).4–6 It's noted that decarboxylative functionalization has received increasing attention these years;7 decarboxylation for the synthesis of other kinds of nucleophiles remains to be further explored.

Scheme 1. Synthesis of alkyl nucleophiles by decarboxylation of the corresponding NHP esters.

Meanwhile, carbatranes of group 14 elements (Scheme 1c) were proved to be efficient alkyl cross-coupling reagents back in 1992 and further demonstrated in recent years6c,8,9 (i.e.M = Sn) by Vedejs' and Biscoe's groups, respectively. Our group has subsequently reported the synthesis of alkyl carbagermatranes (i.e.M = Ge)10 from in situ-generated alkyl Grignard reagents and alkyl zinc reagents. While carbatranes exhibit not only superior cross-coupling reactivity but also promising orthogonality with organoboron reagents, methods of the synthesis of alkyl carbatranes are fewer than those of alkylboron.11 Hence, expanding the library of alkyl carbatranes with a complex structure is attractive to synthetic chemistry.

Herein, we reported a Zn-mediated decarboxylative carbagermatranation reaction using aliphatic NHP esters as alkylation reagents (Scheme 1d). In this manner, we were able to acquire a wide range of alkyl carbagermatrane reagents and also avoid the pre-preparation of alkyl halides. Furthermore, aryl/alkyl halides were all well tolerated in this protocol. Above all, it's proved that alkyl zinc was generated in the system, but only in the absence of nickel.

Results and discussion

We envisaged that reductive cross-coupling of 1-bromo-carbagermatranes (GeBr, 1) and aliphatic NHP esters would be a feasible idea. However, when we conducted a blank control experiment, in which only two starting reagents and Zn powder were added, surprising results were obtained. Simply stirring GeBr and n-butanoic acid NHP ester (2a) with Zn powder in DMF at room temperature already gave n-propyl carbagermatrane (3a) in nearly quantitative yield (entry 1, Table 1). By replacing Zn powder with other commonly used reductants in the reductive cross-coupling reaction, such as Mg, Mn and TDAE (tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene),12 no desired product was detected (entry 2–4). Changing solvent to THF and DMAc afforded 57% and 56% yield, respectively (entry 5 and 6). Lowering the load of 2a resulted in lower yield (entry 7 and 8). Then we applied the optimized condition for 2a to 2-methylbutyric acid NHP ester (2b), and only a trace amount of s-butyl carbagermatrane (3b) was detected (entry 9). Increasing the reaction temperature to 60 °C would improve the yield to 32% (entry 10). Swapping solvent to DMAc only gave 8% yield (entry 11). Nevertheless, using THF as solvent gave considerably improved 68% yield (entry 12). In addition, extending the reaction time to 18 hours made little difference in yield (entry 13). Ultimately, using 3.0 equivalent of Zn powder gave a satisfactory yield of 80% (entry 14).

Table 1. Condition optimization ^a .

^aAll reactions were performed on a 0.10 mmol scale.

^bDetermined by NMR analysis with mesitylene as an internal standard.

With the optimal condition in hand, the scope of decarboxylative carbagermatranation was examined (Table 2). Conventional aliphatic NHP esters were successfully converted to alkyl carbagermatranes with good to excellent yield (3c–h). Esters (3i–j), protected amine (3k) and boronate (3l) were also well tolerated in the system. Notably, unprotected terminal alkynes did not interfere the reaction, and alkyne-containing alkyl carbagermatrane (3m) was obtained in 65% yield. Chloride containing substrates were obtained in good yield (3n–o). We next examined the scope of secondary and tertiary substrates.13 Isopropyl (3q) and hept-3-yl (3r) carbagermatranes were readily synthesized in good to excellent yield. Secondary benzyl carbagermatranes (3s and 3u) were also obtained in good yield. In addition, cyclic strained products (3t and 3y) were successfully accessed.

Table 2. Scope of decarboxylative carbagermatranation ^a .

^aAll reactions were performed on a 0.1 mmol scale, and yields were determined by isolation unless otherwise noted. Method A: 1 (0.1 mmol), 2 (0.2 mmol), Zn powder (0.2 mmol), DMF (0.5 mL), RT, 12 hours. Method B: 1 (0.1 mmol), 2 (0.2 mmol), Zn powder (0.3 mmol), THF (0.5 mL), 60 °C, 18 hours.

^bConducted at 90 °C instead.

To further demonstrate the utility of this strategy, we applied it to drug and nature product-derived substrates and various complex structures were successfully incorporated. Dehydrocholic acid NHP ester was converted to the corresponding carbagermatrane (3aa) in 72% yield. Lithocholic acid and linolenic acid-derived carbagermatranes (3ab and 3ae) were also successfully accessed with the unprotected secondary alcohol still remaining. However, for the case of 3ab, it was isolated in an inseparable mixture of the corresponding carbagermatrane and protonation byproduct with a NMR ratio of 2.1/1. All primary and secondary benzyl carbagermatranes derived from indomethacin (3ah), racemic ibuprofen (3af), ketoprofen (3ai) and N-unprotected carprofen (3ag), were obtained in good to excellent yield. Notably, racemization occurred when enantiomerically pure naproxen was applied (3ai). At last, glutamic acid-derived carbagermatrane (3al) was also obtained (Table 3).

Table 3. Decarboxylative carbagermatranation of natural products and drugs ^a .

^aAll reactions were performed on a 0.1 mmol scale, and yields were determined by isolation unless otherwise noted. Method A: 1 (0.1 mmol), 2 (0.2 mmol), Zn powder (0.2 mmol), DMF (0.5 mL), RT, 12 hours. Method B: 1 (0.1 mmol), 2 (0.2 mmol), Zn powder (0.3 mmol), THF (0.5 mL), 60 °C, 18 hours.

^b1.0 mL DMF was used as solvent instead.

^{c 1}H-NMR yield using mesitylene as an internal standard.

^d0.5 mL THF was used as solvent instead.

^eConducted at 60 °C instead.

We next investigate the mechanism of this strategy. Radical opening along with the radical cyclization experiment was conducted (Scheme 2). Under the conditions of Method A, 2am was converted to fully opening product 3f in nearly quantitative yield, and 2an was converted to non-cyclization product 3an and cyclization product 3an′ with a ratio of 45 : 35. These experiments suggest that radicals were involved in the reaction.

Scheme 2. Radical probe experiments.

However, we still don't know whether radicals were directly involved in the Ge–C bond formation step. Hence, more evidence should be collected to gain clear insight into the mechanism. When TEMPO was added to the reaction (Scheme 3, upper), the TEMPO-captured product was detected in 14% GC yield, and no carbagermatranation product was detected. Following this, 2a was stirred with equimolar Zn powder in DMF at room temperature and Zn powder was almost dissolved in 12 hours to give a clear yellow solution, after which GeBr was added and further stirred for 12 hours to give product 3a in 61% isolated yield (Scheme 3a, middle). It's unlikely that radicals would survive for a very long time since they tend to quench with each other or solvent after they were generated. Therefore, a more reliable experiment was conducted. The clear solution was stirred for a very long time (i.e. 4 days) before being quenched by TEMPO, and then GeBr was added (Scheme 3, under). Surprisingly, 3a was obtained in a comparable yield of 55% (vs. 61%, Scheme 3, middle) and no TEMPO-captured product was detected. The results clearly rule out that radicals were involved in the Ge–C bond formation step.14

Scheme 3. Ruling out radical involvement in the Ge–C bond formation step.

The above results indicated that interaction of NHP esters and Zn might lead to the generation of alkyl zinc. It has been a controversial issue in the regard of a recently popular NHP–Zn–Ni system, namely whether alkyl zinc works as an intermediate.15 To understand the behavior of radicals under a catalytic or non-catalytic system, we also conducted a comparative experiment with or without a nickel catalyst. When a nickel catalyst was added, a significant amount of alkyl homo-coupling product and a trace amount of alkyl carbagermatrane were detected (Scheme 4). In the presence of Ni, radicals are rather reduced by Ni than Zn. In contrast, radicals are reduced by low valent Zn⁺ to carbanion in the absence of Ni.15e,16 The distinct selectivity shown in Scheme 4 indicates that the organozinc intermediate may not be involved in the NHP–Zn–Ni system.

Scheme 4. Interference experiment with the Ni catalyst.

To observe directly, ¹H-NMR spectra of the alkyl zinc reagent of our strategy and classic alkyl zinc regent were compared. ¹H-NMR spectra of both gave a set of clear signals of the ethyl group (Scheme 5). The chemical shift of Zn-attaching CH₂ was approaching 0 ppm, which is in accordance with previous reports.17 These highly matched spectra further support our proposal that the alkyl zinc reagent was generated in situ via Zn-mediated decarboxylation of aliphatic NHP esters.

Scheme 5. Comparison of ¹H-NMR spectra of the alkyl zinc reagent of our strategy and classic alkyl zinc reagent.

To be distinguished from the synthesis of organozinc using halides, Br/I-containing substrates were also tested (Scheme 6). Primary and secondary bromide-containing carbagermatranes (3ap–aq) were obtained in excellent yield. An iodide-containing substrate was obtained in reasonable low yield (3ar). Meanwhile, aromatic bromide and iodide were all well compatible (3as–au). These Br/I-containing carbagermatranes bear both nucleophilic sites and electrophilic sites, which allow for further diversified derivatizations. Indeed, selective Suzuki cross-coupling took place using 3av (Scheme 6, under) as a partner. Cross-coupling product 3aw was acquired in excellent 90% isolated yield, which means that the Ge–C bond was perfectly preserved under Suzuki-reaction conditions and reveals the orthogonality with other reactions of alkyl carbagermatranes. Furthermore, intramolecular cyclization of 3av was also conducted. By using iPr-Xuphos as the ligand,10 cyclization product 4a was obtained in 70% yield. By simply swapping the ligand with less hindered Me-Xuphos, a satisfactory yield of 82% was obtained. Notably, unsubstituted benzo[b]oxocanes or those lacking gem-dimethyl groups have not been accessed through C–C bond cross-coupling before.

Scheme 6. Br/I-containing substrates and orthogonal experiment with Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. All reactions were performed on a 0.1 mmol scale, and yields were determined by isolation unless otherwise noted. ^a 0.5 mL THF was used as solvent instead. ^{b 1}H-NMR yield using mesitylene as an internal standard. Slightly lower isolated yield (shown in parentheses) is due to its low boiling point.

Conclusions

Various alkyl carbagermatranes were synthesized via Zn-mediated decarboxylation of aliphatic NHP esters, which enrich the categories and methodologies of the synthesis of alkyl nucleophiles from natural carboxylic acid. It's proved that alkyl zinc reagents were generated when no other radical acceptor (e.g. Ni) exists in a simple system of aliphatic NHP esters and Zn powder. Meanwhile, generation of alkyl zinc reagents using NHP esters can be distinguished from alkyl halides, which was responsible for the tolerance of aryl and alkyl halides. Our study provides more insight into the decarboxylative chemistry of aliphatic NHP esters, and the new generation of organozinc may have further applications in other fields.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.