Abstract
Background
Early pulmonary rehabilitation after exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has previously been shown to reduce the risk of hospital admission and improve physical performance and quality of life. However, the impact of attendance at early rehabilitation programmes has not been established.
Objectives
To evaluate the impact of increasing attendance to pulmonary rehabilitation on the risk of hospital admission, physical performance and quality of life in patients attending an early rehabilitation programme after an exacerbation of COPD.
Methods
This study was a secondary exploratory analysis of the randomised controlled trial COPD-EXA-REHAB study, involving patients hospitalised with an exacerbation of COPD. The COPD-EXA-REHAB study compared early pulmonary rehabilitation, starting within 2 weeks after an exacerbation, with standard treatment, that is, the same programme starting 2 months later. The present analysis included only the 70 patients allocated to early pulmonary rehabilitation.
Results
At 1-year follow-up, we found an association between the number of sessions attended and a reduction in hospital admissions (incidence rate ratio 0.93 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.99), p=0.02), corresponding to a 7% reduction for each session attended. Similarly, at 2-month follow-up, physical performance was positively associated with sessions attended: the mean Incremental Shuttle Walk Test result improved by 8 m with each session (95% CI 2.54 to 13.56, p=0.005) and the Endurance Shuttle Walk Test result by 44 s (95% CI 18.41 to 68.95, p=0.001). Quality of life, assessed using the COPD Assessment Test, was not significantly associated with the number of attended sessions, with the average score increasing by 0.15 points with each session (95% CI −0.35 to 0.65, p=0.55).
Conclusion
Increased attendance at early pulmonary rehabilitation after exacerbation of COPD was associated with reduced risk of hospital admission and improved physical performance.
Keywords: pulmonary rehabilitation, COPD exacerbations, exercise
Key messages.
What is the key question?
How does attendance impact the effect of early pulmonary rehabilitation after exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
What is the bottom line?
Increasing attendance is associated with improved benefit of early pulmonary rehabilitation.
Why read on?
This post hoc analysis provides evidence that increased attendance at early pulmonary rehabilitation after exacerbation of COPD is associated with reduced risk of hospital admission and improved physical performance.
Background
Pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a comprehensive intervention comprising supervised exercise and education, which increases physical performance, reduces symptoms and improves quality of life.1 2 In addition, increasing evidence suggests that early pulmonary rehabilitation following acute exacerbation of COPD has a beneficial effect on hospital admission and mortality.3 4 As a result of the evidence for these positive effects, early pulmonary rehabilitation is highly recommended in most guidelines for the management of patients with COPD.5 6
However, adherence to the rehabilitation programme in stable COPD is low.7 8 Up to 50% of the patients referred to rehabilitation never attend a single session.9 Factors that influence non-participation in pulmonary rehabilitation may be environmental, such as long travel distance and transport issues, social factors such as lack of support from family and friends, or lack of perceived benefit from rehabilitation.10 11 Other factors associated with poorer adherence to rehabilitation include current smoking, low quality of life, anxiety and depression.12 Although the potential benefits of early pulmonary rehabilitation following an exacerbation are greater than in stable COPD, similar problems exist regarding adherence. A UK audit on early pulmonary rehabilitation reported that only 48% of the referred patients completed the rehabilitation programme, and similar results have been found in other trials.13 14 It is assumed that poor attendance may have a negative influence on the effect of early pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD, but this needs to be confirmed.
In our previous randomised controlled trial (RCT) study, COPD-EXA-REHAB, we compared the efficacy of early REHABilitation starting within 2 weeks following an EXAcerbation versus late pulmonary rehabilitation that started 2 months after an exacerbation of COPD. Although adherence in the early rehabilitation group was significantly higher than in the late rehabilitation group, it was still only 56%.15
In the present exploratory study, we therefore analysed the impact of attendance at an early rehabilitation programme shortly after a hospitalisation for an exacerbation on hospital readmission, physical performance and quality of life.
Methods
Study design
This study was a subgroup analysis of the COPD-EXA-REHAB study, which was an investigator-initiated, randomised, single-centre, open-label clinical trial in patients hospitalised with an exacerbation of COPD. The patients were randomised either to early pulmonary rehabilitation within 2 weeks of discharge or to standard rehabilitation after 2 months in the stable phase. The ClinicalTrials.gov registry identifier was NCT02987439.
Study population
Eligible patients admitted with an acute exacerbation of COPD to the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, from 2013 to 2016 were included. The inclusion criteria were hospital admission with acute exacerbation of COPD, a diagnosis of COPD, age >18 years and capability to walk 10 m independently. Exclusion criteria were the inability to provide written consent and understand Danish, estimated life expectancy of under 6 months due to other serious illnesses such as heart disease or cancer, participation in another rehabilitation programme, living in a nursing home and residence outside Gentofte Hospital’s recruitment area. The present analysis only included the patients in the early rehabilitation group.
Pulmonary rehabilitation programme
The pulmonary rehabilitation programme was a 7-week outpatient programme composed of twice-weekly one-and-a-half-hour supervised training sessions and weekly 1 h multidisciplinary educational sessions, in accordance with the Danish Health Authority’s pulmonary rehabilitation guideline for patients with COPD.16 The training sessions were supervised by a physiotherapist and consisted of endurance and resistance training at moderate to high intensity (Borg scale of perceived exertion (CR10) 4 to 7). The educational programme aimed to improve the patients’ management of their disease, maintenance of physical activity and exercise training at home, smoking cessation, use of medication, coping strategies, diet and handling of exacerbations.
Primary outcome
Risk of hospital admission within the 12-month study period.
Secondary outcomes
Increase in exercise performance, measured by the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) and endurance shuttle walk test (ESWT), and health-related quality of life, measured by the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) at 2 months after inclusion, at the end of the rehabilitation programme. The ISWT is a test to measure maximal exercise performance. The ESWT measures submaximal exercise performance corresponding to 85% of VO2max calculated from the ISWT.
Statistical analysis
Baseline characteristics are presented as mean (and SDs) for parametric data and median (and IQR) for non-parametric data. Categorical data are presented as frequency and percentage. After checking for collinearity (r<0.70), we used backwards stepwise elimination for all baseline characteristics to retain variables in the multivariate models for the different outcomes (p<0.10). The primary outcome was analysed with negative binomial regression, and sensitivity analysis using logistic regression was performed on the impact of adherence on hospital admissions. Adherence was defined as attending >75% of rehabilitation sessions, as in the original study paper.15 For the secondary outcomes, we used a general linear regression for the ISWT, ESWT and CAT. Statistical significance was set at an alpha level of 0.05. The statistical analyses were performed using Stata V.13 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).
Results
Baseline
A total of 70 patients were allocated to early pulmonary rehabilitation. At inclusion, the patients were an average 72.7 (9.4) years of age, predominantly women (59%, 41), with severe airflow limitation (mean FEV1 40.2%) and highly symptomatic (Medical Research Council breathlessness scale (MRC) 3.4 and CAT 16.8), which is representative for a population of patients hospitalised with acute exacerbation of COPD in Denmark.17 Exercise capacities at baseline were 180 (IQR 100.0–240.0) m on the ISWT and 159.0 (IQR 119.0–233.5) s on the ESWT. Table 1 presents the demographic data and baseline measures at the time of inclusion for all patients.
Table 1.
Patient characteristics at baseline
| Characteristics | All patients | |
| N | 70 | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 72.7 (9.4) | |
| Sex, n (%) | Male | 29 (41%) |
| Female | 41 (59%) | |
| FEV1 (litres), mean (SD) | 1.0 (0.4) | |
| FEV1 (% predicted), mean (SD) | 40 (15) | |
| MRC, mean (SD) | 3.4 (0.9) | |
| CAT, mean (SD) | 16.8 (6.0) | |
| Saturation without O2 supplement (%), mean (SD) | 1.0 (0.0) | |
| Long-term oxygen therapy, n (%) | No | 63 (95%) |
| Yes | 3 (5%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 23.5 (4.6) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | Current | 22 (31%) |
| Former | 45 (64%) | |
| Never | 3 (4%) | |
| Pack-years, mean (SD) | 40.6 (16.5) | |
| Leaving the house daily | No | 25 (38%) |
| Yes | 41 (62%) | |
| ISWT (m), median (IQR) | 180.0 (100.0–240.0) | |
| ESWT (s), median (IQR) | 159.0 (119.0–233.5) | |
| ESWT level (pace), median (IQR) | 6.0 (4.0–8.0) | |
BMI, body mass index; CAT, COPD Assessment Test; ESWT, endurance shuttle walk test; ISWT, incremental shuttle walk test; MRC, Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale.
The median number of rehabilitation sessions the patients attended was 8.9. Twelve patients did not attend any rehabilitation sessions, 19 partially attended and 39 met the a priori definition of adherence. Of the patients attending no rehabilitation sessions, three died before the programme commencement, two never began the programme for unknown reasons, and seven did not want to participate in the programme despite agreeing to the study and completing the informed consent.
Hospital readmissions
The median number of hospital admissions overall was 1 (IQR 0–3) during the 12-month study period.
Modelling of the risk of hospitalisation showed that the crude incidence rate ratio (IRR) of admission was associated with the number of rehabilitation sessions the patient attended (IRR 0.93 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.99), p=0.018), corresponding to a reduction of 7% for each session. After elimination of covariates, age, FEV1, CAT and MRC were retained in the adjusted model. The inclusion of these variables in the model did not alter the estimate (IRR 0.93 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.99), p=0.020). Figure 1 illustrates the estimated risk of hospital admission according to the number of rehabilitation sessions the patients attended. The sensitivity analysis showed that adherence (attending at least 75% of the sessions) was highly associated with a reduction in hospital admissions (OR 0.14 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.56), p=0.006 adjusted for CAT and pack-years).
Figure 1.
Estimated risk of hospital admission according to number of rehabilitation sessions the patients attended. Incidence rate ratio 0.93 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.99), p=0.02.
Secondary outcomes
The mean ISWT increased by 69 m (95% CI 43 to 95) at the completion of the rehabilitation programme, 2 months after inclusion, which is higher than the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the ISWT of 47.7 m.18 The univariate model showed a significant association between improvement in ISWT and the number of completed rehabilitation sessions, corresponding to an increase of 8 m for every rehabilitation session the patients attended (slope 8.05 m (95% CI 2.54 to 13.55), p=0.005). We tested for all baseline covariates (table 1), but after backwards elimination, no covariates were significant, so the multivariate model could not be performed.
The mean improvement in ESWT was 392 s (95% CI 278 to 506) at the 2-month follow-up, which exceeds the MCID of 186 to 199 s.19 In addition, we found an association between the number of completed rehabilitation sessions and the ESWT improvement, with an estimated increase of 44 s per attended session (slope 43.68 m (95% CI 18.41 to 68.95), p=0.001). The multivariate model showed similar results (slope 46.58 m (95% CI 26.65 to 66.50), p=0.000), adjusted for pack-years and smoking status.
The mean change in CAT score for all patients was −3.6 points (95% CI −5.4 to −1.7) at the 2-month follow-up. The MCID for CAT score in pulmonary rehabilitation is −2.0 points.20 No association was found between change in CAT score and the number of completed rehabilitation sessions in either the univariate model (slope 0.15 points (95% CI −0.35 to 0.65), p=0.55) or the adjusted model (slope −0.08 points (95% CI −0.46 to 0.30), p=0.68), adjusted for body mass index and CAT.
Both the crude and adjusted analysis for hospital admissions and secondary outcomes are shown in table 2.
Table 2.
Hospital admissions, physical performance and quality of life (adjusted analysis)
| Unadjusted analysis | Adjusted analysis | ||||||
| Estimate | 95% CI | P value | Estimate | 95% CI | P value | ||
| Hospital admissions | IRR | 0.93 | 0.88 to 0.99 | 0.018 | 0.93 | 0.88 to 0.99 | 0.020 |
| ISWT (m) | Slope | 8.05 | 2.54 to 13.56 | 0.005 | NA | ||
| ESWT (s) | Slope | 43.68 | 18.41 to 68.95 | 0.001 | 46.58 | 26.65 to 66.50 | 0.000 |
| CAT (points) | Slope | 0.15 | −0.35 to 0.65 | 0.55 | −0.08 | −0.46 to 0.30 | 0.68 |
Hospital admissions at 12-month follow-up. ISWT, ESWT and CAT at 2-month follow-up. ISWT was not adjusted. ESWT was adjusted for pack-years and smoking status. CAT was adjusted for BMI and CAT at baseline. ISWT, ESWT and CAT were analysed with linear regression.
Hospital admissions were analysed with negative binomial regression and adjusted for age, FEV1, CAT and MRC at baseline.
Fit parameters for each model (McFadden’s R2): Hospital admissions: crude model R2=0.02 and adj. model R2=0.08. ISWT: crude model R2=0.12. ESWT: crude model R2=0.18 and adj. model R2=0.41. CAT: crude model R2=0.01 and adj model R2=0.30.
CAT, COPD Assessment Test; ESWT, endurance shuttle walk test; ISWT, incremental shuttle walk test; MRC, Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale; NA, not applicable.
Discussion
In the present secondary analysis of the COPD-EXA-REHAB study, we focused on the importance of early pulmonary rehabilitation programme attendance following an acute exacerbation of COPD. We found that increased attendance was associated with a reduced risk of hospital admission. Improved physical performance assessed by walking tests was also associated with the number of completed sessions, whereas we did not find any association between attendance and quality of life as assessed by the CAT.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to investigate the association between the number of rehabilitation sessions attended and outcomes of early pulmonary rehabilitation after an exacerbation of COPD.
A risk reduction corresponding to a reduction in hospital admissions of 7% per attended rehabilitation session is a considerable effect. We cannot conclude from the data that this is a causal effect, mainly because of the small size and risk of confounding. However, the association remained statistically significant in the adjusted models. The present analyses should be regarded as exploratory and the results should be confirmed in a prospective trial.
Several studies and reviews have shown a reduced risk of hospitalisation after early pulmonary rehabilitation.21 However, a review by Moore et al included RCTs, non-randomised cohort studies, and studies comparing before and after rehabilitation.21 The original RCT COPD-EXA-REHAB study showed a non-significant reduction in hospital admissions in the early pulmonary rehabilitation group compared with the rehabilitation in stable phase group.15 The study participants resembled a general COPD population due to the wide inclusion criteria, which may explain the low adherence to the rehabilitation programme. The results of the present analysis show that increased attendance seems to reduce the risk of hospital admission, suggesting that low adherence is a reason for the overall negative result of the RCT. This is in line with several studies on early pulmonary rehabilitation showing reduced hospital admissions when compared with no rehabilitation, summed up in a 2018 systematic review by Ryrsø et al.22
Seven patients in the COPD-EXA-REHAB study did not want to participate in the rehabilitation sessions, although they had read and signed the informed consent and underwent randomisation while admitted for their exacerbation. We did not register the reasons for their change of mind, and we were not allowed to check their medical charts after their drop-out. We know from other studies that one of the main reasons for not attending pulmonary rehabilitation after hospitalisation for a COPD exacerbation is that the patients do not feel well enough.14 23 A qualitative study of patients who refused pulmonary rehabilitation after exacerbation of COPD also found that some felt shame, self-blame, embarrassment or that they were ‘not worthy’ of rehabilitation.24 Healthcare professionals must consider these aspects when patients decline pulmonary rehabilitation shortly after an exacerbation. In a systematic review of interventions to improve uptake and completion of pulmonary rehabilitation, only one randomised study was identified and showed no effect of the intervention, which used a tablet computer with instructions and a training diary in addition to pulmonary rehabilitation.25 26 This clearly illustrates the lack of evidence regarding interventions to improve adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation. Therefore, a Cochrane review including a broad range of study designs is underway, aiming to determine effective interventions to improve uptake and adherence.27
We found a significant association between improved physical performance and attendance, which is in line with other studies comparing non-completers and completers of pulmonary rehabilitation.28 29 Although CAT scores improved significantly, we did not find a significant association between the quality of life measured by the CAT and rehabilitation programme attendance.
A potential limitation of this analysis is that we did not have the data on hospital admissions and exacerbations before inclusion in the study. Further, we did not have information on daily physical activity and maintenance training in the follow-up period. Lastly, the original COPD-EXA-REHAB study was a single-centre RCT, which may reduce the generalisability of the results.
Conclusion
We found early pulmonary rehabilitation after discharge from hospital following an exacerbation of COPD was associated with reduced risk of hospital readmission and enhanced physical performance. These results supplement our knowledge of the positive effect of pulmonary rehabilitation shortly after exacerbation of COPD and emphasise the importance of improving rehabilitation programme attendance. However, these findings are exploratory and need to be confirmed in future, prospective studies.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, for providing facilities and support, and the rehabilitation staff: Mette Rosenberg, Anette Behring, Pia Kjerrumgaard, Hanne Rohde, Linda Dalhof and Henny Riber.
Footnotes
Contributors: JK, CBJ and TW contributed to the design of the study and conception and acquisition of data. JK and CBJ analysed data and TW provided statistical advice. JK, CBJ, PL and TW all contributed to the writing of the manuscript and interpreted and critically revised the work. They have all approved the final version and are accountable for their part of the work.
Funding: This study was independent research as part of a PhD studentship funded by the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, Denmark, and the Prevention Fund of the Capital Region in Denmark.
Competing interests: None declared.
Patient and public involvement: Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Patient consent for publication: Not required.
Ethics approval: The randomised study from which this sub-analysis derives was approved by the Danish National Committee on Health Research Ethics (H-2-2013-143).
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement: Data are available on reasonable request. The data used for the current study will be made available to other researchers. However, the study group has the obligation to assure that data shared are handled in a way that complies with the science ethics permission and the General Data Protection Regulation. Apart from that, the study group has an ambition that data shared are used for sound scientific purposes by researchers. We encourage researchers who find interest in sharing our data to contact the corresponding author. The corresponding author will then bring this request to the study group. Data will be shared if the aforementioned issues are assessed as compliant.
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