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. 2020 Nov 9;75:1–29. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.75.53673

Taxonomic revision of Russula subsection Amoeninae from South Korea

Komsit Wisitrassameewong 1,2, Myung Soo Park 1, Hyun Lee 1,9, Aniket Ghosh 3, Kanad Das 4, Bart Buyck 5, Brian P Looney 6, Miroslav Caboň 7, Slavomír Adamčík 7, Changmu Kim 8, Chang Sun Kim 9, Young Woon Lim 1,✉
PMCID: PMC7669817  PMID: 33223919

Abstract

Russula subsection Amoeninae is morphologically defined by a dry velvety pileus surface, a complete absence of cystidia with heteromorphous contents in all tissues, and spores without amyloid suprahilar spot. Thirty-four species within subsection Amoeninae have been published worldwide. Although most Russula species in South Korea have been assigned European or North American names, recent molecular studies have shown that Russula species from different continents are not conspecific. Therefore, the present study aims to: 1) define which species of Russula subsection Amoeninae occur on each continent using molecular phylogenetic analyses; 2) revise the taxonomy of Korean Amoeninae. The phylogenetic analyses using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and multilocus sequences showed that subsection Amoeninae is monophyletic within subgenus Heterophyllidiae section Heterophyllae. A total of 21 Russula subsection Amoeninae species were confirmed from Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and Central America, and species from different continents formed separate clades. Three species were recognized from South Korea and were clearly separated from the European and North American species. These species are R. bella, also reported from Japan, a new species described herein, Russula orientipurpurea, and a new species undescribed due to insufficient material.

Keywords: Amoeninae , Heterophyllae , multilocus phylogeny, Russula orientipurpurea, species delimitation

Introduction

Russula Pers. is the largest genus in the family Russulaceae, with at least 2,000 described species worldwide (Adamčík et al. 2019). Compared to most other genera of Basidiomycetes, Russula has complex morphological and chemical features (Buyck et al. 2018). The initial period of diversification of the genus has been inferred as occurring in temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere, though there is some debate as to its origin given its high diversity in tropical areas (Looney et al. 2016; Buyck et al. 2018). Recent molecular studies have recognized eight subgenera within the genus: Russula subg. Archaeae Buyck & V. Hofst., R. subg. Brevipedum Buyck & V. Hofst., R. subg. Compactae (Fr.) Bon, R. subg. Crassotunicatae Buyck & V. Hofst., R. subg. Glutinosae Buyck & X.H. Wang, R. subg. Heterophyllidiae Romagnesi, R. subg. Malodorae Buyck & V. Hofst., and R. subg. Russula (Buyck et al. 2018; Buyck et al. 2020).

In the field, specimens of Russula subsection Amoeninae Buyck are identified by their velvety pileus surface and stipe, white spore print, mild taste, and stipe flushed with pink, red, or purple. Microscopically, species of Amoeninae display subglobose spores, typically with prominent amyloid and reticulate ornamentation but without amyloid suprahilar spot. Moreover, the basidiomes completely lack gloeocystidia, and both pileipellis and lamellar edges have large subulate hyphal terminations often arising from short unbranched cells (Buyck 1988, 1994). Because of the complete absence of gloeocystidia, Sarnari (1998) altered the rank of this subsection to subgenus, proposing Russula subg. Amoenula Sarnari. Recent multilocus phylogenetic studies, however, have shown that Amoeninae is in fact a small part of R. subg. Heterophyllidiae section Heterophyllae (see position of R. violeipes Quél. and R. mariae Peck in Buyck et al. 2018).

To date, 34 species have been published worldwide within Russula subsection Amoeninae (Suppl. material 1: Table S1), some of which were not originally placed in this group (e.g. R. diversicolor Pegler, R. epitheliosa Singer, and R. variegata Romagn.). However, their microscopic features are very similar to those of other Amoeninae species. Three species have been reported from Europe: R. amoena Quél., R. amoenicolor Romagn., and R. violeipes Quél. (Sarnari 1998). Although no relevant molecular studies have been performed that include species from North America, previous studies using morphological data have listed 14 species for this area (Suppl. material 1: Table S1). Regarding the tropics, R. diversicolor and R. epitheliosa were reported from neotropical areas of Latin America (Buyck 1988), as were six species from tropical areas of Africa (Buyck 1994; Buyck and Sharp 2007) and Madagascar (Heim 1938), and two species from arid areas of Australia (Lebel and Tonkin 2007, Hyde et al. 2016). Finally, six species native to Asia have been described, two from East Asia (Chiu 1945; Hongo 1968), and four from India (Das et al. 2005, 2017; Crous et al. 2016; Hyde et al. 2016).

Historically, taxonomic studies of Russula in Asia have been influenced by European or North American literature. That is why Russula species from Asia were often assigned names of morphologically similar counterparts from Europe or North America. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that many Asian Russula species are in fact not conspecific with European or North American species (Park et al. 2014; Lee et al. 2017; Paloi et al. 2018; Song et al. 2018). Although molecular data can provide additional information that may result in more robust phylogenies (Hebert et al. 2003; Savolainen et al. 2005; Hibbett et al. 2016; Adamčík et al. 2019), the use of this type of data may be hampered by misidentifications when there are limited reference databases or when low-resolution markers are used (Hofstetter et al. 2019).

The present study aims to: 1) clearly distinguish species of Russula subsection Amoeninae from different continents through a phylogenetic analysis using updated sequence data; and 2) revise the taxonomy of Korean Amoeninae based on materials obtained from recent collections from different habitats and areas of the Korean peninsula. Four Amoeninae species were reported in South Korea: R. amoena, R. bella, R. mariae, and R. violeipes (Park et al. 2013; Lee et al. 2015). Russula amoena and R. violeipes were described from Europe, R. bella from Japan, and R. mariae from North America. With the increase in available Russula sequence data, taxonomists can investigate more precisely the boundaries and distribution of Korean species. Therefore, the present study also aims to verify whether species are conspecific between continents using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences from GenBank and generated for this study in a first analysis and, in a second analysis, using a concatenated dataset of other molecular markers including the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA region (mtSSU), and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1α).

Methods

Sampling

A total of 15 collections from the Korean peninsula were included in this study. All Korean specimens were deposited in the Seoul National University Fungus Collection (SFC) and The Herbarium Conservation Center of the National Academy of Agricultural Science (HCCN). Because of a paucity of available sequence data from other continents, eight additional specimens from USA, four from Europe, and one from India were sequenced; all non-Asian samples are from the Herbarium of Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAV) (Table 1 and Suppl. material 2: Table S2).

Table 1.

Specimens used for the multi-locus analyses in this study. Sequences produced in this study are presented in boldface.

Taxon Herbarium no. Locality GenBank accession no.
rpb2 mtSSU tef1α
Outgroup
R. aff. delica 1119/BB 12.086 Italy KU237879 KU237442 KU238020
R. chloroides 572/BB 07.209 Slovakia KU237845 KU237407 KU237990
R. herrerae 239/BB 06.532 Mexico KU237772 KU237330 KU237915
Other subgenera
R. aff. griseobrunnea 741/BB 09.344 New Caledonia KU237877 KU237440 KU238018
R. cfr. liberiensis 91/BB 06.184 Madagascar KU237760 KU237318 KU237905
R. compacta 228/B 06.295 USA KU237766 KU237324 –
R. edulis 579/BB 08.167 Madagascar KU237850 KU237412 KU237993
Russula sp. 569/BB 06.066 Madagascar KU237842 KU237404 KU237987
Russula sp. 570/BB 08.178 Madagascar KU237843 KU237405 KU237988
Closely related groups in subg. Heterophyllidiae
R. aff. crustosa 31/BB 06.616 Canada KU237747 KU237305 KU237896
R. aff. madagassensis 93/BB 06.255 Madagascar KU237761 KU237319 KU237906
R. aff. virescens 721/BB 09.021 New Caledonia KU237868 KU237430 KU238009
R. amoenolens 577/ BB 08.675 Italy KU237410 KU237848 –
R. amoenolens cfr. annulata 75/BB 06.048 Madagascar KU237756 KU237314 KU237902
R. amoenolens cfr. illota 36/ BB 06.380 Mexico KU237750 KU237308 KU237898
R. amoenolens cfr. pseudocarmesina 6/BB 06.030 Madagascar KU237739 KU237296 –
R. amoenolens cfr. roseoalba 82/BB 06.105 Madagascar KU237758 KU237316 –
R. amoenolens cfr. vesca 45/BB 06.525 Mexico KU237751 KU237309 KU237899
R. flavobrunnea var. violaceotincta 71/ BB 06.050 Madagascar KU237754 KU237312 KU237901
R. grisea 449/BB 07.184 Slovakia KU237795 KU237355 KU237939
R. ionochlora 448/BB 07.338 Slovakia KU237794 KU237354 KU237938
R. langei 450/ BB 07.792 France KU237796 KU237356 KU237940
R. madagassensis 21/BB 06.146 Madagascar KU237742 KU237300 KU237891
R. maguanensis XHW4765 China MH939989 – MH939983
R. medullata 555/BB 07.252 Slovakia KU237832 KU237392 KU237976
R. mustelina 1176/SA 09.88 Slovakia KU237881 KU237444 KU238022
R. oleifera 254/BB 98.024 Tanzania KU237776 KU237334 KU237919
R. ornaticeps 46/BB 06.530 Mexico KU237752 KU237310 –
R. prolifica 18/BB 06.161 Madagascar KU237741 KU237299 KU237890
R. pulverulenta 578/ BB 05.160 USA KU237849 KU237411 –
Russula sp. 545/BB 08.061 Madagascar KU237823 KU237383 KU237967
R. substriata XHW4785 China MH939994 – MH939988
Subsect. Amoeninae
R. aff. mariae SAV F–4484 USA, New York State – MT417192 –
R. aff. mariae SAV F–4493 USA, New York State – MT417193 MT417213
R. aff. mariae SAV F–4564 USA, New York State – MT417194 MT417214
R. alachuana SAV 1252 USA, Florida MT417198 MT417186 MT417204
R. alachuana SAV F–20108 USA, Florida MT417199 MT417187 MT417206
R. amoena SAV F–1352 Slovakia MT417200 MT417185 –
R. amoena SAV F–3147 Slovakia MT417202 MT417190 MT417211
R. cf. amoenicolor SAV F–20302 Greece MT417196 MT417188 MT417209
R. cf. amoenicolor SAV F–20324 Greece MT417197 MT417189 MT417210
R. bella SFC20120722–03 South Korea MT199642 MT196930 –
R. bella SFC20170819–05 South Korea MT199643 MT196931 MT199655
R. bella SFC20170819–10 South Korea MT199644 MT196932 MT199656
R. bella HCCN16818 South Korea KF361734 MT196933 –
R. bella HCCN15410 South Korea – MT196934 –
R. bella HCCN21655 South Korea KF361736 MT196935 MT199657
R. bella SFC20170731–02 South Korea MT199645 MT196936 MT199658
R. mariae 546/BB 07.038 USA KU237824 KU237384 KU237968
R. orientipurpurea sp. nov. HCCN19111 South Korea KF361712 MT196923 MT199648
R. orientipurpurea sp. nov. HCCN18725 South Korea KF361710 MT196924 MT199649
R. orientipurpurea sp. nov. HCCN21685 South Korea KF361714 MT196925 MT199650
R. orientipurpurea sp. nov. SFC20170819–08 South Korea MT199638 MT196926 MT199651
R. orientipurpurea sp. nov. SFC20170725–37 South Korea MT199639 MT196927 MT199652
R. orientipurpurea sp. nov. SFC20170821–22b South Korea MT199640 MT196928 MT199653
R. orientipurpurea sp. nov. SFC20170726–47 South Korea MT199641 MT196929 MT199654
R. pseudoamoenicolor India MT199646 MT196937 MT199659
R. violeipes 542/BB 07.273 Slovakia KU237820 KU237380 KU237964
Russula sp. SFC20160726–13 South Korea MT199647 MT196938 MT199660
Russula sp. SAV F–20134 USA, Florida – – MT417205
Russula sp. SAV F–20117 USA, Florida MT417195 – MT417208
Russula sp. SAV F–4063 USA, Tennessee MT417203 MT417191 MT417212
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Morphological study

Macromorphological characters were described from fresh specimens using the terminology of Vellinga (1988). The color standard codes in Kornerup and Wanscher (1978) were followed for describing the colour of the basidiomes. All microscopic characters were measured from dried herbarium samples using an Eclipse 80i light microscope (Nikon, Japan) with immersion lenses at the magnification of 1000× and using the software NIS ELEMENT BR v3.2 (Nikon, Japan). The description templates and terminology of Adamčík et al. (2019) were used for the observations of microscopic structures. The exception is that the sterile elements in hymenium have no distinct heteromorphous contents unlike hymenial cystidia of majority of Russula members, i.e. gloeocystidia. Because it is not certain if they correspond to “true gloeocystidia”, we refer to them as hymenial cystidia when observed on lamellae sides and marginal cells in case of lamellar edges. Spore ornamentation was observed using a light microscope, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM, SUPRA 55VP, Carl Zeiss, Germany) at 5,000× and 10,000× magnification. For each collection, statistics of the measurements of microscopic characters were based on 20 measurements per character. Spore measurements excluded ornamentation. We followed the protocols of chemical tests for micro-morphological observation in Adamčik et al. (2019). Statistics of microscopic characters are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation with extreme values in parenthesis. The mean values are indicated by underline. When multiple samples were available, individual measurements of all microscopic characters of a species were obtained from at least three samples and diagnostic characters of species were further used to compare with the remaining samples.

Molecular studies

DNA was extracted from fresh or dried basidiomes using a modified CTAB extraction method (Roger and Bendich 1994). Four molecular markers were used for species-level identification and to infer evolutionary relationships among species. The following primer pairs were used in the amplifications: NSI1 and NLB4 for the ITS region (Martin and Rygiewicz 2005), bRBP2-6F1 and RPB2-7R for the partial rpb2 locus (Matheny et al. 2007), MS1 and MS2 for part of the mtSSU region (White et al. 1990), and EF1-983F and EF1-2218R for the partial tef1α locus (Matheny et al. 2007). The PCR conditions were: initial denaturation of 5 min at 95 °C, 35 cycles that varied for each marker (60 s at 95 °C, 40 s at 50 °C, and 60 s at 72 °C for ITS; 40 s at 95 °C, 40 s at 58 °C, and 60 s at 72 °C for rpb2; 30 s at 94 °C, 30 s at 55 °C, and 60 s at 72 °C for mtSSU; 30 s at 94 °C, 30 s at 56 °C, and 60 s at 72 °C for tef1α), and final incubation of 7 min at 72 °C. All PCR products were checked on 1% agarose gel stained with EcoDye DNA staining solution (SolGent Co., Daejeon, South Korea) and purified with the Expin PCR purification kit (GeneAll Biotechnology, Seoul, South Korea) following the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA sequencing was conducted using an ABI3730 automated DNA Sequencer by Macrogen (Seoul, South Korea). The obtained sequences were checked and manually edited using the software FINCHTV v1.4 (Geospiza, Inc.), and then assembled manually using MEGA 7 (Kumar et al. 2016).

Phylogenetic analysis

For species delimitation of the Korean samples, ITS sequences of R. subsect. Amoeninae were downloaded from GenBank and aligned with the newly generated ITS sequences using MAFFT v7, with the E-INS-I strategy (Katoh and Standley 2013). Russula grisea and R. virescens were used as outgroup based on the results of previous studies (Buyck et al. 2008; Park et al. 2013). Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses were conducted using RAxML 8.2.10 (Stamatakis 2014) and the GTR + G model with 1000 rapid bootstrap replicates. For rpb2, mtSSU, and tef1α regions, sequences of each locus were separately aligned and analyzed after introns were excluded. Seven partitions were assigned; mtSSU, rpb2pos1, rpb2pos2, rpb2pos3, tef1αpos1, tef1αpos2, and tef1αpos3. Substitution models of all partitions were tested using ModelTest-NG (Darriba et al. 2020). The best substitution models for the different loci under BIC were GTR+I+G for mtSSU, K80+I+G for rpb2 partitions, and TrN+I+G for tef1α partitions. Bayesian inference (BI) analysis was performed with MRBAYES v. 3.2.6 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003), with four independent runs of four chains each. The TrN substitution model for tef1α was replaced by the GTR model for this analysis. The analysis was run for 20 million generations, with sampling every 1,000th generation. At the end of the run, the average standard deviation of split frequency of runs was 0.001412. The convergence and burn-in values of runs were then checked in Tracer 1.6 (Rambaut et al. 2014). We considered clades with the bootstrap values and posterior probabilities exceeding 70% and 0.95 as well-supported. The ITS dataset and the combined dataset (rpb2-mtSSU-tef1α) are available in TreeBase (http://treebase.org/treebaseweb/; submission ID 26896 and 22640, respectively). All phylogenetic analyses were executed on the CIPRES Science Gateway (Miller et al. 2010). Three species of R. subg. Malodorae were chosen as outgroup.

Results

Phylogenetic analysis

The ITS region was amplified and sequenced from 22 specimens for this study. A total of 152 ITS sequences belonging to Amoeninae were downloaded from GenBank and used in the analysis (Suppl. material 2: Table S2). The phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequences indicated the existence of more than 21 Russula species-level clades: eight Asian species (two names undetermined), five European (one undetermined), five North American (three undetermined), two Australian, and one Central American (undetermined) (Fig. 1). However, none of the African or Malagasy species were included in this analysis as no ITS sequences were available. The Korean samples represented three phylogenetic species, and they were grouped with Asian samples and clearly separated from specimens of Australia, Europe, and North America.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of most Russula subsect. Amoeninae and closely related species. Species in boldface are described in this study. ML bootstrap values >70 and Bayesian Inference posterior probability >0.90 are shown. Stars indicate clades with 100 ML bootstrap values and 1.0 Bayesian posterior probabilities.

A total of 72 ITS sequences were confirmed as R. bella: 5 from this study and 67 from GenBank. All of these sequences are from specimens in East Asia, i.e. from South Korea, China, and Japan. Of the ITS sequences in the R. bella clade, 31 were initially misidentified as the European R. violeipes, 35 ambiguously labelled as “Russula sp.”, and one labelled as Russula cf. violeipes. A total of 33 specimens for which ITS sequences were newly generated or retrieved from GenBank belonged to a new species clade, R. orientipurpurea. The twenty nine ITS sequences from GenBank originated from South Korea, China, and Japan. Of these, 22 were mislabelled as the North American R. mariae and seven were labelled as “Russula sp.” (Suppl. material 1: Table S1). The R. orientipurpurea clade was closely related to R. mariae, but they were clearly separated (Figs 1, 2). One specimen (SFC20160726-13) formed a unique clade with three Chinese specimens and we define it as an undetermined species. Two Indian species were positioned as a sister clade of the Russula sp. clade.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree based on the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA region (mtSSU), and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1α) sequences of Russula subsect. Amoeninae species and representatives from closely related subgenera. Species in boldface are described in this study. ML bootstrap values >70 and Bayesian Inference posterior probability >0.90 are shown. Stars indicate clades with 100 ML bootstrap values and 1.0 Bayesian posterior probabilities.

Russula amoena, R. amoenicolor, R. andaluciana, and R. violeipes were monophyletic (Fig. 1). The European Mediterranean samples have similar morphology with R. amoenicolor. However, phylogenetic analysis showed that they are likely not conspecific. Therefore, we named them as “R. cf. amoenicolor” in this study. The North American samples formed five clades. Of these, only two clades are labelled with species names (R. mariae and R. alachuana). The four Australian samples formed two well-supported clades that do not overlap with samples from other continents.

Sequences of three loci (rpb2, mtSSU, and tef1α) were obtained for 28 samples (Table 1) and combined with 102 sequences of 34 samples obtained from GenBank. Two short introns were detected only in tef1α and they were excluded in the phylogenetic analysis. The results of this multilocus phylogenetic analysis were similar to those of the ITS analysis. Subsection Amoeninae formed a well-supported monophyletic group (Fig. 2). Three species were found for South Korea, and the East Asian Russula species were clearly separated from European and North American species.

Morphological analysis

The three species found in South Korea have the typical morphological characters of subsection Amoeninae: pruinose dry pileus surface, mild taste, and stipe flushed with pink, red, or purple. In fact, they have almost completely white stipes, usually with only a faint pink color (Fig. 3). Microscopically, these species display moderately large spores with crested and subreticulate to reticulate ornamentation (Fig. 4), an absence of cystidia with well-defined contents reactant with sulfovanillin, and a pileipellis comprising mainly attenuated terminal cells of hyphae usually subtended by one or two shorter ellipsoid or subglobose cells. The pileipellis of all three species have dimorphous hyphal terminations, some with long subulate or lageniform terminal cells and others with shorter, cylindrical, or ellipsoid terminal cells (Figs 5–7). The three Korean species were easily distinguished in the field. The morphological features of the Korean R. bella are consistent with the original description of the species (Table 2). The other two Korean species, however, do not entirely agree with the description of any previously described Russula species.

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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Basidiomes of Korean Amoeninae from this study. A, BRussula bella (A-SFC20170802-03, B-SFC20170819-05) C–ER. orientipurpurea (SFC20170819-08) F, GRussula sp. (SFC20160726-13). Scale bars: 20 mm.

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

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Basidiospores with scanning electron microscopy images (A, C, E) and drawing images (B, D, F) A, BRussula bella (SFC20170819-05) C, DR. orientipurpurea; (SFC20170821-22b) E, FRussula sp. (SFC20160726-13). Scale bars: 2 µm.

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

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Microscopic features of Russula bella (SFC20170819-05) A basidia B basidiola C clavate marginal cells D hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides E subulate marginal cells F hyphal termination at pileus margin G hyphal termination at pileus centre. Scale bars: 10 µm.

Figure 7.

Figure 7.

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Microscopic features of Russula sp. (SFC20160726-13) A basidia B basidiola C clavate marginal cells D hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides E subulate marginal cells F hyphal termination at pileus margin G hyphal termination at pileus centre. Scale bars: 10 µm.

Table 2.

Morphological characteristics of Asian R. subsect. Amoeninae species.

R. bella a R. bella R. intervenosa b R. mukteshwarica c R. orientipurpurea R. pauriensis d R. pseudoamoenicolor e R. punicea f Russula sp.
Pileus size (mm) 20–45 20–50 26–49 65–130 52–60 53–63 50–100 25–60 60
Pileus colour bright red √ √ √ √
pink √ √ √ √
grey √ √ √
brown
purple √ √ √
violet √ √ √ √
green √ √
bright yellow √ √
cream or pale yellow √ √
Stipe colour almost white √ √ √ √
partly pink √ √ √ √ √
partly purple √ √ √ √
partly violet √
Spore size length (µm) 6.5–7.5 6.5–7.7 7–8 7.6–9.3 6.9–7.8 6–8 6–9.5 6.5–7 6.5–7
width (µm) 5.5–6 5.3–6.0 6.5–7 7.3–8.2 6–6.9 5.5–7 5–8 5–6 5.6–6.2
mean (length × width) 7.1 × 5.7 7.5 × 6.7 7.3 × 6.4 6.9–6.3 7.3–6.3 6.8 × 5.9
Q value 1.17–1.33 1.07–1.19 1.00–1.15 1.09–1.19 1.00–1.17 1.03–1.33 1.10–1.19
Spore ornamentation subreticulate √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
reticulate √ √
height (µm) 0.4–1.0 0.6–0.9 0.75 0.6–1 -2 -2 0.7–1.2
Cystidia on lamellae sides length (µm) 44–55 52–75 29–34 80–110 74.5–101 55–135 90–117 45–60 66.5–91.5
width (µm) 5.5–7 7.5–10.5 10–12.5 11–17 10.5–15 12–22 10–21 9–12 12.5–16.5
cylindrical or clavate √ √ √
subulate or lageniform √
fusiform √ √ √ √ √ √ √
obtuse √ √ √ √ √
acute √ √ √ √
Cystidia on lamellae edges length (µm) 37–65 38.5–63 32–39 70–100 48–88 36–68 30–85 42.5–56.5
width (µm) 5.5–7 5.5–7.5 5.5–7 11–17 5.5–10.5 8–15 7–10 5.5–7
different from sides √ √ √
TC (margin) length (µm) 44–80 47–76 39–47 55.5–89 9–64 11–65 60–85
width (µm) 5.3–8 5–7 2.5–4.5 5–11 5–7 4–10 4–10 6–9 4.5–6
Short cells number 1–2 2–4 0–2 2–4 1–2
subterminal width (µm) -12 -14
TC centre width (µm) 4.5–7.5 4.5–7.5 3–4
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References: a-Hongo 1968, b-Crous et al. 2016, c-Das et al. 2005, d-Das et al. 2017, e-Hyde et al. 2016, f-Chiu 1945, Size unit of pileus is mm and the other microscopic characters are µm. Species in boldface are described in this study.

Taxonomy

Russula bella

Hongo, Memoirs of Shiga University 18:50 (1968)

01ADF8C7-693F-504F-91A2-3BAB8ABB498B

Figs 3A, B , 4A, B , 5

Diagnosis.

Pileus medium-sized, 20–50 mm diam., plano-convex to convex when young, applanate with depressed center to infundibuliform when mature, often lobate, margin with short striation, sometimes cracking in age; cuticle smooth, pruinose, viscid and shiny when wet, cuticle peeling approximately to half of the pileus radius or sometimes almost to the center, color variable, typically darker at the disk, greyish red (11D5), brownish violet (11D6) to bluish red (12A6-A8, 12B7), few with yellowish brown spots, margin pink (11A5) to greyish rose (11B5). Lamellae 2–3 mm deep, brittle, adnate, approximately 11–19 per cm near the pileus margin, moderately distant to crowded, yellowish white to pale cream; lamellulae absent; edge entire and concolorous. Stipe 17–34 × 5–9 mm, centrally attached or eccentric, cylindrical to slightly tapered towards the base, surface dry, longitudinally striate, whitish with a pinkish flush; solid when young, becoming hollow in age. Context 1–3 mm thick near the stipe, white, unchanging after cutting, turning greenish with FeSO4, turning quickly yellow with KOH, pale violet with PDAB; taste mild; odor slightly fruity. Spore print pale cream to white.

Basidiospores (n = 60, 3, 3) (6–)6.5–7.1–7.7(–8.8) × (5–)5.3–5.7–6(–6.6) µm, broadly ellipsoid, Q = (1.11–)1.17–1.25–1.33(–1.49), ornamentation thin, 0.4–1 µm high ridges forming an incomplete reticulum (2–7 in a 3 µm circle) with some dispersed isolated warts (0–2 warts in a 3 µm circle), suprahilar spot not amyloid, smooth. Basidia (25.1–)30–35.3–40.5(–48) × (7–)8.5–9.4–10.5(–11.5) µm, 4-spored, narrowly clavate, with guttate or granular contents. Basidiola (27.3–)28.4–32–35.5(–41.7) × (8.1–)8.7–9.4–10.3(–10.6) µm, narrowly clavate, with guttate or granular contents. Hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides inconspicuous, widely dispersed, up to 100 per mm2, (37.5–)52–63.5–75(–90) × (5.5–)7.5–9–10.5(–11.5) µm, clavate to subcylindrical, originating from subhymenium, apically obtuse, thick-walled with walls up to 0.8 µm; contents optically empty, negative in sulfovanillin. Lamellar edge with dispersed basidia, true gloeocystidia (with differentiated contents) absent; marginal cells very abundant, resembling terminal cells in the pileus, typically narrowly lageniform or subulate (24–)38.5–50.8–63(–83) × (4–)5.5–6.8–7.5(–9.5) µm; shorter clavate to subcylindrical with obtuse apex present, (9–)12.5–15.7–18.5(–23.5) × (3.5–)4.5–5.7–7(–7.5) µm. Pileipellis orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, trichoderm, sharply delimited from the underlying context, 280‒400 µm thick, with a well-defined, gelatinized, 150‒200 µm thick suprapellis of ascending or erect hyphal terminations forming a trichoderm, subpellis 130–200 µm thick, dense, horizontally oriented, sldender and gelatinized hyphae; acid-resistant incrustrations absent. Hyphal terminations near the pileus margin unbranched, often slightly flexuous, either long and attenuated or subcylindrical and obtuse, the attenuated ones more abundant, with terminal cells (20.5–)47–61.4–76(–85) × (3.5–)5–5.9–7(–8) µm, subulate or narrowly lageniform, rarely fusiform, apically acute to subacute, thin-walled, usually followed by 1–2 shorter and often more inflated cells before the branching; subcylindrical ones shorter, with terminal cells (7.5–)33.5–51.2–69(–107.5) × (2–)3.5–4.7–6(–7) µm, frequently originate from branched cells, sometimes with one shorter unbranched subterminal cell. Hyphal termination near the pileus center also dimorphous, the attenuated ones with terminal cells (10.5–)18.5–50.5–82.5(–104.5) × (3.5–)4.5–6.0–7.5(–10) µm, mainly subulate, occasionally narrowly fusiform, apically acute and sometimes acute-pointed, often with thickened walls (up to 0.8 µm), shorter cylindrical hyphae with terminal cells (9–)12.5–18.6–24.5(–32) × (2.5–)3–4–5(–6) µm; followed by 1–3 unbranched shorter cells, subterminal cells not usually not distinctly wider. Pileocystidia absent. Cystidioid or oleipherous hyphae in subpellis or context absent.

Ecology.

gregarious to scattered on soil in mixed forest with Quercus aliena, Pinus densiflora, and Populus sp.

Studied materials.

South Korea. Jeollanam-do, Haenam-gun, Mt. Duryun, 614 m elev., 34°27'24"N, 126°37'07"E, Yang Seop Kim, 5 September 1985, HCCN1457A (HCCN!); Chungcheongbuk-do, Danyang-gun, Mt. Sobaek, 790 m elev., 36°57'29"N, 128°26'35"E, Soon Ja Seok, 13 July 2007, HCCN15410 (HCCN!); Gyeonggi-do, Suwon-si, Seonggyungwan University, 58 m elev., 37°17'42"N, 126°58'22"E, Soon Ja Seok, 1 August 2008, HCCN16735 (HCCN!); Gangwon-do, Wonju-si, 275 m elev., 37°19'59"N, 127°54'35"E, Soon Ja Seok, 6 August 2008, HCCN16818 (HCCN!); Gyeonggi-do, Suwon-si, Seonggyungwan University, 48 m elev., 37°17'28"N, 126°58'24"E, Hye Yeong Choi, 5 August 2011, HCCN21655 (HCCN!); Daejeon-si, Yuseong-gu, 105 m elev., 36°23'48"N, 127°20'13"E, Myung Soo Park, 31 July 2012, SFC20120731-02 (SFC!); Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Mt. Seonginbong, 420 m elev., 37°30'50"N, 130°52'10"E, Seung-Yoon Oh, Won Ju Kim, Young Woon Lim, 14 August 2012, SFC20120814-23 (SFC!); Chungcheongnam-do, Seosan-si, Yonghyeon Natural Recreation Forest, 151 m elev., 36°45'53"N, 126°36'10"E, Young Ju Min, Won Ju Kim, Hyun Lee, 10 October 2012, SFC20121010-06 (SFC!); Seoul, Gwanak-gu, Seoul National University, 103 m elev., 37°27'26"N, 126°56'59"E, Komsit Wisitrassameewong, 31 July 2017, SFC20170731-02 (SFC!); ibid., 19 August 2017, SFC20170819-05 (SFC!).

Comments.

Russula bella is morphological similar to R. pseudoamoenicolor, R. punicea, and R. violeipes. Russula pseudoamoenicolor has a more vividly colored pileus and a larger basidiome and hymenial cystidia than those of R. bella (Hyde et al. 2016). Russula punicea differs from R. bella in the shape of hymenial cystidia; the former has acute cystidia, whereas the latter has obtuse cystidia (Chiu 1945; Hongo 1968). Russula violeipes differs from R. bella in the yellowish to greenish smeared violet color of the pileus (Kränzlin 2005). Moreover, R violeipes has larger basidia (45–65 × 11–14 µm) and pleurocystidia (80–115 × 12–15 µm) than those of R. bella (Kränzlin 2005).

Russula orientipurpurea

Wisitr., H. Lee & Y.W. Lim sp. nov.

47144CFE-DB12-566F-978B-B64361E338E2

MycoBank No: 835272

Figs 3C–E , 4C, D , 6

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

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Microscopic features of Russula orientipurpurea (SFC20170725-37) A basidia B basidiola C clavate marginal cells D hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides E subulate marginal cells F hyphal termination at pileus margin G hyphal termination at pileus centre. Scale bars: 10 µm.

Material examined.

Holotype. South Korea. Jullanam-do, Yeosu-si, Dolsando islands, 202 m elev., 34°35'24"N, 127°47'57"E, Komsit Wisitrassameewong, Jae Young Park, 25 July 2017, SFC20170725-37 (Holotype, SFC!).

Etymology.

‘orientipurpurea’ refers to the origin of the species, East Asia, and its typical purple color of pileus.

Diagnosis.

Pileus surface with pale cream with flushed pale purple to purple stains; spores with almost complete to complete reticulum; subfusiform to fusiform hymenial cystidia.

Pileus medium-sized, 52–60 mm diam., plano-convex to applanate with the deeply depressed center, margin inconspicuously striate up to 2 mm, acute, even; surface smooth, pruinose, slightly waxy, matt, slightly viscid when wet, cuticle peeling 1/2 to 3/4 of the pileus radius, color pale cream to cream, with darker shade of cream towards the center, typically flushed with pale or darker purple stains, sometimes with radial stripes of greyish ruby (12E5). Lamellae 4–5 mm deep, adnate, moderately distant, approximately 11–18 per cm near the pileus margin, white to pale yellow (3A3), furcations sometimes present near the stipe, lamellulae occasional, edge even. Stipe 40–50 × 11–13 mm, centrally attached, cylindrical, surface smooth, longitudinally striate, color white and sometimes with a greyish red (11D4-D5) flush; hollow. Context 2–3 mm thick at half of the pileus radius, white, rather firm but fragile in stipe when mature, turning slowly greenish with FeSO4 and pale orange to orange white with KOH; taste mild; odor slightly fruity. Spore print cream white to white.

Basidiospores (n = 80, 4, 4) (6.3–)6.9–7.3–7.8(–8.6) × (5.4–)6–6.4–6.9(–7.6) µm, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, Q = (1.06–)1.09–1.14–1.19(–1.28), ornamentation of thin to moderately thick, 0.6–1.4 µm high ridges forming an incomplete or complete reticulum (3–7 in a 3 µm circle), in a 3 µm circle isolated warts rare (0–1 in a 3 µm circle), suprahilar spot not amyloid, small, surrounded by fine and less prominent reticulation. Basidia (28–)32–36.2–40(–45) × (7.5–)9.5–10.9–12.5(–14.5) µm, 4-spored, clavate. Basidiola (27.8–)33.4–37.7–42.1(–43.4) × (9–)9.7–10.5–11.4(–12.2) µm, narrowly clavate, with guttate or granular contents. Hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides widely dispersed to dispersed, 200–700 per mm2, (64–)74.5–87.9–101(–131) × (8.5–)10.5–12.8–15(–18.5) µm, mostly fusiform or narrowly fusiform, occasionally clavate, originating from subhymenium, emergent or not beyond basidia, apically constricted but obtuse, usually with thickened walls (up to 0.8 µm), contents optically empty, negative in sulfovanillin. Lamellar edge with dispersed basidia, true gloeocystidia (with differentiated contents) absent; marginal cells very abundant, resembling terminal cells in the pileus, usually narrowly lagenifom or subfusiform, apically narrowed but obtuse (28.5–)48–67.8–88(–121) × (3–)5.5–8.2–11(–14.5) µm; shorter narrowly clavate to clavate, (10.5–)13.5–18–22.5(–27.5) × (3.5–)5–6.5–8(–10.5) µm. Pileipellis orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, sharply delimited from the underlying context, 170–240 µm thick, with a well-defined, gelatinized, 30–60 µm thick suprapellis of ascending or erect hyphal terminations forming a trichoderm, subpellis 180–250 µm thick, dense, horizontally oriented, gelatinized and branched cylindrical to inflated hyphae; acid-resistant incrustrations absent. Hyphal terminations near the pileus margin unbranched, apically often flexuous, either long and attenuated or subcylindrical, short and obtuse, the attenuated ones (39.0–)55.5–72.3–89.0(–112.0) × (2.5–)5.0–6.1–7.2(–8.5) µm, subulate or narrowly fusiform, sometimes slightly moniliform, apically subacute, thin-walled, subterminal cells shorter, cylindrical ones with terminal cells (10–)16.5–25.3–34(–57) × (3–)4–5.2–6(–7.5) µm, apically sometimes slightly constricted, apically obtuse; followed by 0–2 unbranched short, equally wide cells, sometimes originate from branched cells. Hyphal termination near the pileus center also dimorphous, the attenuated ones prevailing with terminal cells (10.5–)18.5–50.5–82.5(–104.5) × (3.5–)4.5–6.0–7.5(–10) µm, subulate, thin-walled, apically subacute, cylindrical ones with terminal cells (13.5–)19–42.9–66.5(–85.5) × (3.5–)4.5–5.6–6.5(–9.0) µm. Pileocystidia absent. Cystidioid or oleipherous hyphae in subpellis or context absent.

Ecology.

solitary to scattered on soil in mixed forest with Quercus and Pinus trees.

Studied materials.

South Korea. Chungcheongnam-do, Gongju-si, Mt. Museong, 341 m elev., 36°35'52"N, 127°01'59"E, Hyun Lee, Seung-Yoon Oh, 26 July 2012, SFC20120726-37 (Paratype SFC!); Incheon-si, Gangwha-gun, Mt. Goryeo, 228 m elev., 37°44'54"N, 126°26'01"E, Young Woon Lim, 4 August 2012, SFC20120804-09 (Paratype, SFC!); Seoul, Gwanak-gu, Mt. Gwanak, 154 m elev., 37°27'06"N, 126°56'34"E, Hyun Lee, Won Ju Kim, 25 August 2012, SFC20120825-02 (Paratype SFC!); ibid, 202 m elev., 37°27'34"N, 126°56'19"E, Hyun Lee, Myung Soo Park, 31 August 2012, SFC20120831-04 (Paratype SFC!); ibid, 238 m elev., 37°26'53"N, 126°54'11"E, Hyun Lee, Komsit Wisitrassameewong, 19 August 2017, SFC20170819-08 (Paratype SFC!); Gyeongsangnam-do, Hapcheon-gun, Mt. Gaya, 631 m elev., 35°47'59"N, 128°05'46"E, Jae Young Park, Komsit Wisitrassameewong, Ki Hyeong Park, 26 July 2017, SFC20170726-47 (Paratype SFC!); Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Nari basin, 395 m elev., 37°31'03"N, 130°52'11"E, Jae Young Park, Nam Kyu Kim, 21 August 2017, SFC20170821-22b (Paratype SFC!).

Comments.

Russula orientipurpurea is common in mixed forests in South Korea. This species was misidentified as the North American R. mariae (Park et al. 2013). The spores in R. orientipurpurea have more complete ridge connections (3–7 lines in the 3 µm circle) and a smaller number of warts (0–1 warts in the 3 µm circle) than those in R. mariae (lines 1–4, warts 4–6). Russula orientipurpurea is morphologically similar to R. intervenosa. However, the dark red pileus centere, broader hymenial cystidia (up to 18 µm), and the thicker pileipellis (250–600 µm) of R. intervenosa (Crous et al. 2016) distinguishes this species from R. orientipurpurea (see Table 2).

Russula

sp.

9701A921-8289-5DF9-8505-D2CE73E4F70C

Figs 3F, G , 4E, F , 7

Diagnosis.

Pileus medium-sized, 60 mm diam., applanate with deeply depressed center, margin distinctly striate, crenulate, radially cracking; cuticle dry, viscid when moist, pruinose, peeling to 1/2 of the pileus radius, color greyish violet (18E5-E6), with dark violet (18F4-F6) patches, towards margin violet grey (18D2) to dull violet (18D3). Lamellae 3 mm deep, adnate, dense, pale cream; lamellulae rare, forked near the stipe; edge smooth and concolorous. Stipe 55 × 8–10 mm, centrally attached, tapering downwards base, surface dry, longitudinally-striated, white and flushed with purple. Context 2 mm thick at half of the pileus radius, white, unchanging; taste and odor not recorded. Spore print cream white.

Basidiospores (n = 20, 1, 1) (6.4–)6.5–6.8–7(–7.2) × (5.5–)5.6–5.9–6.2(–6.5) µm, Q = (1.08–)1.1–1.14–1.19(–1.24), subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, ornamentation of thin to moderately thick, 0.8–1.4 µm high ridges forming an incomplete reticulum (2–6 in a 3 µm circle), isolated warts rare (0–2 in a 3 µm circle), suprahilar spot not amyloid, small. Basidia (32–)34–36.2–38.5(–40) × (9–)9.5–10.5–11(–11.5) µm, 4-spored, clavate. Basidiola (24–)25.8–31–35(–42.5) × (8.3–)8.9–9.9–10.8(–11.4) µm, narrowly clavate, with guttate or granular contents. Hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides widely dispersed to dispersed, 100–500 per mm2, (63)66.5–79–91.5(–109) × (10.5–)12.5–14.5–16.5(–18) µm, narrowly fusiform or lageniform, originating from subhymenium and emergent beyond basidia, apically acute or obtuse but narrowed, thick-walled (walls up to 0.9 µm), contents optically empty, negative in sulfovanillin. Lamellar edge with dispersed basidia, true gloeocystidia (with differentiated contents) absent; marginal cells very abundant, resembling terminal cells in the pileus, narrowly lageniform or subulate (36.5–)42.5–49.6–56.5(–70.1) × (5–)5.5–6.3–7(–7.5) µm, narrowly lageniform or subulate, apically acute; narrowly clavate to clavate with optuse apex, (11.5–)14.5–17.8–21.2(–23.2) × (4–)5.2–6.2–7(–7.5) µm. Pileipellis orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, sharply delimited from the underlying context, 250–400 µm thick, with gelatinous matter, cystidoid hyphae prevailing, shorter cylindrical terminal hyphae present, parallel or repent scattered, pileocystidia absent, with a well-defined, gelatinized, 70–120 µm thick suprapellis of ascending or erect hyphal terminations forming a trichoderm, subpellis 230–350 µm thick, dense, horizontally oriented, gelatinized and branched cylindrical hyphae; acid-resistant incrustrations absent. Hyphal terminations near the pileus margin unbranched, usually only slightly flexuous, either long and attenuated or subcylindrical, short and obtuse; the attenuated ones more frequent, with terminal cells (45.0–)60.0–72.6–85.0(–96.5) × (3.5–)4.5–5.1–6.0(–6.5) µm, subulate, apically acute, thin-walled, shorter ones with terminal cells (18–)20.5–28.7–37.0(–48.0) × (3.0–)3.5–4.4–5.0(–6.0) µm, cylindrical or subcylindrical, apically obtuse but often constricted, thin walled; followed by (0–)1–2(–3) unbranched shorter and equally wide cells. Hyphal termination near the pileus center similar but shorter and narrower, attenuated longer ones with terminal cells (38.5–)43.5–53.4–63.0(–73.0) × (2.5–)3–3.5–4.0(–4.5) µm; shorter cylindrical ones with terminal cells (11.5–)13.5–16.4–19.0(–22.0) × (3.0–)3.5–4.1–4.5(–5.5) µm. Pileocystidia absent. Cystidioid or oleipherous hyphae in subpellis or context absent.

Ecology.

solitary on soil in deciduous forest, near Quercus mongolica.

Material examined.

South Korea. Incheon-si, Ongjin-gun, Jangbongdo islands, 72 m elev., 37°31'55"N, 126°21'10"E, Jae Young Park, Nam Kyu Kim, Suldbold Jargalmaa, 26 July 2016, SFC20160726-13 (Holotype, SFC!).

Comments.

This species is morphologically similar to R. mukteshwarica, but phylogenetically close to R. pseudoamoenicolor and R. pauriensis. Russula mukteshwarica and R. pauriensis differ from Russula sp. in the greenish yellow region at the pileus center, which is present in the first two species but absent in the latter (Das et al. 2005, 2017). Russula pseudoamoenicolor has a discolorous lamella edge (Hyde et al. 2016), whereas Russula sp. has a concolorous lamellae edge. Russula sp. has a purple pileus similar to that of R. violeipes; however, spore ornamentation height (up to 0.7 µm) and pleurocystidia size (80–115 × 12–15 µm) distinguishes Russula sp. from R. violeipes (Kränzlin 2005).

Key characters to Asian species in R. subsect. Amoeninae

1 Basidiome with pinkish pileus 2
– Basidiome with violet or purple pileus 4
2 Obtuse hymenial cystidia, subreticulate spore ornamentation, in mixed Pinus and Quercus forests R. bella
– Acute hymenial cystidia, subreticulate to reticulate spore ornamentation 3
3 Reticulate spore ornamentation, large hymenial cystidia (46‒60 × 9‒12 µm), broad hyphal terminations (6‒9 µm wide) in the pileipellis R. punicea
– Subreticulate spore ornamentation, small hymenial cystidia (29‒34 × 10‒12.5 µm), narrow hyphal termination (2.5‒4.5 µm wide) in the pileipellis R. intervenosa
4 Reticulate spore ornamentation, pileus with pale cream to yellowish grey color and purplish tinges R. orientipurpurea
– Subreticulate spore ornamentation, pileus with vivid color 5
5 Pileus with violet/greenish/yellowish shades, stipe with purplish flush, large and broad hymenial cystidia 6
– Pileus without greenish or yellowish shades 7
6 Small spores with high ornamentation (up to 2 µm), lamellae yellowish, lamellulae absent R. pauriensis
– Large spores with low ornamentation (up to 0.75 µm), lamellae yellowish to greenish, lamellulae present R. mukteshwarica
7 Lamellar edge discolorous (pastel violet), spore ornamentation up to 2 µm high R. pseudoamoenicolor
– Lamellar edge concolorous, spore ornamentation up to 1.2 µm high Russula sp. (SFC20160726-13)
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Discussion

The phylogenetic analyses showed that subsection Amoeninae forms a well-supported monophyletic group. Moreover, the species of Asian, Australian, European, and North American origin form separate clades. Similar results have been reported for other species groups in the various ectomycorrhizal genera of Russulaceae, which are often endemic to specific geographical regions or a single continent (Cho et al. 2018; De Crop et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2018; Lee et al. 2019; Looney et al 2020). Their host plants may have acted as bridges for species dispersal and diversification (Looney et al. 2018), and geographic distance and climate disjunctions may have caused species divergence (Caboň et al. 2019; Lee et al. 2019). The present study included recently obtained sequences of well-known species from different continents except Africa, which will provide useful information for understanding the diversity in this section.

Four Amoeninae species had been previously reported from South Korea based on morphological characteristics: two European, one North American, and one Japanese species (Lee et al. 2015). Based on ITS, large ribosomal subunit (LSU), and rpb2 data, Park et al. (2013) found that the Korean Amoeninae species were R. mariae (North American) and R. violeipes (European). The differences between those results and the present study may be traced back to the limited amount of sequences available at the time. The dramatic increase in the number of sequences available in public databases and the data obtained in the present study allow us to conclude that the species previously identified as R. mariae and R. violeipes in South Korea are in fact R. orientipurpurea and R. bella, respectively. We also showed that R. orientipurpurea forms a distinct clade that is quite distantly related to North American species, R. mariae. Moreover, the color of the pileus and geographical disjunction distinguishes R. orientipurpurea from R. mariae.

Phylogenetic analysis of LSU sequence data showed a close relationship among R. bella, R. mariae, and R. violeipes (Shimono et al. 2004). Although there are no ITS sequences available of R. bella from Japan, one LSU sequence of R. bella was identical to that of Korean samples (Park et al. 2013). The European R. violeipes is clearly distinguished from R. bella (Figs 1, 2). Therefore, considering the available morphological and molecular information, we conclude that all Korean samples previously designated as R. violeipes are in fact R. bella.

Russula sp. (SFC20160726-13) was confirmed to be identical to the three unidentified Chinese samples. The Chinese samples are from Taishan of Shandong Province, which is geographically close to South Korea. They formed a distinct clade and might be a new species. However, there are limited specimens to describe it as a new species. It would be better to introduce this new species after observing more specimens.

The occurrence of a previously reported species from South Korea (Lee et al. 2015), R. amoena, was not confirmed in this study. This species was originally described from Europe (Sarnari 1998). Two European specimens of R. amoena were included in our phylogenetic analyses, but none of the Korean samples match with these European collections. Thus, so far, R. amoena has not been confirmed in South Korea.

Most Korean specimens of R. bella and R. orientipurpurea were collected from mixed forests with pine and oak trees, which are very common in South Korea. Previous studies have reported that R. bella is commonly found as ectomycorrhizal root tips of the conifer species Abies homolepsis (Miyamoto et al. 2014), Pinus amamiana (Sugiyama et al. 2019), P. densiflora (direct GenBank submission), P. thenderbergii (Obase et al. 2011; Nakashima et al. 2016), and P. yunnanensis (Xie et al. 2010). Some sequences of R. orientipurpurea were also obtained from the roots of other Pinus spp. (Wen et al. 2015). This indicates that these two species are associated with conifers, but symbiotic relationships with deciduous trees cannot be excluded as the information available in the literature is scarce. Russula sp. (SFC20160726-13) seems rare and was collected in a forest dominated by Quercus mongolica. Since we have limited sample and data, additional specimens are needed to complete a morphological and ecological characterization of the species. Ecological information can be useful for the identification of morphologically similar ectomycorrhizal fungi species (Nuytinck and Verbeken 2003; Lee et al. 2019). Further investigations focused on ecological information are necessary to obtain a better understanding of the three Korean Russula species.

In conclusion, the East Asian Russula species in subsection Amoeninae are distinct from the European and North American species. Three species were identified from South Korea based on molecular and morphological data. However, the molecular data available in GenBank are still limited and comprise only some Russula species in subsection Amoeninae. The amount of ITS data for this group has continuously increased, but protein-coding gene sequences are still insufficient. An overall increase in sequence information would allow for a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and global diversity of this group.

Supplementary Material

XML Treatment for Russula bella
mycokeys.75.53673-treatment1.xml (34KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Russula orientipurpurea
mycokeys.75.53673-treatment2.xml (63.1KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Russula
mycokeys.75.53673-treatment3.xml (29.5KB, xml)

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR 201801105), Korea National Arboretum (KNA1-1-25, 19-2), and the Korean government (NRF-2015M3A9B8029237). The research of Miroslav Caboň and Slavomír Adamčík was funded by Slovak Grant APVV 15-0210.

Citation

Wisitrassameewong K, Park MS, Lee H, Ghosh A, Das K, Buyck B, Looney BP, Caboň M, Adamčík S, Kim C, Kim CS, Lim YW (2020) Taxonomic revision of Russula subsection Amoeninae from South Korea. MycoKeys 75: 1–29. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.75.53673

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material 1

Table S1. List of validly published names classified in R. subsect. Amoeninae and allied species around the world

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Komsit Wisitrassameewong, Myung Soo Park, Hyun Lee, Aniket Ghosh, Kanad Das, Bart Buyck, Brian P. Looney, Miroslav Caboň, Slavomír Adamčík, Changmu Kim, Chang Sun Kim, Young Woon Lim

Data type

species list

Explanation note

List of validly published names classified in R. subsect. Amoeninae and allied species around the world.

mycokeys-75-001-s001.docx (18.9KB, docx)
Supplementary material 2

Table S2. Sequences used for the ITS analyses in this study

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Komsit Wisitrassameewong, Myung Soo Park, Hyun Lee, Aniket Ghosh, Kanad Das, Bart Buyck, Brian P. Looney, Miroslav Caboň, Slavomír Adamčík, Changmu Kim, Chang Sun Kim, Young Woon Lim

Data type

ITS sequences

Explanation note

Sequences used for the ITS analyses in this study. ITS sequences generated in this study are presented in boldface. (T) indicates the type specimen. Species names in bracket are the original species epithet in GenBank or Park et al. (2013).

mycokeys-75-001-s002.docx (29.6KB, docx)

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

XML Treatment for Russula bella
mycokeys.75.53673-treatment1.xml (34KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Russula orientipurpurea
mycokeys.75.53673-treatment2.xml (63.1KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Russula
mycokeys.75.53673-treatment3.xml (29.5KB, xml)
Supplementary material 1

Table S1. List of validly published names classified in R. subsect. Amoeninae and allied species around the world

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Komsit Wisitrassameewong, Myung Soo Park, Hyun Lee, Aniket Ghosh, Kanad Das, Bart Buyck, Brian P. Looney, Miroslav Caboň, Slavomír Adamčík, Changmu Kim, Chang Sun Kim, Young Woon Lim

Data type

species list

Explanation note

List of validly published names classified in R. subsect. Amoeninae and allied species around the world.

mycokeys-75-001-s001.docx (18.9KB, docx)
Supplementary material 2

Table S2. Sequences used for the ITS analyses in this study

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Komsit Wisitrassameewong, Myung Soo Park, Hyun Lee, Aniket Ghosh, Kanad Das, Bart Buyck, Brian P. Looney, Miroslav Caboň, Slavomír Adamčík, Changmu Kim, Chang Sun Kim, Young Woon Lim

Data type

ITS sequences

Explanation note

Sequences used for the ITS analyses in this study. ITS sequences generated in this study are presented in boldface. (T) indicates the type specimen. Species names in bracket are the original species epithet in GenBank or Park et al. (2013).

mycokeys-75-001-s002.docx (29.6KB, docx)

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