Abstract
Purpose
To garner the views of young people with epilepsy and caregivers regarding the impact of COVID-19 and subsequent restrictions in the UK.
Mehods
An online survey was used to explore the views of young people with epilepsy (n = 71) and caregivers (n = 130) in June 2020. It included questions on the impact of the pandemic and associated restrictions on the child’s epilepsy and on child and parental wellbeing.
Results
One in three young people and 29 % of caregivers reported that the young person’s seizures had increased during the pandemic (only 10 % of young people and 8% of caregivers reported a decrease). Half of young people reported that they were more reluctant to go to hospital. Thirty-one percent of young people and 20 % of parents reported difficulties getting epilepsy medication whilst a significant minority of young people (18 %) and caregivers (25 %) reported that the young person had investigations/assessments cancelled by their hospital. The majority of young people reported their sleep (72 %), mood (64 %) and levels of physical activity (53 %) had deteriorated. Caregivers experienced increases in stress (55 %) and anxiety (52 %). Epilepsy nurses were seen as the most helpful support
Conclusions
Results indicate that the pandemic and associated restrictions have had a negative impact on young people with epilepsy. Perceived increases in seizures, reluctance to go to hospital and cancelled investigations are likely to impact on epilepsy management. The wider psychosocial impact is also likely to be significant with increases in child and caregiver mental health problems in an already vulnerable group.
Keywords: COVID-19, Epilepsy, Behaviour, Sleep
1. Introduction
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is having a profound effect on all societies. It has resulted in tens of millions of infections and over 1 million deaths worldwide (https://covid19.who.int/ accessed 19th October 2020). Countries have taken unprecedented steps to respond to the public health threat posed by the pandemic. In the UK the government imposed a range of restrictions in late March 2020 including a directive to stay at home except for essential purchases, essential work or medical needs. Physical exercise outside the home was limited and schools were closed for the majority of children.
In response to COVID-19, the use of telemedicine has increased significantly [1]. Care for young people with epilepsy has also changed dramatically including use of increased telemedicine, decreased EEG use, and in some cases cessation or limiting of epilepsy surgery [2]. To date there is limited evidence to suggest that COVID-19 can directly affect seizures but there is evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in increased psychological distress among individuals with epilepsy [3]. Increased stress can be associated with increased seizures [4]. In addition to seizures, many young people with epilepsy are at increased risk for mental health and behavioural problems [6]. Thus in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions, young people with epilepsy are likely to be a particularly vulnerable group with respect to the development of, or exacerbation of existing mental health and behaviour difficulties.
To date there has been very limited research on the views and experiences of young people with epilepsy regarding the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent restrictions. The aim of the current study was to garner the views and experiences of young people with epilepsy and caregivers regarding the impact of the pandemic in the UK.
2. Methodology
An anonymous online survey hosted on Survey Monkey was used to explore the views of young people (n = 71) with epilepsy and caregivers (n = 130) resident in the UK between May and June 2020. The surveys were accessible online and publicised online via social media (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram) by the Young Epilepsy Charity.
For the purposes of the current study young people were considered to be aged between 0 and 25 years. There were two separate surveys - one for young people with epilepsy and one for caregivers for people with epilepsy with similar questions. ‘Caregiver’ was defined as the person primarily responsible for the child’s care. The surveys were developed and piloted in collaboration with a small group of young people with epilepsy and their caregivers in April 2020. The surveys included questions on the potential impact of Covid-19 and restrictions on the young person with epilepsy and on young person and caregiver wellbeing (see supplement 1).
2.1. Analysis
Characteristics of participating people with epilepsy and their caregivers and responses to survey items were analysed in terms of frequencies and means and are reported as descriptive statistics. All data was analysed in IBM SPSS version 25.
2.2. Ethics
As a charity anonymysed survey, formal ethical review and approval was not required for the study. It was written by experienced childhood epilepsy researchers and approved by the Research Governance and Strategy Board at Young Epilepsy (operating name for The National Centre for Young People with Epilepsy). Written informed consent was implied via the completion of the questionnaire.
3. Results
The characteristics of the young people with epilepsy (n = 71) and caregivers (n = 130) who responded to the survey are shown are shown in Table 1 .
Table 1.
Characteristics of respondents to Corona Virus survey.
| Young people with Epilepsy survey (n = 71) | Caregiver survey (n = 130) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age of young person | Range 12−25 years Mean 20.76 SD 3.482 |
Range 0−25 years Mean 8.88 SD 5.515 |
| Gender of person with epilepsy | ||
| Female | 61 (86) | 64 (49%) |
| Male | 10 (14%) | 66 (51%) |
| Gender of Caregivers | ||
| Female | N/A | 128 (98%) |
| Male | N/A | 2 (2%) |
|
Learning/behavior One or more neurodevelopmental, learning or mental health problem |
51 (72%) | 63 (48%) |
| Age of diagnosis of epilepsy | Range 0.17−24years Mean12.04 SD 5.38 |
0−18 years Mean 5.13 SD 4.13 |
| Duration of Epilepsy | 0−22 years Mean = 8.89 years SD 5.82 |
0−25 years Mean 3.75 SD 4.57 |
| Anti-seizure Medications | ||
| None | 2 (3%) | 6 (5%) |
| One | 29 (41%) | 65 (50%) |
| Two | 26 (37%) | 32 (25%) |
| Three or more | 12 (17%) | 27 (21%) |
| Don’t Know | 2 (3%) | 0 (0%) |
| Emergency medication | ||
| Yes | 28 (39%) | |
| No | 41 (58%) | 73 (56%) |
| Not known | 2 (3%) | 57 (44%) |
The views of young people with epilepsy and caregivers regarding aspects of their epilepsy, epilepsy care and wellbeing during the pandemic are in Table 2 .
Table 2.
Perceptions of epilepsy, epilepsy care and wellbeing during pandemic and associated restrictions.
| Seizure frequency during pandemic | Young Person with Epilepsy (n = 71) | Caregiver (n = 130) |
|---|---|---|
| Difficult to say if has changeda | 17 (24%) | 33 (26%) |
| Not changed | 23 (32%) | 48 (37%) |
| Yes, decreased | 7 (10%) | 10 (8%) |
| Yes, increased | 24 (34%) | 38 (29%) |
| Difficulties accessing medicine during pandemicb | ||
| No | 49 (69%) | 103 (80%) |
| Yes | 22 (31%) | 25 (20%) |
| Access to epilepsy doctor/epilepsy nurse during pandemic | ||
| No changeb | 30 (42%) | 47 (37%) |
| Negative changes | 26 (37%) | 51 (40%) |
| Positive changes | 15 (21%) | 30 (23%) |
| Cancellations of medical appointments during pandemic and reluctance to go hospital | ||
| Investigations Cancelled by hospitalc | 13 (18%) | 32 (25%) |
| Investigations Cancelled by patientc | 12 (17%) | 12 (10%) |
| Reluctant to go/take PWE to hospitald,e | 31 (49%) | 83 (66%) |
| Telehealth replaced hospital visits during pandemic | ||
| With Doctor | 18 (25%) | 68 (52%) |
| With nurse | 26 (37%) | 43 (33%) |
| Satisfaction with telehealth during pandemicf,g | ||
| Same level of satisfaction | 22 (59%) | 56 (63%) |
| Less satisfied than usual | 10 (27%) | 20 (23%) |
| More satisfied than usual | 5 (14%) | 12 (14%) |
| Most helpful source of support during pandemic | ||
| Doctor | 7 (10%) | 26 (20%) |
| Epilepsy nurse | 22 (31%) | 45 (35%) |
| Online support group | 14 (20%) | 40 (31%) |
| NHS websites | 16 (23%) | 7 (5%) |
| Epilepsy charity websites | 19 (24%) | 14 (11%) |
| Not found anything helpful I trust | 10 (14%) | 18 (14%) |
| I have not needed help/support | 7 (10%) | 22 (17%) |
| Impact of lockdown on young person with epilepsy | ||
| Behaviourh, i | ||
| Better | 8 (14%) | 26 (25%) |
| Worse | 21 (36 %) | 53 (51%) |
| Not affected | 30 (51%) | 36 (34%) |
| Moodh,i | ||
| Better | 8 (14%) | 15 (14%) |
| Worse | 38 (64%) | 64 (61%) |
| Not affected | 13 (22%) | 26 (25%) |
| Sleep h,i | ||
| Better | 5 (8%) | 17 (16%) |
| Worse | 43 (72%) | 59 (56%) |
| Not affected | 11 (17%) | 29 (28%) |
| Physical Activity h,j | ||
| Better | 20 (34%) | 19 (18%) |
| Worse | 31 (53%) | 65 (63%) |
| Not affected | 8 (14%) | 20 (19%) |
| Perceived Impact of Coronavirus restrictions on the family | ||
| Negative Economic Impact | NA | 46 (35 %) |
| Increased caregiver stress | NA | 72 (55 %) |
| More anxious | NA | 68 (52 %) |
| More depressed | NA | 36 (28 %) |
| Worse sleep | NA | 57(44 %) |
| Relationships with partner/spouse | NA | 20 (15 %) |
Caregiver: an = 129 bn = 128 cn = 127 en = 126 gn = 88 in = 105 nj=104.
Young Person with epilepsy dn = 61 nf = 37 hn = 59 NA = not applicable.
3.1. Epilepsy and Epilepsy care during the pandemic
Thirty-four percent of young people with epilepsy and 29 % of caregivers felt that the young person’s seizures had increased compared with only 10 % and 8% respectively who perceived a decrease in seizure frequency. Thirty-one percent of young people with epilepsy and 20 % of caregivers reported difficulties accessing medicine during the pandemic. Regarding investigations (such as EEG or MRI), 18 % of young people and 25 % of caregivers reported that the hospital had cancelled investigations whilst 17 % of young people and 10 % of caregivers had themselves cancelled investigations. The majority of young people and caregivers reported the same level of satisfaction with telehealth compared with previous in-person consultations. However, a significant minority of young people with epilepsy (27 %) and caregivers (23 %) were less satisfied with telehealth compared to usual in-person consultations.
3.2. Perceptions of support and impact of lockdown young person and caregiver wellbeing
For young people with epilepsy and caregivers, epilepsy specialist nurses were identified most often as the best source of support. The majority of young people and caregivers reported that the young person’s mood and sleep had worsened since the introduction of COVID-19 restrictions. Additionally, the majority of caregivers reported increased anxiety, stress and worse sleep as a result of the pandemic.
4. Discussion
Many young people with epilepsy and caregivers perceived the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions to have had a negative impact on epilepsy care and individual wellbeing. A minority reported increases in seizure frequency, difficulties accessing medicine, cancelled investigations and dissatisfaction with the telemedicine which had replaced in-person consultations.
More young people and caregivers reported an increase in seizure frequency than reported a decrease. An Italian study of adults with epilepsy found that 18 % reported a seizure increase [6] whilst 8.5 % reported an increase in a Chinese study of adults [3]. In studies from Saudi Arabia and Spain where respondents were predominantly adults, 27 % and 29.5 % respectively reported an increase in seizure frequency [7,8]. A UK study reported that 19 % of respondents, which included adults with epilepsy and caregivers of both children and adults, reported a change in seizure frequency but it was not reported whether this was a decrease or increase [9]. The percentage of individuals who reported an increase in seizures in the current study is at the higher end of previous estimates and could reflect that the current study focusses on children and young adults as opposed to a predominately adult population. Differences could also reflect sampling methods employed and country specific aspects of COVID restrictions in the different studies. Difficulties accessing medicine, difficulties accessing epilepsy professionals and cancellations noted by some respondents in the current study have been previously reported [6]. All could impact seizure frequency. Increases could also be related to the reported increased stress, and problems with mood and sleep.
The increased use of telehealth during the pandemic noted in the current study highlights the need to innovate; for many this maintained contact with their medical team. Moving forward, telehealth is likely to remain in delivery of care to people with epilepsy [10]. However it can have significant limitations including the confidence in the confidentiality of the medium used affecting communication regarding lifestyle habits [11]. The negative impact on epilepsy care provision for young people with epilepsy and dissatisfaction for some with telehealth, highlights the need to develop models of care tailored to the specific needs of children and young people.
Thirty-five percent of respondents reported that investigations had been cancelled either by the hospital or by the person with epilepsy/caregiver. At the onset of the pandemic, many institutions stopped all elective work, with redeployment of staff to COVID treating areas. As services are reopened, with appropriate restrictions, waiting lists for elective procedures remain long. Stopping or limiting services required for care of chronic disease such as epilepsy is to the detriment of individuals concerned, and complete cessation of services is not the way forward when considering the likely longer term impact.
Young people with epilepsy and caregivers noted that a significant of proportion of the young people with epilepsy experienced a deterioration in behavior, mood, anxiety and sleep. This is in line with a study in the general population which noted a deterioration of mental health during the pandemic [12]· Children and adults with epilepsy and caregivers are already at very high risk of mental health difficulties [5,13,14]and sleep difficulties. Thus it would appear that COVID-19 and associated restrictions exacerbates difficulties in an already vulnerable group. This exacerbation in mental health during the pandemic calls for integrated care for young people with epilepsy with health care providers needing to provide supports for not only epilepsy but also mental health [15]. The positive view of epilepsy specialist nurses in the pandemic suggest that they may be ideally placed to facilitate this integrated care where epilepsy specialist nurse services are available.
5. Limitations
An online survey method was used in the current study and it was not possible to estimate response rate and thus respondents may not be representative of the wider epilepsy population. We employed a bespoke non-validated questionnaire as opposed to standardised measures of emotional well-being and sleep. Use of seizure diaries may have provided more accurate data on changes in occurrence in seizures. The respondents to both the young people with epilepsy and caregiver survey were predominantly female and males may have different experiences. Because of the survey nature of the study we were not able to validate epilepsy diagnoses. The nature of questions and small subgroup sizes did not allow us to explore potential relationships between variables such as seizure frequency and mental health. Finally, not all questions were answered by all respondents.
6. Conclusion
Results indicate that the pandemic and associated restrictions have had a negative impact on many young people with epilepsy. Increases in seizure frequency and reluctance to go to hospital may impact on epilepsy management. The wider impact on young person and caregiver wellbeing is also likely to be significant due to increases in young person and caregiver mental health problems. There is a need to develop improved models of remote service delivery which focus not only on epilepsy but the wider psychosocial impact.
Funding
JHC is supported by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors have no other conflicts of interest to report.
Footnotes
Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2020.12.024.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
The following is Supplementary data to this article:
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