Abstract
Introduction:
Childhood obesity is a threat worldwide; notably, some Asian nations are experiencing a shift toward obesity at a younger age. The context of overweight/obesity remains unexplored, more among younger age groups in Bangladesh. This study assessed prevalence and factors associated with overweight/obesity among 9–14-year-old school-going children studying in public and private primary schools in a selected area of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Materials and Methods:
This descriptive cross-sectional study involved 150 children recruited from four purposively selected primary schools, following simple random sampling technique. Body mass index was assessed to classify children following the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention age and sex-specific cutoff points. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 20, and Chi-square/Fisher's exact test was done to determine association.
Results:
A higher prevalence of overweight/obesity was observed among boys (67.1%) compared to girls, and the mean age was 11.6 years. Overweight and obesity were prevalent among girls (35.7% and 17.9%, respectively) in public schools and boys (38.8% and 32.7%, respectively) in private schools. The magnitude was higher (>80.0%) among those not participating in sports at school (P = 0.002) or outside school (P < 0.001). They exposed (97.5%) to sedentary behaviors (P < 0.001) and preferred fast food (60.8%) as regular meals (P = 0.001). Their dietary chart lacked an adequate serving of vegetables and fruits in a week.
Conclusions:
Overweight/obesity is prevalent among 9–14-year-old school-going children, and behavior factors are major determinants of childhood obesity. Effective public health interventions are required to address this emerging health problem.
Keywords: Bangladesh, children, obesity, sedentary lifestyle
INTRODUCTION
Globally, overweight and obesity among children became a major public health concern. It is recognized as a major public health problem for developed countries such as Canada, the United States, Australia, and many European countries.[1] Some South East Asian low-and-middle-income countries are now facing a paradox of double burden of malnutrition, where undernutrition is continuing and overweight/obesity increasing gradually.[2] This also became a problem of developing countries including Bangladesh, especially for those living in urban areas.[3] According to the World Health Organization estimates, the prevalence of overweight/obesity among children and adolescents aged 5–19 years risen a state of 4% in 1975 to 18% in 2016.[4] Childhood obesity is rapidly increasing due to undergoing economic transitions, demographic changes, and urbanization.[5] This has already recognized as a global problem with important consequences for survival, the incidence of chronic diseases, healthy development, and the economic productivity of individuals and societies.[6] This could lead to premature death and disability in adulthood, and the most significant health consequences are cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer.[7]
An increasing number of countries are now affected by the growing risk of overweight/obesity among children.[8] In Bangladesh, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children varies based on different sources. A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence varied from 1.0% to 23.0% among children and 1.7% to 25.6% among adolescents.[9] In 2014, a school-based countrywide study demonstrated that among children (6–15 years), 9.6% were overweight and 3.5% were obese.[10] In recent years, the problem of childhood obesity in the country received attention due to its association with adulthood obesity and increased risk of comorbidities. However, there is a paucity of recently published data on the status of overweight and obesity, particularly among 9–14-year-old primary school-going children in the urban area targeting to assess dietary and physical activity patterns of children. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence and identify factors influencing the weight status of 9–14-year-old school-going children studying in public and private primary schools in a selected area of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study aim and design
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence and associated influencing factors with overweight/obesity among 9–14-year-old children who attended in selected public and private primary schools in Dhaka city, capital of Bangladesh.
Study site and study population
The study site was Khilgaon Thana (23'44' and 23'46' North latitudes and 90'24' and 90'29' East longitudes) of Dhaka city, with an area of 14.83 km2. Schools were selected based on three criteria: (i) a good number of students, (ii) reputation of the school, and (iii) availability of playgrounds within school premises. Out of nine schools, four schools (public – 2 and private – 2) were selected purposively. The study population was children (boys and girls) aged 9–14 years enrolled in selected schools. Young respondents between the ages of 7 and 18 are not homogeneous groups, and their thinking process and reasoning skills develop gradually. Structured interviews are feasible for 9-year-old children who can answer well-designed questions with some consistency.[11] As this study focused on primary schools, this age group was considered for getting reasonable responses.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The children's age did not fall between the range of 9–14 years, or using growth hormone replacement therapy, suffering from chronic illness, chromosomal disorders were excluded from the study.
Sampling strategy and sample
The sample size was calculated using formula n = (Z^2 x p (1-p))/e^2, where n is sample size, Z = 1.96 (95% confidence interval), p = prevalence of overweight and obesity (13.2%),[10] and e = margin of error (6%), the minimum sample size was 122. This study involved 150 children recruited using a simple random sampling technique. An equal number of children (n = 75) were chosen from each type of school to have a comparison between public and private schools. A list of all eligible children studying in selected schools was prepared that worked as the sampling frame. Through a computer-generated random sequence, a list of 150 children was drawn from this sampling frame.
Anthropometric measurements
The measurement was carried out during school hours as time allocated by the school authority. Height (cm) was measured using a portable, locally manufactured stadiometer, standing upright on the flat surface without shoes. Weight (kg) was measured by a digital weight machine with a light school uniform, without shoes, and recorded nearest to 0.1 kg. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m2), usually used to screen for weight categories that may lead to health problems.[12] BMI was assessed to classify children following the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention age and sex-specific cutoff points. Children were categorized into four groups: underweight (<5th percentile), normal weight (5th–84th percentile), overweight (85th–94th percentile), and obese (≥95th percentile) using age and sex-specific percentiles of BMI.[12,13]
Ethical approval
The Research Defense Committee of American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) approved the study proposal (ethical approval reference number: 15-98602-2). Assent of children was obtained through a signed informed consent waiver by head teachers and from accompanied caregivers of children (father/mother/guardian). Verbal consent was obtained from children before conducting the interviews. This study involved the noninvasive procedures and strictly adhered to ethical principles during the entire study process.
Data collection and fieldwork
The team collected data from September to November 2016. Data from children were collected by conducting school visits using a pretested, semi-structured, and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were collected on sociodemographic variables and information on exposures of interest: their regular habit of engaging household activities; participating in sports; exposure to sedentary activities (playing video/computer games, using a mobile phone/internet, and watching television); food habits; and food preferences.
Data analysis
The team checked data completeness, and analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version-20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Study descriptive statistics were presented in frequency tables, mean, whenever appropriate. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test was performed between the outcome variable (overweight/obese) and selected independent variables for measuring association. P < 0.05 was considered as the significance level. There were no missing data.
RESULTS
The mean age of overweight/obese children was ± 11.6 years, and 67.1% were boys. Around two-thirds (63.3%) were in Grade 5 from private schools (58.2%) [Table 1]. Most of the children's fathers completed the primary level of education (35.4%) and engaged in private sector 31.6%, followed by business (26.6%). Mothers were mostly (84.8%) homemakers and completed the primary level of education (48.1%) [Table 2].
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the children (n=150)
| Characteristics | Underweight (%) (n=16) | Normal weight (%) (n=55) | Overweight/obese (%) (n=79) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Boy | 56.2 | 61.8 | 67.1 |
| Girl | 43.8 | 38.2 | 32.9 |
| Age (years) (mean) | |||
| Mean age | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.6 |
| Religion | |||
| Muslim | 87.5 | 94.5 | 93.7 |
| Hindu | 12.5 | 5.5 | 6.3 |
| Type of school | |||
| Public | 62.5 | 58.2 | 41.8 |
| Private | 37.5 | 41.8 | 58.2 |
| Grade | |||
| Four | 68.8 | 49.1 | 36.7 |
| Five | 31.2 | 50.9 | 63.3 |
Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of the children’s parents (n=150)
| Characteristics | Underweight (%) (n=16) | Normal weight (%) (n=55) | Overweight/obese (%) (n=79) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Educational status of fathers | |||
| No formal education | 18.8 | 10.9 | 6.3 |
| Primary (Grade 1-5) | 37.5 | 36.4 | 35.4 |
| SSC passed | 12.5 | 16.4 | 17.7 |
| HSC passed | 0.0 | 14.5 | 12.7 |
| Graduation | 12.5 | 16.3 | 25.4 |
| Don’t know | 18.7 | 5.5 | 2.5 |
| Occupation of fathers | |||
| Self-employed | 25.0 | 27.3 | 22.8 |
| Government employee | 0.0 | 3.6 | 5.1 |
| Private employee | 37.4 | 32.7 | 31.6 |
| Business | 18.8 | 27.3 | 26.6 |
| Others† | 18.8 | 9.1 | 13.9 |
| Educational status of mothers | |||
| No formal education | 31.3 | 16.4 | 11.4 |
| Primary (Grade 1-5) | 31.3 | 49.1 | 48.1 |
| SSC passed | 18.7 | 23.6 | 27.8 |
| HSC passed | 0.0 | 3.6 | 8.9 |
| Graduation | 0.0 | 1.8 | 2.5 |
| Don’t know | 18.7 | 5.5 | 1.3 |
| Occupation of mothers | |||
| Homemaker | 75.0 | 74.6 | 84.8 |
| Self-employed | 0.0 | 3.6 | 6.3 |
| Government employee | 6.2 | 1.8 | 2.5 |
| Private employee | 0.0 | 12.7 | 5.1 |
| Others†† | 18.8 | 7.3 | 1.3 |
†Driver (CNG/auto), rickshaw puller (public schools); emigrant (private schools). ††Maidservant (public schools); sewing (private schools). CNG: Compressed natural gas.
The prevalence of overweight/obesity was varied considering the sex of children and types of schools. The prevalence of overweight 36.0% (95% CI: 1.11–1.48) and obesity 25.3% (95% CI: 0.98–1.34) was comparatively higher among children enrolled in private schools. Overweight and obesity were more prevalent among girls in public schools (35.7% and 17.9%, respectively) and boys in private schools (38.8% and 32.7%, respectively) [Table 3].
Table 3.
Prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity by sex of the children (n=150)
| Characteristics | Boy (%) | Girl (%) | Total (%) | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||||
| Public schools (n=75) | |||||
| Underweight | 17.0 | 7.1 | 13.3 | 0.90 | 1.50 |
| Normal weight | 44.7 | 39.3 | 42.7 | 1.17 | 1.52 |
| Overweight | 23.4 | 35.7 | 28.0 | 1.24 | 1.71 |
| Obese | 14.9 | 17.9 | 16.0 | 1.09 | 1.74 |
| Private schools (n=75) | |||||
| Underweight | 2.0 | 19.2 | 8.0 | 1.40 | 2.26 |
| Normal weight | 26.5 | 38.5 | 30.7 | 1.22 | 1.65 |
| Overweight | 38.8 | 30.8 | 36.0 | 1.11 | 1.48 |
| Obese | 32.7 | 11.5 | 25.3 | 0.98 | 1.34 |
CI: Confidence interval
The association between the factors studied and overweight/obesity was measured in this study. Around 95.0% of overweight/obese children usually not engaged with household activities such as cleaning, preparing snacks/foods, taking care of siblings, gardening, and this could be influential in growing obesity (P < 0.001). Participation in sports was significantly associated with overweight/obesity. Compared to other groups, it was remarkably low for overweight/obese children, where only 17.7% participated in school (P = 0.002) and 16.5% after school (P < 0.001). They were more exposed (97.5%) to sedentary behaviors such as playing video/computer games, using a mobile phone/internet, and watching television for ≥120 min in a day, and this association was statistically significant P < 0.001. The association between eating breakfast, having money for buying foods, food purchase practices, and overweight/obesity was statistically nonsignificant. The majority of the children reported having breakfast almost regularly. They were given money to buy food at school, and among food choices, overweight/obese children mostly (60.0%) bought fast food. Food preference for regular meals was significantly associated with overweight/obesity; however, relation with vegetable and fruit consumption was statistically nonsignificant. Their dietary chart lacked five servings of vegetables (P = 0.109) and fruits (P = 0.174) in a week, and it was lower than other groups of children. They also preferred fast food (60.8%) as a regular meal (P = 0.001), whereas other groups preferred homemade food [Table 4].
Table 4.
Factors associated with overweight/obesity among children (n=150)
| Characteristics | Underweight (%) (n=16) | Normal weight (%) (n=55) | Overweight/obese (%) (n=79) | P# |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assist in household activities | ||||
| Yes | 25.0 | 61.8 | 5.1 | <0.001 |
| No | 75.0 | 38.2 | 94.9 | |
| Participate in sports at school ≥60 min/day ≤5 days | ||||
| Yes | 37.5 | 60.0 | 17.7 | 0.002* |
| No | 62.5 | 40.0 | 82.3 | |
| Participate in outdoor sports after school ≥60 min/day ≤5 days | ||||
| Yes | 43.8 | 45.5 | 16.5 | <0.001 |
| No | 56.2 | 54.5 | 83.5 | |
| Exposed to sedentary behaviors ≥120 min/day | ||||
| Yes | 68.8 | 36.4 | 97.5 | <0.001 |
| No | 31.2 | 63.6 | 2.5 | |
| Regular practice of eating breakfast | ||||
| Yes | 87.5 | 94.5 | 81.0 | 0.060 |
| No | 12.5 | 5.5 | 19.0 | |
| Given money for buying food at school | ||||
| Yes | 100.0 | 98.2 | 94.9 | 0.802 |
| No | 0.0 | 1.8 | 5.1 | |
| Types of food buy at school (n=145) | ||||
| Ice-cream | 18.8 | 11.1 | 9.3 | 0.595 |
| Chocolate | 6.2 | 9.3 | 9.3 | |
| Bread item | 12.5 | 31.5 | 18.7 | |
| Street food | 62.5 | 44.4 | 2.7 | |
| Fast food | 0.0 | 3.7 | 60.0 | |
| Consumption of ≥5 serving vegetables ≤5 days | ||||
| Yes | 37.5 | 34.5 | 20.3 | 0.109 |
| No | 62.5 | 65.5 | 79.7 | |
| Consumption of ≥5 serving fruits ≤5 days | ||||
| Yes | 31.2 | 41.8 | 16.5 | 0.174 |
| No | 68.8 | 58.2 | 83.5 | |
| Food preference for a regular meal | ||||
| Homemade food† | 62.5 | 54.5 | 32.9 | 0.001 |
| Fast food†† | 25.0 | 20.0 | 60.8 | |
| Sweet food††† | 12.5 | 25.5 | 6.3 |
†Rice, vegetable, fish, meat, etc., ††French fry, chicken fry, sandwich, burger, etc., †††Sweets, pudding, chocolate, ice cream, etc., #Fisher’s exact test was performed since the expected cell frequencies were less than five, *Chi-square test
DISCUSSION
Findings demonstrated a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in a representative sample of 150 school children (9–14 years) in Khilgaon area of Dhaka city. Underweight in children is still a greater problem than overweight/obesity in the country,[9,14] but the capital city had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity (52.7%) among this age group of children. As a result of the nutritional transition, double burden of malnutrition among children is now a common phenomenon in Bangladesh and countries located in Asia and Pacific regions.[15,16]
In this study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among boys and girls was found different in the case of public and private schools. A countrywide epidemiological study demonstrated that overweight/obesity was prevalent among boys in urban areas; however, this status varied based on the type of school of children.[10] The present study revealed that overweight and obesity were more prevalent among girls (35.7% and 17.9%, respectively) in public schools and boys (38.8% and 32.7%, respectively) in private schools. In contrast to this finding, an earlier study demonstrated a higher prevalence of overweight among girls (26.7%) in selected English medium private schools in Dhaka.[17] Another school-based study revealed a prevalence of overweight (14.0%) and obesity (23.0%) among girls aged 9–17 years.[18] However, the present study findings showed that the prevalence of overweight/obesity is rising both in boys and girls in the city. Several studies reported an increasing trend of overweight/obesity both in boys and girls in India and Pakistan.[19,20,21] Corresponding to the results of this study, a study in Nepal revealed a high prevalence of overweight among boys studying in private schools that is 2.1 times higher than public schools.[22]
The etiology of overweight/obesity is likely to include numerous factors.[23] High-energy intake and food preference are major contributors to the development of overweight/obesity in children.[23,24] In the country, food consumption patterns and dietary habits of school-going children have changed markedly during the past few decades.[25] Projection of urbanization growth is 50% during 2015–2029,[26] and children are more exposed to city culture with a sedentary lifestyle and high intake of dense foods, soft drinks, and less nutritious foods.[27] This study identified fast food preference as a major influencing factor in developing overweight/obesity among children. This also reported in other studies as a potential risk factor for developing overweight/obesity among children in the country.[8,17,28] Studies in India and Pakistan indicated regular consumption of fast food (42.9% and 80.0%, respectively) among this group of children.[19,21] A study conducted in Sri Lanka reported high-energy intake, low fruits, and vegetable consumption as contributory factors for obesity among adolescent girls.[29] This study found that similar, overweight/obese children usually lacked consuming adequate servings of vegetables and fruits in a week. Studies in India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka demonstrated that children from a higher socioeconomic status were more prone to obesity than those from low-income families.[19,21,22,29] Although a study among the urban population in the country showed a similar trend,[25] this study did not find any attributable relations between parents' education, occupation, and overweight/obesity among this age group of children.
It has appeared that the majority (>80.0%) of the overweight/obese children are not participating in sports at school or after school. They were less active in assisting with household activities and greatly exposed to sedentary behaviors. Publications also illustrated a rising trend of overweight/obesity with urbanization, dietary practices, sedentary lifestyle, and high economic income groups.[15,30] A study conducted among English medium schools also identified food habits, less active lifestyles, and high levels of sedentary activities as the major contributors to developing obesity.[17] Another study reported fast food preference as an important contributor to developing obesity and not found any relationship with participation in sports.[28] It has revealed that the dynamics of childhood obesity are complex and influenced by numerous factors. It is most likely that high consumption of food rich in fat and calories, less involvement in sports/activities, and a sedentary lifestyle played an important role in rising overweight/obesity among this age group of children. Similar findings were reported in studies conducted in different parts of India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, which established the relationship between dietary patterns, sedentary behaviors, and obesity.[19,20,21,22,29] It is worth mentioned here that Dhaka city is lacking strategic urban planning and also public parks, open places/land for physical activities.[31] Fast food promotion is common, these are readily available, and children easily become habituated to these unhealthy foods and beverages. These also indirectly influenced this rising trend, which indicates a serious public health concern, and urgent actions should be taken to tackle this issue in the country.
CONCLUSIONS
This study reports the prevalence and factors associated with overweight/obesity among 9–14-year-old school-going children in a selected area of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Positive energy balance with higher fat intake, lack of participation in outdoor sports, sedentary lifestyle, and fast food culture seems to be among the major underlying factors for the increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity among children. Introducing children to healthy food at an early age means that they are more likely to make healthier food choices as they grow up. Proper food habit, less screen time, more play, and recreation time are the keys to prevent children from becoming obese. There is a great need for developing public health policy/strategies to ensure early detection and targeted interventions (e.g., campaign for healthy foods; ensure availability of public parks and open places/land for physical activities; behavior modification program targeting children, caregivers, and schools, etc.) to prevent overweight/obesity among school children. However, more robust studies need to be designed to identify all factors associated with childhood obesity to design better control programs in the country context.
Financial support and sponsorship
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The first author incurred all the expenses for conducting this research.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgment
The first author expresses profound gratitude to Dr. Md. Abdur Rahim, Ph.D., Professor, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB), for his valuable guidance; Professor Dr. Syed Masud Ahmed for his time in reviewing the manuscript, Mr. Md. Saiful Islam and Mr. Mir Ataur Rahman for field coordination and data collection. Thanks to the school authority, children's caregiver, and the children who provided their valuable time and information to this study.
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