Management characteristics and prognosis after stroke in China: findings from a large nationwide stroke registry

Abstract

Background and purpose

There is limited nationwide evidence about the standard management characteristics of stroke types and prognosis in China. This study aimed to assess clinical characteristics, in-hospital and after-discharge management characteristics and prognosis for stroke types in China.

Methods

A nationwide registry recruited 14 244 imaging-confirmed first-ever incident strokes from 132 hospitals across 31 provinces of China during 2007–2008, recording presenting characteristics, diagnostic procedures and in-hospital treatment. After hospital discharge, patients were followed up for 6 months. Conventional statistical methods were used to examine the patterns of management and prognosis.

Results

Overall, 68.7%, 26.9% and 4.4% were ischaemic stroke (IS), intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), respectively. Only 20% were managed in a dedicated stroke unit. Among IS, 1.3% received thrombolysis within 3 hours after symptom onset, whereas the proportions of receiving in-hospital antiplatelet therapy, neuroprotective agents and traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) were 88.4%, 69.7% and 70.6%, respectively. For ICH, 63.3% and 36.3% received neuroprotective agents and TCM in hospital, respectively. At discharge, 70.7% and 38.0% of the patients with IS were given antiplatelet and statin therapies, respectively, decreasing to 64.8% and 23.9%, respectively, at 6 months. In-hospital mortality was 3.2%, 9.3% and 10.1% for IS, ICH and SAH, respectively, with a further 8.6%, 18.2% and 22.0%, respectively, died by 6 month. Meanwhile, in-hospital recurrence rate was 2.6%, 1.9% and 7.2% for IS, ICH and SAH, respectively, with a further 8.0%, 5.1% and 7.5%, respectively, recurred by 6 month.

Conclusions

In China, the mortality rate of stroke is lower than that reported from west populations, though most strokes are not managed in specialised stroke unit. There is widespread use of some unproven therapies but limited proven treatments, especially after discharge, leading to unnecessary recurrent risks.

Introduction

Stroke is the second leading cause of death globally, with about three-quarters of the global burden of stroke deaths (~6.5 million) and associated disability-adjusted life years (113 million) lost now occurring in low-income and middle-income countries, particularly China where stroke rates are much higher than in most western countries, causing >1 million deaths each year.^{1 2} Compared with western countries, the proportion of stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) was greater in China and there are large and unexplained geographical variations in the age-standardised disease rates of stroke subtypes.^{3 4}

Stroke also accounts for major medical and financial burden,⁵ including 2%–4% of total healthcare costs globally and >4% of direct healthcare costs in industrialised countries. In China, the average cost of hospitalisation in 2006 was ¥11 216 (≈US$1602) per patient.⁶ Evidence-based guidelines for the management of stroke have been advocated in China, but there is still wide variation in their application by regions and by hospitals.⁷ While management and prognosis of patients who had a stroke have been extensively studied in western countries,^8–10 there is little nationwide evidence in China, with previous studies in China constrained by small sample sizes, restricted to specific regions or lack of long-term follow-up data.^11–15

To help fill the evidence gap, we present the data from the China National Stroke Registry (CNSR) involving 14 000 imaging-confirmed strokes recruited from 31 provinces across China. We aimed to assess (1) overall standard of short-term and long-term management of main stroke types (ie, ischaemic stroke (IS) and ICH); and (2) case-fatality and long-term prognosis following discharge and the likely determinants.

Methods

​Study design

Detailed information about the CNSR’s rationale, design and procedures has been previously published.¹⁶ Briefly, the CNSR was a nationwide hospital-based prospective registry study of patients who had stroke and transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) aged over 18 years. CNSR was established during September 2007 and August 2008 involving 132 hospitals (100 tier III and 32 tier II) from all over China including 27 provinces and 4 municipalities. The selection of hospital was determined by CNSR steering committee according to various criteria, including available facility (eg, CT or MRI) for diagnosing stroke types. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients or their legal representatives.

​Eligibility criteria

The eligibility criteria for enrolment of patients into the study included: (1) age 18 years or older; (2) diagnosis at hospital admission of acute first-ever stroke including IS, ICH and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) according to WHO criteria; (3) stroke confirmed by brain CT or MRI.

Of the 39 741 cases screened for eligibility, 17 525 (44.1%) were excluded for time since onset >14 days (51.2%), diagnosis of condition other than stroke or TIA (22.8%), refuse of participation (15.9%), died before enrolment (7.8%) and other reasons (2.4%; figure 1), and 22 261 were diagnosed as acute stroke, of whom 1387 were TIA and a further 6490 had a history of stroke, leaving 14 339 eligible cases. For the present studies, 95 individuals with strokes of an unspecified type were excluded leaving 14 244 cases for the main analyses (figure 1).

Figure 1.

Flow diagram for the enrolment process of the potentially eligible patients in the China National Stroke Registry. TIA, transient ischaemic attacks.

​Data collection

In each hospital, trained health professionals identified patients through reviewing medical records. Eligible participants, or their immediate relatives, were then interviewed for their consent and relevant clinical information in the medical notes was recorded in the standardised questionnaire. All the collected data were transmitted on a regular basis to study coordinating centre in Beijing. After hospital discharge, trained health professionals at Beijing Tiantan Hospital interviewed the participants who were discharged alive using a structured telephone interview at 3 and 6 months after onset.¹⁶ Main outcome measures were all-cause mortality and major vascular events (MVE, vascular death, recurrent stroke or myocardial infarction).

​Statistical analysis

All analyses were conducted separately for three main strokes types (IS, ICH and SAH). Data were reported mean values and SD for continuous variables, and median with IQR for nominal variables of patients. Percentages were used for categorical parameters. Except indicated in the tables, missing values were distributed to each category according to proportion of non-missing data. The number and proportion of missing data for these variables were shown as following: smoking history (531, 3.7%), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at admission (738, 5.2%) and others (eg, education, alcohol history <3%). All analyses were performed using SAS software V.9.3 (SAS Institute).

Results

​Patient characteristics

Of the 14 244 strokes included, the mean (SD) age was 62.5 (13.3) years, 60.6% were men, 68.7% were IS, 26.9% ICH and 4.4% SAH (figure 1). Patients with IS were older, had higher body mass index and were more likely to have prior cardiovascular disease, diabetes or hyperlipidaemia, while patients with ICH were more likely to have hypertension and SAH cases tended to be younger, and were more likely to be female and have a lower prevalence of hypertension. There was lower prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption in SAH, but little difference in access to health insurance across three stroke types. There were higher proportion of SAH cases in the top tier hospitals but no significant difference in distribution of hospital ranks between IS and ICH (table 1). Prior to their first hospital admission, over one-third of patients with IS (39.6%) and ICH (36.9%) were taking antihypertensive treatments, significantly higher than that of SAH (23.2%). The use of lipid-lowering medications was, however, extremely low (1.8%) in IS.

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of China National Stroke Registry patients by stroke type

	Total (n=14 244)	IS (n=9787)	ICH (n=3828)	SAH (n=629)
Age (years; %)
<45	11.1	8.7	15.5	21.8
46–55	20.3	18.3	23.8	29.7
56–65	24.6	24.6	24.7	25.1
66–75	26.0	28.1	22.2	16.5
>75	18.0	20.4	13.8	6.8
Mean (SD)	62.5 (13.3)	64.0 (13.0)	59.9 (13.6)	55.9 (12.8)
Gender (%)
Male	60.6	61.2	61.7	43.1
Education (%)
Elementary or below	45.3	44.8	47.1	42.9
Middle school	27.1	26.3	28.5	30.5
High school or above	27.6	28.9	24.4	26.6
Health insurance (%)	76.4	78.1	72.9	70.9
Smoking (%)
Never	60.1	59.3	60.5	69.2
Ex	10.3	10.6	10.5	5.2
Current	29.6	30.1	29.0	25.6
Alcohol (%)
Never	66.1	66.7	63.5	72.4
Ex	3.0	3.4	2.3	0.8
Current	31.0	30.0	34.3	26.8
BMI (kg/m2)* (%)
<18.5	3.7	3.3	4.7	4.3
18.6–24.9	51.1	50.6	52.2	52.2
25.0–29.9	28.1	29.2	26.4	22.3
≥30	4.8	4.8	4.9	3.8
Unknown	12.3	12.2	11.8	17.5
Prior disease history (%)
Hypertension	57.9	57.2	62.7	39.9
Diabetes mellitus	14.8	18.3	7.3	6.7
Hyperlipidaemia	7.3	8.3	5.2	4.8
TIA	1.5	2.1	0.4	0.5
Cardiovascular diseases	14.3	17.8	6.9	5.1
Hospital rank (%)
Tier III	77.2	77.8	74.3	83.6
Tier II	22.8	22.2	25.7	16.4
Medication before admission (%)
Antithrombotics	8.6	10.2	5.1	5.3
Antihypertensive medicines	38.1	39.6	36.9	23.2
Diabetes medicines	11.0	13.9	4.6	4.1
Lipid-lowing medicines	1.4	1.8	0.6	0.6

*Measured or self-reported.

BMI, body mass index; ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; IS, ischaemic stroke; SAH, subarachnoid haemorrhage; TIA, transient ischaemic attacks.

​Severity and use of acute treatments on admission

Overall, less than half (48.7%) of all stroke cases were admitted to hospital within 12 hours of symptoms onset, with the proportion varying by types (42% IS, 66% ICH and 55% SAH: table 2). Only about a quarter (23.0%) were transferred by ambulance (18.5% IS, 32.8% ICH, 33.4% SAH). At admission, mean blood pressure was 154/90 mm Hg overall, highest for ICH (164/96 mm Hg), followed by IS (151/88 mm Hg) and SAH (146/86 mm Hg).

Table 2.

Presenting characteristics, examination and acute treatment at admission by stroke type

	Total	IS	ICH	SAH
	(n=14 244)	(n=9787)	(n=3828)	(n=629)
NIHSS (%)
0–3	35.7	38.3	23.9	67.7
4–7	23.9	27.7	16.9	6.7
8–14	19.8	18.7	25.2	4.0
15–21	8.3	6.8	13.3	2.4
≥22	7.2	4.1	14.9	8.1
Unknown	5.2	4.6	5.8	11.1
Median (25th–75th) *	5 (2–10)	4 (2–9)	9 (3–16)	0 (0–2)
GCS (%)
3–5	2.9	1.2	6.8	4.5
6–10	9.2	6.8	15.5	7.8
11–15	86.6	90.5	76.5	87.0
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
Mean SBP (SD)	154.4 (26.2)	151.0 (24.3)	164.3 (28.1)	146.3 (26.3)
Mean DBP (SD)	90.1 (15.7)	87.9 (14.1)	96.3 (17.7)	86.4 (15.0)
Hours since symptom onset (%)
≤3	21.7	16.6	34.3	24.9
~6	14.4	12.0	19.9	17.5
~12	12.8	13.0	12.2	12.8
>12	51.3	58.4	33.7	44.8
Transport by Ambulance (%)	23.0	18.5	32.8	33.4
First neuroimaging test (%)
CT	92.4	89.3	98.7	98.5
MR	7.6	10.7	1.3	1.5
r-tPA given (%)	─	1.3	─	─

*Unknown data were excluded.

DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; IS, ischaemic stroke; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; r-tPA, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator; SAH, subarachnoid haemorrhage; SBD, systolic blood pressure.

Most patients were assessed for severity at admission. Patients with ICH had a higher proportion with NIHSS scale ≥15 cases (28.2%) and Glasgow Coma Scale 3–5 cases (6.8%) than those with SAH (10.5% and 4.5%, respectively) and IS (10.9% and 1.2%, respectively) (table 2). Of the patients with IS, 17% were admitted to hospital within 3 hours of symptom onset, among whom only 1.3% received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) therapy, with similar proportion in tier III (1.3%) and tier II hospitals (1.2%).

​Management and treatment during and after hospitalisation

Overall, only one in five stroke cases was treated in stroke units. The mean hospital stay among survivors was 18 days, longest for ICH (21 days). Apart from CT or MRI, the most frequent used investigation for IS was cervical ultrasound (43%), followed by transcranial Doppler (31%) and cerebral CT angiography (CTA)/magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA; 30%). For ICH, 29% and 31% had 24 hours blood pressure and ECG (Holter) monitoring, respectively. Almost half of SAH cases had digital subtraction angiography (48%) and over one-third had both Holter and blood pressure monitoring. Carotid endarterectomy and stenting were hardly used at all in patients with IS (0.1% and 0.5%, respectively). In contrast, coiling and craniotomy were used in 16% and 10% of patients with SAH, respectively (table 3).

Table 3.

Patterns of in-hospital investigation, procedures and medications by stroke type

	Total*	IS	ICH	SAH
	(n=13 270)	(n=9292)	(n=3424)	(n=554)
Type of ward admitted (%)
Stroke unit	20.3	21.1	18.7	19.1
Neurosurgery ward	2.1	0.5	4.0	16.1
ICU	9.2	5.5	17.7	19.1
General medicine	68.5	73.0	59.8	45.7
Length of stay among survivors (days; %)
≤3	3.3	3.0	3.6	7.2
4–14	41.5	47.3	26.9	28.5
15–28	42.4	40.1	48.9	42.3
>29	12.0	9.0	19.5	18.2
Unknown	0.9	0.6	1.1	3.8
Mean (SD)	17.8 (11.7)	16.6 (11.2)	20.8 (12.4)	19.1 (11.6)
Specific investigation (%)
24 hours BP monitor	20.3	16.2	28.5	36.6
Holter monitor	22.9	18.5	31.3	43.3
Digital subtraction angiography	5.6	4.1	2.6	47.5
Cervical ultrasound	32.0	43.2	6.6	1.6
Transcranial Doppler	23.6	31.2	5.3	8.5
Cervical CTA/MRA	5.5	7.2	1.2	3.1
Cerebral CTA/MRA	24.2	29.8	9.3	23.3
Surgery/procedure given (%)
Carotid endarterectomy	–	0.1	–	–
Stenting/angioplasty	–	0.5	–	–
Craniotomy	1.4	0.3	3.2	10.1
Coiling	–	–	–	15.9
Medication (%)
Any antiplatelet	–	88.4	–	–
Anticoagulants	–	24.2	–	–
Antihypertensive medicines	47.9	43.0	62.0	43.9
Statins	34.1	45.7	7.4	5.1
Dehydrant medicines	47.3	28.1	92.0	92.1
Neuroprotective	67.6	69.7	63.3	58.7
Traditional Chinese medicine	59.7	70.6	36.3	20.4

*Restricted to patients admitted to hospital ward.

BP, blood pressure; CTA, CT angiography; ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; ICU, intensive care unit; IS, ischaemic stroke; MRA, magnetic resonance angiogram; SAH, subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Neuroprotective agents were widely used during hospitalisation, irrespective of stroke types (70% in IS, 63% ICH and 59% SAH). Likewise, traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) was used widely, in those with IS (71% IS, 36% ICH and 20% SAH). For both ICH and SAH, osmotic diuretics (mainly mannitol) were used in over 90% of patients (table 3). Overall, almost half (48%) of all patients were treated with antihypertensive medicine during hospitalisation (table 3), with 63% of the treatment involving a single agent, mainly calcium antagonists (31%) and ACE inhibitors (22%). At discharge, the use of antihypertensive agents was highest for ICH (51%), followed by IS (39%) and SAH (18%). At 6 months after stroke onset, the use of antihypertensive medication had no significant differences in absolute term for ICH (58%), IS (43%) and SAH (32%; figure 2A).

Figure 2.

(A) Long-term use of antihypertensive and (B) other secondary prevention treatments since onset, by stroke types.

Antiplatelet therapy was used in 88% of patients with IS during hospitalisation, then decreased gradually to 65% at 6 months. The proportions who used aspirin alone, clopidogrel alone or combined aspirin and clopidogrel during hospitalisation were 67%, 10% and 8%, respectively. Anticoagulant medication (mainly warfarin) was used only in 1.5% of patients with IS at discharge. Statins were used in 46% of patients with IS during hospitalisation, which decreased to 24% at 6 months (figure 2B).

​Prognosis after stroke onset during and after hospitalisation

After hospital admission, the case fatality was the highest for SAH (10.1%), followed by ICH (9.3%) and IS (3.2%). Similarly, 7.2% of SAH had recurrent stroke during hospitalisation, much higher than that of IS (2.6%) and ICH (1.9%). The most common in-hospital complication was pneumonia, particularly in those with ICH (16.1%; table 4). At 6 months after onset, patients with SAH had the highest mortality (22.0%), followed by ICH (18.2%) and IS (8.6%) (figure 3). However, patients with IS had the highest recurrent rate (8.0%), followed by SAH (7.5%) and ICH (5.1%). For MVE, the event rates at 6 months were 16.5%, 23.1% and 28.4% for those with IS, ICH and SAH.

Table 4.

Proportion of patients with major outcomes in hospital by stroke type

	Total*	IS	ICH	SAH
Outcome	(n=13 368)	(n=9314)	(n=3497)	(n=557)
Mortality (%)	5.1	3.2	9.3	10.1
Recurrent stroke (%)	2.6	2.6	1.9	7.2
Myocardial infarction (%)	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.8
MVE†(%)	8.0	6.1	11.6	17.2
Other outcomes (%)
Deep vein thrombosis	0.4	0.3	0.6	0.4
Pneumonia	11.0	9.4	16.1	8.4
Gastrointestinal bleeding	2.2	1.6	3.9	1.2

Online supplementary appendix file: the China National Stroke Registry investigators.

*Restricted to patients hospitalised, including those died at emergency department.

†Major vascular event (MVE) is defined as any death, recurrent stroke or myocardial infarction.

ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; IS, ischaemic stroke; SAH, subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Figure 3.

Event rates since onset of (A) recurrent stroke, (B) mortality and (C) major vascular event (MVE), by stroke types.

Discussion

This is the first large nationwide stroke registry in China of the general management, treatments and prognosis during and after hospitalisation among patients admitted to hospital with first-ever incident stroke. It showed that the proportion of ICH was much greater in China than that in typical western populations, confirming previous reports from clinical and population-based studies. ^17,18 For each of the three main types of stroke, the use of many proven effective management procedures (eg, stroke units) and treatments (eg, r-tPA, and lipid-lowering) was still inadequate. By contrast, many treatments with unproven efficacy, including particularly neuroprotective agents and TCM, were widely used. Moreover, the duration of hospital stay, though has reduced significantly compared with that seen 20 years ago, was still much longer than in western countries.^{9 19} Taken together, the present study provided direct nationwide evidence that management of stroke in China has much to improve in order to achieve evidence-based care and management.²⁰

Several previous hospital-based and community-based studies have reported a higher proportion of haemorrhagic stroke in East Asian than in the western populations.^{17 18} In typical Caucasian populations, 67.3%–80.5% of first ever strokes were classified as ischaemic, 6.5%–19.6% as primary ICH, 0.8%–7.0% as SAH and 2.0%–14.5% as undefined.¹⁰ Our nationwide study in China showed that of those admitted to hospital with acute stroke, over a quarter were imaging-confirmed ICH. Prior to this study, there were little data about use of vascular imaging which is crucial to establish reliably the stroke aetiology. In the National Acute Stroke Israeli Registry, use of CTA or MRA for further investigation of ischaemic events increased from 2.1% in 2004 to 7.9% in 2007.²¹ Our study demonstrates that the utilisation of these imaging modalities was 30% for CTA or MRA in China, especially in urban hospitals even though it is costly and may be associated with certain side effects. Further research works are needed to demonstrate the cost effectiveness and safety of these investigations before their use can be adopted into routine practice.

Admission to a specialised stroke unit or an intensive care unit care unit is the key to safe and effective stroke care²² and is recommended by current guidelines.^{23 24} In our study, only 20% of patients who had a stroke who admitted to top and medium rank of hospitals were treated in stroke unit, which is much lower than that about 59%–87% in most western countries.^{25 26} The situation would be even worse in most rural and district hospitals where resources are limited and has not improved much over the last 10 years in many particular urban regions.²⁷ Although stroke unit was first introduced into China in 2001, there is well-established evidence that it can significantly improve health outcome following stroke.²⁸ Therefore, it is urgent and necessary to use certification or quality improvement systems to validate these stroke units in China.

On average, patients who had a stroke in China stayed for over 2 weeks in hospital, which is about twice as long as that in most western countries.^{9 29 30} Increased lengths of stay incur greater financial and social costs on patients’ families and, more broadly, the state. The reasons for longer hospital treatment for stroke in China may be attributed partly to the reimbursement policy that covers predominantly hospital treatments and partly to lack of rehabilitation facilities in the community for post-stroke cares.

The present study also assessed the adherence to clinical guideline-based performance measures of stroke. Thrombolysis using r-tPA therapy, which has been originally recommended to be administered within 3 hours after onset in national guidelines for treatment of acute IS since the late 1990s, was given only to 1.3% of potentially eligible patients with IS in China, much lower than 3.0%–8.5% in the USA.³¹ Despite substantial improvement during the past 10 years in China,¹⁵ there is still a major gap in terms of quality of care between China and western countries. In the American Heart Association’s Get With The Guideline registry study conducted in the same period, antiplatelet was used in 83.9% of patients at discharge, higher than that of 70.7% in our study.³² Similarly, the use of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy was also much higher in USA than in China (76.7% vs 39.1%, and 74.5% vs 38.0%, respectively).³² Furthermore, the use of all evidence-based treatments after discharge was much lower compared with that in the western countries, reflecting lack of adequate primary care system in China.^{32 33} With regards to secondary prevention of ICH or SAH, antihypertensive treatment is the most important recommended therapy.³⁴ However, just over half of ICH was given during hospitalisation and at 6 months. Despite suboptimal use of proven therapies for stroke treatment and secondary prevention, many unproven treatments were still widely used regardless of stroke types, in particular, the neuroprotective agents (eg, intravenous edaravone, ganglioside GM1, citicholine) and TCM (herbal/complementary therapies) through whole hospital stay, which is consistent with previous reports, in China.³⁵

Case fatality of stroke varies considerably between different ethnic and geographical populations.³⁶ The observed mortality data in our study for IS at discharge (3.2%) and at 6 months (8.6%) were similar to that in previous report of Chinese populations,¹⁷ but much lower than 5.6% (at discharge)³⁷and about 20% (6 months)³⁸ recorded in the western countries. The mortality of ICH (18.2 %) at 6 months was also much lower than 39% typically reported in other studies of west populations.³⁹ The lower mortality in the present study reflected mainly inclusion of less severe cases (median National Institutes of Health scores were 4 and 9, respectively, for IS and ICH; table 2). Despite this, 7.2% of surviving patients in our study had recurrent stroke in 6 months, which was greater than that (5.0%) reported in western populations.⁴⁰ The high recurrent risk in China reflected in part inadequate use of proven secondary preventive treatments.

Our study included mainly medium-sized or large-sized urban hospitals, and these hospitals were not selected to be national representative. Moreover, many severe cases of stroke were not recruited, which would reduce the underlying mortality. Moreover, this study was conducted about 10 years ago and cannot thoroughly reflect the current state. Despite these limitations, the CNSR remains the largest registry covering all areas of China so far into treatments, secondary prevention and outcomes after stroke in China. Results from the present study provide detailed data to help assess the extent to which future quality improvements can be made as well as for reform of the health insurance system in China.

Some studies are tracking changes in quality of care and prognosis for hospitalised patients in China.^{20 41} Further studies, ideally using the stratified multistage probability sampling method, are needed to monitor the changing patterns of stroke care in China. It is also important to assess the efficacy and safety of widely used but unproven medications, especially neuroprotective agents and TCM, using large randomised clinical trials. Strategies to reduce length of hospital stay should be developed, thus increasing the cost effectiveness of hospital-based healthcare. Reform of the health insurance system especially in establishing community-based medicine to follow up major chronic diseases including stroke will be critically important in achieving these aims.