Towards better blood pressure: Do non‐pharmacological strategies provide the right path?

A scene like this plays out many times every day: A patient with newly diagnosed hypertension, confirmed with out‐of‐office readings, is seen in the clinic. What happens next depends on the patient, the doctor, and other less understood dynamics of that interaction. In most settings, the patient walks out with a plan to change their lifestyle, a prescription for a pill, or sometimes both. On one hand, most individuals demonstrate significant pill disutility, defined as the longevity gain desired by an individual to offset the inconvenience of taking a preventative tablet for life.1 This can vary considerably, ranging from >1 month for about two‐thirds of patients, to 12% demonstrating extreme pill disutility (bordering on pill hatred),2 actually desiring ≥10 year increased life expectancy before taking any new medication.1 On the other hand, undoubtedly, giving a prescription for a medication is a much faster and easier option for the physician. Data from a large health maintenance organization, which has achieved an enviable 85% hypertension control, demonstrate that the path to lower blood pressure does go through optimal pharmacotherapy.3 Additionally, a successful non‐pharmacological strategy should take into account the patient motivation for lifestyle changes and the pieces needed for actual execution, not just counselling for eating less salt. The paper by Liu et al tackle the latter aspect, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999‐2004 survey of the 4000 hypertensive patients who reported that a recommendation from their doctor for any 1 (or more) of 4 non‐pharmacologic strategies (less sodium, less alcohol, more physical activity, or weight loss).4 As expected, reducing sodium intake was the most common (68%) and alcohol reduction the most uncommon (26%) recommendation. The self‐reported adoption rates of these strategies were very high (ranging from 59% to 87%), but despite this, almost half the patients (47%) still had uncontrolled hypertension.

1. NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL STRATEGIES AND HYPERTENSION: WHAT DO WE KNOW?

Blood pressure decreases quite nicely with changes in diet (decreased sodium and alcohol and increased potassium and fruits and vegetables), increased exercise, and successful weight loss. Indeed, data from interventional trials report ~4‐7 mm Hg decrease with these lifestyle modifications. Unsurprisingly, the World Health Organization, Hypertension Canada, and the recently revised 2017 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) guidelines, all recommend most of these measures (Table).5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Table 1.

Select recommendations from key professional organizations

	World Health Organization6, 8, 9, 10	Hypertension Canada5	2017 ACC/AHA guidelines7
Sodium	Recommend adults consume less than 5 g (just under a teaspoon) of salt per day (sodium 2000 mg or 87 mmol/d)	Reduce sodium intake toward 2000 mg (5 g of salt or 87 mmol of sodium) per day (Grade A)	Optimal goal is <1500 mg/d, but aim for at least a 1000 mg/d sodium reduction in most adults (Grade A)
Alcohol	Endorses the global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol	Limit alcohol consumption to ≤2 drinks per day, and consumption should not exceed 14 standard drinks per week for men and 9 standard drinks per week for women (Grade B)	Adult men and women with elevated BP or hypertension who currently consume alcohol should be advised to drink no more than 2 and 1 standard drinks per day, respectively (Grade A)
Exercise/Physical activity	At least 150 min of moderate‐intensity aerobic physical activity or 75 min of vigorous‐intensity aerobic physical activity per week	30‐60 min of moderate intensity dynamic exercise (eg, walking, jogging, cycling, or swimming) 4‐7 d per week in addition to the routine activities of daily living (Grade D)	Increased physical activity with a structured exercise program is recommended for adults with elevated BP or hypertension (Grade A)
Weight control		All overweight hypertensive individuals should be advised to lose weight (Grade B). Weight loss strategies should use a multidisciplinary approach that includes dietary education, increased physical activity, and behavioural intervention (Grade B)	Weight loss is recommended to reduce BP in adults with elevated BP or hypertension who are overweight or obese (Grade A)
Potassium	Recommend an increase in potassium intake from food to reduce blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and coronary heart disease in adults. Suggest a potassium intake of at least 90 mmol/d (3510 mg/d) for adults	In patients not at risk of hyperkalemia, increase dietary potassium intake to reduce BP (Grade A)	Aim for 3500‐5000 mg/d, preferably by consumption of a diet rich in potassium if elevated BP or hypertension, unless contraindicated by the presence of CKD or use of drugs that reduce potassium excretion (Grade A)
Other lifestyle recommendations?		Diet such as DASH Stress management	Heart healthy diet such as DASH

The second part, however, is more important: what change have these guidelines had in terms of physician and patient behavior? Unfortunately, the evidence suggests that along with the increasing prevalence of hypertension and obesity globally, there has not been much of a decrease in sodium intake, nor an appreciable increase in physical activity. The global burden of disease study shows an increasing prevalence of hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure >140) from 17 307 to 20 526 per 100 000 in the last 25 years.11 Obesity has doubled in 70 of 195 countries and continuously increased in most others.12 The global mean sodium intake is also well over the 2000 mg recommended level, at 3.95 g/d, with the range being 2.18‐5.51 g/d.13 Thus, not a single country studied averages a sodium intake in the desired level. This reflects the knowledge to implementation gap that still exists despite these well‐intentioned guidelines.14 Some of this surely stems from the paucity of effectiveness that would help us more than the current crop of efficacy trials.

2. EFFICACY VS EFFECTIVENESS

Efficacy trials determine whether an intervention produces the expected result under ideal circumstances. Effectiveness trials measure the degree of beneficial effect under real world clinical settings.15 For these lifestyle modifications in hypertension, efficacy has been well established, but effectiveness less so. For diet, as an example, decreasing sodium intake is a robust and well‐accepted lifestyle modification. However, most, if not all, trials of reduction in sodium intake were feeding trials, which did establish efficacy, but used interventions such as extended inpatient counselling sessions, cooking lessons, and/or provision of meals (eg, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH] trial).16 Unsurprisingly, in the follow‐up trial of the effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification with counseling instead of meal provision, the achieved sodium intake was 146 mmol/d (comparing unfavorably with 67 mmol/d achieved in the DASH‐Sodium trial).17, 18, 19 Healthier diet is also more expensive (estimated at ~$1.50 daily), which compares unfavorably to a medication that may be covered by insurance.20 Similarly, for exercise, the interventions are of a supervised exercise program and not an exhortation to “do more exercise.” Last, the data on alcohol reduction is also based on successful reduction with intensive counseling and follow up. All of the 3 aspects in the first paradigm of the efficacy to effectiveness gap apply here: physician behavior, attention to adherence, and disparity in access to resources and care.15 Clearly interventions as described above are thus not feasible to be translated into routine clinical practice yet, and hence, it is unreasonable to expect a remarkable behavior change from mere counselling. If pragmatic trials of, say a physician recommendation, show a significant improvement in blood pressure and clinical outcomes, we can focus our efforts on improving physician behavior.21 If these pragmatic trials are not successful in changing patient lifestyle and improving blood pressure, our efforts should then be diverted to more efficiently finding and testing an implementation strategy that works.

3. RECALL BIAS, POOR HEALTH LITERACY, AND BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATIONS

The 4000 patients included in this survey by Liu et al includes those who said “yes” to 1 of 4 questions on remembering their doctor‐recommend lifestyle change. It does not follow that the other individuals in the NHANES cohort were not given such recommendations, and is hence subject to well‐known recall bias. It also does mean that this assembled cohort would be enriched with patients who were attentive, knowledgeable, and motivated about changing their lifestyle. This is unlikely to be representative of the general hypertensive population, potentially limiting the external validity of these findings. Moreover, another under‐appreciated facet of the patient‐provider interaction is health literacy, or the lack thereof. Health literacy is defined as is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.22 Not surprisingly, limited health literacy is associated with poorer health, less efficient use of health care services, and higher mortality.23, 24, 25, 26, 27 Mere counseling by a doctor will not help spur change in the patient with poor health literacy. These individuals need strategies, such as a focus on “need‐to‐know” and “need‐to‐do” use of teach‐back methods and using clearly written educational materials.28 Given the prevalence of inadequate health literacy at 36% in a large sample of adults in the US, it is very likely the prevalence in a cohort such as NHANES would be similarly high.29

4. ARE SOME NON‐PHARMACOLOGICAL STRATEGIES MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS?

With so much attention focused on sodium intake, what is often lost is the similar effect seen on blood pressure with an increase in potassium intake, whether through diet or as supplements.30, 31, 32 Indeed, the natriuretic effect of increased potassium intake is well known via its activation of the inwardly rectifying Kir1 channels in the distal tubule.33 Some of the benefit accrued with the DASH diet with respect to its effect on lowering blood pressure may indeed be mediated through the high potassium content (typically about 120 mmol/d) of the DASH diet.18, 19 Even amongst those unable to adhere to the DASH diet, increasing the intake of potassium alone may be easier than decreasing the intake of sodium, which is harder unless one is meticulous about buying the right ingredients and cooking themselves. Similarly, strong evidence from RCTs exist on the effect of blood pressure reduction from decreasing alcohol intake, at least down to 2 standard drinks a day.34 But, only a quarter of the patients in the analysis by Liu et al received a recommendation for reducing alcohol intake. Despite the clear deleterious effects of greater alcohol consumption not just on blood pressure, but on infections, cardiovascular disease, mental illnesses, trauma, and all‐cause mortality, this reluctance for firm doctor‐patient discussion might stem from multiple reasons. The responsible enjoyment of alcohol by cognitive elites (such as physicians), the muddied water from biased research on the benefits of moderate drinking, or a reluctance to sound puritanical might be some reasons that are worthy of further exploration.35, 36, 37

Overall, as is clear even within the existing restrictions of routine practice, there is plenty of room for improvement in the care of hypertensive patients. Pragmatic trials of interventions to drive change, such as the use of educational programs to enhance a physician's ability to dispense advice, as recommended by Liu et al,21 is the need of the hour.

Hiremath S. Towards better blood pressure: Do non‐pharmacological strategies provide the right path. J Clin Hypertens. 2018;20:528–531. 10.1111/jch.13215