Primary Small Intestinal Sarcomatoid Carcinoma: Report of a Rare Case and Literature Review

Abstract

Sarcomatoid carcinoma (SC) is a rare malignant tumor with properties of both epithelial and mesenchymal carcinomas. SC has been reported in various organs, but the number of reports for each type is small. Small intestinal tumors make up about 3–6% of gastrointestinal malignancies. Discovering them in the early stage is rare and difficult, with anemia and/or abdominal pain as the major symptoms of small intestinal tumors. Primary small intestinal SC (SISC) is rare among small intestinal tumors, and currently very few cases have been reported in the literature. Previous studies have reported that neither chemotherapy nor radiotherapy improves the overall survival rate of patients with SISC, and the prognosis is extremely poor. Currently, surgical resection remains the only optimal therapeutic approach for SISC. Here, we present the case of a 90-year-old woman who had acute peritonitis due to perforation of a small intestinal tumor. She underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy and partial resection of the small intestine, including the tumor. The tumor was pathologically identified as a primary SISC with mesenteric lymph node metastasis. Subsequently, she had recurrence in the intra-abdominal area and lymph node metastasis anterior to the inferior vena cava and died 15 months after surgery without any additional treatment.

Introduction

Sarcomatoid carcinoma (SC) is a rare malignant tumor with properties of both epithelial and mesenchymal carcinomas. These tumors have been reported in diverse sites, including the endocrine, respiratory and digestive organs [1].

Primary small intestinal tumors make up approximately 3–6% of gastrointestinal malignancies [2], among which small intestinal SC (SISC) is rare. Although anemia and/or abdominal pain are the major symptoms of small intestinal tumors, discovering them in an early stage is rare and difficult. Currently, surgical treatment is the optimal therapeutic approach for small intestinal tumors including SISC, as previous studies have reported that neither chemotherapy nor radiotherapy improves the overall survival rate [2, 3].

Here, we report the case of a 90-year-old woman who had acute peritonitis due to perforation of a small intestinal tumor and was pathologically diagnosed as having SISC with lymph node metastasis.

Case Report

A 90-year-old woman with a past history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and chronic renal failure was admitted to our hospital with abdominal pain. On physical examination, abdominal pain was strong, and rebound tenderness was positive. Laboratory data showed a white blood cell count of 12,000 cells/µL, C-reactive protein concentration of 41.2 mg/dL, blood urea nitrogen concentration of 38.6 mg/dL, creatinine concentration of 2.13 mg/dL, and an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 17 mL/min/1.73 m². An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan showed free air in the right lower abdominal cavity.

The patient was diagnosed with acute peritonitis due to a gastrointestinal perforation, and exploratory laparotomy was performed. During the operation, a perforation in the small intestine 320 cm distal to the Treitz ligament on the anal side was identified, and a local abscess had formed between the mesenteries. Partial resection of the small intestine including the tumor and drainage of the abdominal cavity were performed.

Pathological examination revealed the tumor with a maximum diameter of 4 cm in the small intestine, and the tumor had invaded from the mucosa into the serosa with perforation (Fig. 1a). Histologically, the tumor was characterized by complicated and invasive growth of atypical spindle-shaped cells (Fig. 1b). Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were broadly positive for cytokeratin-AE1/AE3 (Fig. 1c) and partially positive for α-smooth muscle actin and S-100 protein. On the other hand, the tumor cells were negative for desmin, CD34, and c-kit. The Ki-67 labeling index was approximately 50% in the hot spot (Fig. 1d). In addition, the metastatic tumor was found in one paraintestinal lymph node, and no invasion or metastasis was detected in other organs. The patient was diagnosed with primary SISC of pT4N1M0 pStage IIIA in accordance with the Union for International Cancer Control tumor node metastasis classification 8th edition for small intestinal cancer. After surgery, the patient was discharged on the 18th postoperative day without any complications.

Fig. 1.

The tumor is 4 cm in size with a perforation of 2 mm. The arrow indicates the perforated area (a). H&E staining shows that the tumor is characterized by spindle-shaped cells in disarray with invasive growth (b). Immunohistochemical findings show that tumor cells are broadly positive for cytokeratin-AE1/AE3 (c), and that the Ki-67 labeling index is about 50% in the hot spot (d).

Seven months after the operation, a positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scan showed lymphadenopathy with a maximum standardized uptake value (SUV_max) of 7.2 anterior to the inferior vena cava (Fig. 2a) and a tumor with an SUV_max of 8.3 in the abdominal cavity of the right lower abdomen (Fig. 2b). We diagnosed recurrence and metastasis of SISC. The patient and her family refused any treatment because she was asymptomatic at that time.

Fig. 2.

PET-CT scan at 7 months postoperatively shows lymph node metastasis with an SUV_max of 7.2 in front of the inferior vena cava (a; arrow) and recurrence with an SUV_max of 8.3 in the abdominal cavity of the right lower abdomen (b; arrow). Seven months after the recurrence had been identified, the CT scan shows that ascites appeared (c; arrows), as well as rapid growth of metastatic lymph nodes and the recurrent tumor (c, d; arrows).

The lymph node metastasis had gradually progressed and ascites appeared on CT (Fig. 2c); in addition, the recurrent tumor in the abdominal cavity had rapidly grown to 13 cm in diameter on the CT scan 7 months after PET-CT imaging (Fig. 2d). The patient died 15 months after the operation.

Discussion and Conclusions

SC is an extremely rare biphasic tumor characterized by a combination of malignant epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The tumor occurs in various organs, including the digestive, urinary, respiratory and endocrine systems [1]. Although there are case reports of SC in various organs, the number of reports for each type is small.

In general, malignancies of the small intestine are very rare compared with malignancies of other gastrointestinal organs, and they have nonspecific symptoms; thus, early-stage diagnosis is difficult. Adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, sarcomas, and lymphomas account for the majority of primary small intestinal tumors [2, 3, 4]. Terada [4] reported that the overall 5-year survival rate was 54% (25% for adenocarcinoma, 62% for lymphoma, 83% for carcinoids, and 45% for sarcoma), and the Ki-67 labeling index ranged from 40 to 95% with a mean of 71% in primary adenocarcinoma, and from 50 to 76% with a mean of 62% in squamous cell carcinoma. These data suggest active proliferation in small intestinal carcinoma. Risk factors for small intestinal tumors include celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and a number of genetic abnormalities [3]; it is unclear whether these risk factors apply to SISC, but the prognosis of SISC is extremely poor [5].

The clinical manifestations of SISC are remarkably nonspecific, including abdominal pain, bowel obstruction, a palpable abdominal mass, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, gastrointestinal bleeding, and anemia. These symptoms always occur when the cancer has reached an advanced stage.

In our review of the literature, 9 cases of primary SISC have been reported in the last decade [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14], and these 10 cases (including the present case) are shown in Table 1. Abdominal pain was noted in 7 cases [6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14], and 3 cases, including the present case, were complicated by peritonitis due to tumor perforation [6, 9].

Table 1.

Review of cases of primary small intestinal sarcomatoid carcinoma published from 2010 to 2020

Case No.	Study [Ref.], year	Age, years/gender	Symptoms	Location/size, cm	Immunohistochemically positive	Ki-67 index, %	Distant metastasis	Outcome (cause of death)
1	Yuceletal. [6], 2011	51/female	Abdominal pain, anemia	Jejunum/8	Vimentin, cytokeratin, CD68, NSE	−	None	Death POM 2 (recurrence]
2	Lee and Park [7], 2012	62/male	Abdominal pain	Ileum/15	Vimentin, cytokeratin, CD68, EMA	−	None	Alive
3	Padma et al. [8], 2012	60/male	Abdominal pain	Ileum/5	CK	−	None	Alive
4	Han et al. [9], 2013	70/female	Abdominal pain	Jejunum/unknowna	Vimentin, CK8, pan-CK, CD68, S-100 protein	5	None	Alive
5	Alfonso Puentes et al. [10], 2014	56/female	Asthenia, vomiting	Jejunum/10	Vimentin, CK (AE1/AE3, CAM5.2), EMA	−	None	Death POM 6 (recurrence]
6	Lee et al. [11], 2015	67/male	Loss of weight, nausea, vomiting	Jejunum/10	Vimentin, pan-CK, c-kit	−	Liver	Death POM 1.5 (liver metastasis)
7	Kwok [12], 2016	60/male	Abdominal fullness	Jejunum/5b	Vimentin, CK	−	Lung, adrenal gland	Death POD 11 (sudden death)
8	Zhang et al. [13], 2016	62/male	Abdominal pain, distension Jejunum/12	Vimentin, pan-CK, CK7, CK18, CK19, EMA, PD-L1	>75	None	Death POM 1 (recurrence)
9	Andrawes et al. [14], 2017	58/male	Abdominal pain	Ileum/3	Vimentin, pan-CK, CK7	−	None	Alive
10	Present case, 2021	90/female	Abdominal pain	Ileum/4	CK (AE1/AE3, CAM5.2), α-SMA, S-100 protein	50	None	Death POM 15 (recurrence)

CK, cytokeratin; CD, cluster of differentiation; EMA, epithelial membrane antigen; NSE, neurospecific enolase: α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; POM, postoperative month; POD, postoperative day.

^aThe resected jejunum including the tumor was described as 6 cm.

^bThere were five tumors in the jejunum, of which the largest was described as 5 cm.

Since a diagnosis by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining alone is insufficient, immunohistochemical diagnosis, such as with vimentin or cytokeratin (e.g., AE1/AE3, CAM5.2), is necessary. These tumors are extremely fast-growing, and patients have a survival of less than 1 year postoperatively [6, 10, 11, 12, 13]. At diagnosis, more than half of patients had large tumors (≥5 cm) with widely spread local disease (Table 1); SISC is a highly invasive tumor.

There is currently no consensus regarding the treatment for SISC. The first choice of treatment for SISC is surgical resection, but the disease often recurs after surgery. In addition, there have been reports of chemotherapy administration (e.g., doxorubicin, dacarbazine, ifosfamide, gemcitabine, docetaxel, taxane, and platinum) for SISC and SC of unknown primary origin, but none of them were as effective as expected [1, 5, 7]. Lee and Park [7] reported that they performed surgical resection for a pelvic recurrence of SISC and restarted chemotherapy. Since there are no case reports of effective chemotherapy, aggressive surgical resection may be effective against recurrence of SISC. Regarding prognosis, 6 of the 10 patients died, and 5 died within 6 months postoperatively (Table 1). All 4 surviving cases were reported within 1 year after surgery; thus, survival of 1 year or longer is unknown.

In the present case, the patient underwent partial resection of the small intestine including the tumor with intraperitoneal lavage, and she was pathologically diagnosed with primary SISC using the excised specimen. The Ki-67 index had a value of 50% in the hot spot, and the cell proliferation ability was high. Luo et al. [15] reported a correlation between Ki-67 incidence and prognosis in gastrointestinal cancers; therefore, we classified this SISC as highly malignant. This case was predicted to have a poor prognosis; however, she was able to survive for 15 months postoperatively, which suggests that surgery could have prolonged her survival time. In addition, the prognosis might have improved slightly if aggressive surgery had been performed when the PET-CT image showed two areas of recurrence after the operation.

In conclusion, aggressive surgical resection for SISC may improve the prognosis, if the patient's condition allows it.

Statement of Ethics

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient's son for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Funding Sources

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, or publication of this article.

Author Contributions

N.K. and S.Y. made a substantial contributions to the concept and design of the report as well as to data acquisition and interpretation. K.K., S.K., Y.T., and K.S. were involved in drafting the manuscript and critical revision of the intellectual content. S.Y. approved the final version of the manuscript submitted for publication. All authors have read and approved this manuscript.