Abstract
Background: Background: Management of schizophrenia using psychopharmaceuticals requires a long-term treatment. The use of antipsychotic drugs can cause the occurrence of orthostatic hypotension, which leads to the risk of falling in patients. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the use of antipsychotic drugs and orthostatic hypotension on the risk of falling in schizophrenic patients.
Design and Methods: This study used a descriptive design with 53 respondents. Data were analyzed using the contingency coefficient correlation and Spearman Rank test methods.
Results: The results of the first study showed no positive effect between the use of antipsychotics on orthostatic hypotension in schizophrenic patients. In addition, a contingency coefficient correlation (C) of 0.199 and p-value of 0.335 (p>0.05) was obtained. The results of the second study showed that there was a significant positive effect between orthostatic hypotension on the risk of falling in schizophrenic patients with a value of r = 0.483 and a pvalue of 0.000 (p0.001).
Conclusion: It was suggested that the development of this study’s result is needed for further research in dealing with the incidence of orthostatic hypotension in order to prevent or reduce the risk of falling in schizophrenic patients.
Significance for public health.
Nurses should know how to measure blood pressure in order to determine the incidence of orthostatic hypotension. Nurses have an important role to play in preventing the risk of falling in patients. This is used as an indicator in achieving the quality of patient safety and in determining the quality of services in the hospital. This study describes the effect of the use of antipsychotic drugs and orthostatic hypotension on the risk of falls in schizophrenic patients in Dr. H. Marzoeki Mahdi Hospital Bogor.
Key words: Antipsychotics drugs, orthostatic hypotension, fall risk
Introduction
Schizophrenia is a persistent neurobiological disorder, and a clinical syndrome that causes damage to the quality of life of individuals, families and communities, resulting in divisions of thoughts, emotions and behavior.1,2 Schizophrenia disorder is characterized by positive and negative symptoms, positive symptoms such as chaotic speech, delusions, hallucinations, cognitive impairment and negative perception of symptoms such as avolition (decreased interest and drive), reduced desire to speak and poor content of speech, flat affect and disrupted relationships personal. 3 Furthermore, and symptoms of both depressive and mood disorders.3,4
According to the World Health Organization, a survey that has been conducted in several countries globally showed an annual incidence of schizophrenia between 0.1-0.4 per 1000 population.5 This high incidence occurred in social groups, especially ethnic minorities in Western Europe, such as the Afro-Caribbean community in Britain and immigrants from Suriname in the Netherlands.6 The prevalence rate from Mental Health in Southeast Asia was found in 2018, to be around 47.5 million people with depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and dementia.6 Based on the data from Royal College Psychiatrists, states that patients with mental disorders have a three times greater risk of falling than patients without mental disorders.7 In London, the falls rate for mental health units ranged between 7.7 to 48 per 1000 OBDs which is higher than the fall rate for community hospitals (4.5 to 12 falls per 1000 OBDs).7 Based on the data from Basic Health Research, Research and Development of the Department of Health, schizophrenia in Indonesia is a mental disorder with an increasing prevalence from the previous year, with a total of 7 per 1000 population.8 The highest prevalence rates were found in the Bali region with about 11.0 per 1000 population, and 7.0 per 1000 population in Bangka Belitung to North Sulawesi and Jakarta Province, Indonesia. Furthermore, the lowest prevalence was found in the Riau Islands with 3.0 per 1000 population.8 Management of schizophrenia requires a long-term treatment, and an example is the use of antipsychotic drugs to relieve florid psychotic symptoms.9-11 However, antipsychotics causes side effects,12 such as orthostatic hypotension which is a sudden decrease in blood pressure due to a change in position from laying to sitting or standing.13 Furthermore, head tilt at least 60 degree on an inclined to table.14 It could also be due to the effect of single or the combination of antipsychotic drugs.9 Orthostatic hypotension that occurs as a result of the effects of antipsychotic treatment requires nurses attention, because it is a contributing factor for the occurrence of unwanted events, such as the risk of falling in patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to be able to develop and apply independent actions in implemented nursing interventions in order to prevent and reduce the risk of injury or falls.
Design and Methods
This study used a descriptive correlation research design with a correlation study approach. The criteria used in selecting the respondents (inclusion) were schizophrenic patients that were being hospitalized, not being treated in a physical problem ward, not experiencing anxiety outbreak, and using antipsychotic drugs with a minimum period of 7 days. The criteria for respondents that could not be used (exclusion) were schizophrenic outpatients at the psychiatric clinic of the hospital. Furthermore, the simple random sampling technique was used with a total of 53 respondents. The research site were 5 psychiatric inpatient rooms in a hospital in Bogor City, West Java, Indonesia. The ethics agreement includes filling out an agreement form (informed consent), giving freedom of choice (autonomy), respecting the privacy and confidentiality of research subjects (respect for privacy and confidentiality), and justice and inclusiveness (respect for justice and inclusiveness).
The secondary data collection methods used (observations) include observation sheets which involves the use of antipsychotic drugs, the results of blood pressure measurements in the morning when waking up or before doing activities and after changing positions or getting out of bed. Furthermore, it includes the fall risk on the Edmonson scale used in the hospital. The instruments used include demographic data, spreadsheets on antipsychotic use, orthostatic hypotension score sheets, and Edmonson scale fallout questionnaires. Research approval was obtained from the Health Ethics Committee of the Dr. H. Marzoeki Mahdi Hospital Bogor in October 2019 (PP.08.02/258/2019) and of the Binawan University, Jakarta in November 2019 (08/EP/KE/UBINAWAN/X/2019).
The data analysis used include univariate statistics (use of a single typical antipsychotic, single atypical and combination, orthostatic hypotension value, fall risk assessment with Edmonson scale) and bivariate statistics (this includes the contingency coefficient correlation test (C) and spearman rank) in SPSS 24 to determine the effect of antipsychotic drugs and orthostatic hypotension on the risk of falling in schizophrenic patients in the hospital.
Results and Discussions
Table 1 illustrates the frequency on the use of antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenic patients that were being hospitalized in the hospital. Furthermore, about 75.47% patients used a combination type of antipsychotic drugs, 18.87% used an atypical type of antipsychotic drug and 5.66% used a typical type of antipsychotic drug. In addition to this, 9.43% patients experienced orthostatic hypotension, while the remaining 90.57% did not experience orthostatic hypotension (Table 2). Table 3 shows that 100% of schizophrenic patients had moderate scores (51 90) of the risk of falls. The result of the bivariate analysis is shown in Tables 4 and 5 as follows: Based on Table 4, the results of statistical tests using the contingency coefficient correlation analysis (C) produced a value of 0.199 with a p-value of 0.335 (alpha value >0.05). This means that there was no significant positive effect between the use of antipsychotics on orthostatic hypotension for schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, the results showed that out of 100% respondents that had a combination type of antipsychotics drugs, 3 (7.5%) of them experienced orthostatic hypotension, while 37 (92.5%) experienced no orthostatic hypotension. Out of the 10 respondents (100%) using atypical antipsychotics, 1 (10.0%) experienced orthostatic hypotension and 9 (90.0%) experienced no orthostatic hypotension. Furthermore, out of 3 respondents (100%) using typical antipsychotics, 1 (33.3%) experienced orthostatic hypotension, while 2 respondents (66.7%) experienced none.
The above information shows that the results of the first study did not have a significant positive effect between the use of antipsychotics on orthostatic hypotension in schizophrenic patients. This was due to drug reactions that cause more potential side effects. Furthermore, the use of antipsychotic drugs for a long period of time causes more visible effect of physiological function symptoms in schizophrenic patients.
Table 1.
The use of antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients.
| Antipsychotic drug | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Combination | 40 | 75.47% |
| Atypical | 10 | 18.87% |
| Typical | 3 | 5.66% |
Table 2.
The incidence of orthostatic hypotension in schizophrenic patients.
| Frequency | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Orthostatic hypotension | 5 | 9.43% |
| No orthostatic hypotension | 48 | 90.57% |
Table 3.
The fall risk in schizophrenic patients
| Falling risk scale | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| High ≥ 90 | 0 | 0% |
| Medium 51-90 | 53 | 100% |
| Low ≤ 50 | 0 | 0% |
Table 4.
The effect of antipsychotics’ use on orthostatic hypotension in schizophrenic patients.
| Use of antipsychotics | Total | p-value | C | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orthostatic hypotension | No orthostatic hypotension | |||||||
| Combination | 3 | 7.5% | 37 | 92.5% | 40 | 100% | 0.335 | 0.199 |
| Atypical | 1 | 10.0% | 9 | 90.0% | 10 | 100% | ||
| Typical | 1 | 33.3% | 2 | 66.7% | 3 | 100% | ||
Table 5.
The effect of orthostatic hypotension on the risk of falls in schizophrenic patients
| Categories | Edmonson Fall Risk Scale | Total | p-value | r | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High (≥90) |
Medium (51-90) |
Low (≤50) |
||||||||
| Orthostatic hypotension | 0 | 0% | 5 | 100% | 0 | 0% | 5 | 100% | 0.000 | 0.483 |
| No orthostatic hypotension | 0 | 0% | 48 | 100% | 0 | 0% | 48 | 100% | ||
Based on Table 5, the results of the statistical tests using the Spearman rank correlation analysis obtained a p-value of 0.000 (p<0.001), and a value of r=0.483 at the level of correlation coefficient in the medium category. This means that there is a significant positive effect between orthostatic hypotension and the risk of falling in schizophrenic patients. The results showed that the 5 respondents had orthostatic hypotension and the remaining 48 without it, were all included in the moderate score category (51-90). Furthermore, the results of the second study found that there was a significant positive effect between orthostatic hypotension on the risk of falls in schizophrenic patients. This is because orthostatic hypotension acts as a supporting factor for the occurrence of unwanted events such as the risk of falls among patients. Therefore, Edmonson’s scale has been developed as a specialized risk of falling assessment tool used in psychiatric units to target additional risk factors specifically for patients with mental illness. 15,16 Management of schizophrenia with psychopharmaceuticals is a long-term treatment, and an example is the use of antipsychotic drugs.9-11 This drug causes side effects such as orthostatic hypotension,12 which is a contributing factor to the occurrence of unwanted events. In a previous study on the use of antipsychotics and its side effects in schizophrenic patients at RSJ Sambang Lihum South Kalimantan in February 2016, the statistical results from the analysis showed that antipsychotic combination therapy and haloperidol-clozapine (26.06%) is the most widely used therapy (90.6%) and drug.17 The results above correspond with the results of this study, especially in the combined administration of the most commonly used typical and atypical antipsychotics such as haloperidol - clozapine, chlorpromazine - olanzapine and risperidone - clozapine. This is because the medications used have side effects on the cardiovascular system, such as orthostatic hypotension.18,19
According to Stroup and Gray, all antipsychotics carry a risk of orthostatic hypotension which is defined as a decrease in systolic blood pressure ≥20 mmHg or a decrease in diastolic blood pressure ≥10 mmHg within three minutes of post-standing.20 Therefore, there was an correlation between medication independently of an increased risk of falling.21-23 It is because adverse drug reactions that are as unwanted effects of drug treatment,24 with adrenergic receptors.25 Furthermore, more on the dose of antipsychotic drugs or due to other physical conditions, tend to developed orthostatic hypotension. Prevention of orthostatic hypotension depends on the use of antipsychotics,23,26 stepwise titration and doses distributed throughout the day (to minimize peak levels). The statistical results of the bivariate analysis of the first study using the contingency coefficient correlation obtained a value of 0.199 with a p-value of 0.335 (alpha value >0.05) This means that there is no significant positive effect between the use of antipsychotics on orthostatic hypotension in schizophrenic patients. The statistical results of the bivariate analysis of the second study using the Spearman Rank obtained a p-value of 0.000 (p<0.001) and the level of the correlation coefficient was in the moderate category with a value of r=0.483. In a previous survey,27 diastolic measurement was significant for the risk of falling within 2 min after the change in position. 27 The implications of this study include the use of antipsychotics. Therefore, room nurses need to monitor and maintain the patient’s condition while in treatment in collaboration with a team of doctors that treats and pay special attention to the type of drug used, dosage, amount, frequency and duration. This is because each antipsychotic drug has different side effects, and one of which is a problem in the cardiovascular system such as orthostatic hypotension. In orthostatic hypotension, it is important to observe the patient’s condition with other side effects that occur such as excessive rest and lack of movement of the body. Furthermore, it also includes special monitoring by nurses such as helping the patients to rest during the events of symptomatic effects accompanied by orthostatic hypotension. Nurses could collaborate with other medical personnel on medications to minimize the effects of the symptoms and to increase blood pressure. Additionally, nurses could help patients in doing exercise or active range of motion (ROM) to improve their level of mobilization in order to prevent the risk of falls.
Conclusions
The results of the study showed that there was no significant positive effect between the use of antipsychotics on orthostatic hypotension in schizophrenic patients. It had a correlation value and a contingency coefficient of 0.199 with a p-value of 0.335 (alpha value >0.05). On the other hand, there was a significant positive effect between orthostatic hypotension on the risk of falls in schizophrenic patients with a p-value of 0.000 (p<0.001) and a moderate category correlation coefficient with a value of r=0.483. There are suggestions that are useful for the development of the results of this study, such as the need for further research in overcoming the incidence of orthostatic hypotension as an effort to prevent or reduce the risk of falls in schizophrenic patients.
Acknowledgment
The authors express their gratitude to God, their parents, brothers, uncle, lecturers and all committee of 1st INHSS for their kind support and encouragements during this study.
Funding Statement
Funding: This study was financially supported by personal fees.
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