Ustekinumab is effective for perianal fistulising Crohn's disease: a real-world experience and systematic review with meta-analysis

Abstract

Background

Perianal Crohn’s disease (pCD) is a debilitating complication affecting up to 30% of Crohn’s disease (CD) population, leading to increased morbidity, mortality and decreased quality of life. Despite the growing armamentarium of medications for luminal CD, their efficacy in pCD remains poorly studied.

Aim

To determine the efficacy of ustekinumab, a biologic approved for luminal CD, in pCD through a retrospective cohort study and systematic review.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study on patients with CD with active perianal fistulae treated with ustekinumab from September 2013 to August 2019 was performed to determine perianal fistula response and remission at 6 and 12 months after ustekinumab induction. A systematic review was performed to further establish rates of fistula response and remission with ustekinumab.

Results

At 6 months, 48.1% (13/27) patients achieved fistula response with none achieving fistula remission on provider exam, and 59.3% (16/27) achieved patient-reported symptomatic improvement with 3.7% (1/27) achieving symptomatic remission. At 1 year, on provider exam, 55.6% (5/9) had fistula response with none achieving fistula remission, and 100% (9/9) had symptomatic improvement with 22.2% (2/9) achieving symptomatic remission. There were no major safety signals during 1-year follow-up. The systematic review of 25 studies found 44% (92/209) of patients with active perianal fistulas had a clinical response within 6 months of follow-up, and 53.9% (85/152) of patients with 12 months of follow-up achieved clinical response.

Conclusion

Ustekinumab presents a safe and effective therapy for treatment of pCD. Prospective, randomised trials are needed to further elucidate long-term efficacy of ustekinumab for pCD.

Introduction

Perianal fistulae are debilitating complications that affect up to 30% of the Crohn’s disease (CD) population and can be associated with severe symptoms.^{1 2} Perianal Crohn’s disease (pCD) has a disabling course leading to increased morbidity, mortality and a significantly decreased quality of life.^{3 4} The treatment for perianal fistulae is complex. Despite the growing armamentarium of medications for the treatment of luminal CD, the efficacy of these therapies in pCD remains poorly reported. Infliximab is currently the only therapy with prospective data on perianal fistula response and remission. However, at 1 year, only 36% of patients achieved sustained remission of their pCD.⁵

There are other therapies used for pCD, but the data are limited to retrospective studies and post hoc analyses of clinical trials for luminal CD. No medication has been shown to be more than 40% effective in maintaining sustained remission in pCD, creating an urgent need for further studies evaluating new mechanisms of action.

Ustekinumab has a novel mechanism of action which inhibits interleukin-12 and interleukin-23 in the inflammatory pathway and was approved for the treatment of moderate to severe CD in 2016.^{5 6} The published trials show a statistically significant difference over placebo in induction and maintenance of remission for luminal CD with an excellent safety profile; however, ustekinumab’s efficacy in perianal fistula healing is still lacking.⁷

The aim of the current study was to determine the efficacy of ustekinumab in the treatment of pCD through a retrospective cohort study combined with a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study

Selection of patients

A retrospective cohort study was performed at a large single tertiary referral centre. The inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) registry was searched for adult (≥18 years) patients with active pCD who received treatment with ustekinumab for luminal and/or perianal CD from September 2013 to August 2019. Patients were included if they (1) had a confirmed diagnosis of active pCD through provider exam, (2) received at least one dose of intravenous or subcutaneous ustekinumab, and (3) had follow-up exam after the initial dose of ustekinumab. Patients were excluded if they (1) had a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, (2) had rectovaginal fistula without perianal fistulae, (3) had an active malignancy aside from basal cell or squamous cell skin cancers, or (4) were using ustekinumab for reasons other than CD. Entry into the study was the date of ustekinumab induction. Patients were censored at the time of their last follow-up, up to 12 months after ustekinumab initiation.

Data collection

Patient demographics, disease characteristics, and prior/concurrent CD medications were recorded. Serum C reactive protein (CRP) levels were noted within 3 months prior to induction with ustekinumab, and at intervals of 6 (±1 month) and 12 (±1 month) months after induction. Due to varying CRP assays and normal values, CRP data were reported as improvement from baseline (at least 10% improvement in CRP value), normalisation (CRP decreased from elevated baseline into the normal range) or no improvement. Data regarding patient-reported symptoms and provider physical examination were extracted from the standardised template of IBD visits. Colonoscopy reports and images were reviewed within 3 months prior to induction and at intervals of 6 and 12 months after induction to note rectal endoscopic response.

Primary and secondary outcomes

The primary outcomes were provider-based perianal fistula response and remission and patient-reported symptomatic response and remission at 6 and 12 months after ustekinumab induction. Provider-based perianal fistula response was defined as at least 50% decrease in fistula drainage compared with baseline as assessed by the provider’s physical examination ‘without need for surgical intervention’. Provider-based perianal fistula remission was defined as closure of the external fistula opening and complete cessation of drainage with compression of the tract. Patient-reported symptomatic response was defined as patient-reported improvement in fistula pain and/or decreased drainage. Patient-reported symptomatic remission was defined as patient-reported absence of perianal pain and complete cessation of fistula drainage. Patients who developed perianal complications, such as abscesses, were considered non-responders.

Secondary outcomes were (1) improvement in serum (CRP); (2) rectal endoscopic response, defined as absence of rectal ulcers and reduction in inflammation compared with previous endoscopic studies, and endoscopic remission defined as evidence of normal rectal mucosa without ulcers, erosions or friability; (3) ability to wean off steroids; (4) requirement of ustekinumab dose escalation; (5) need for hospitalisation or surgical intervention related to perianal disease; and (6) rate of infections or other adverse events due to ustekinumab therapy.

Systematic review with meta-analysis

Meta-analysis information sources

A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of ustekinumab for subjects with pCD. Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, candidate studies for inclusion into this review were identified through systematic literature searches in MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Embase.com), the Cochrane Library (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Methodology Register), and Web of Science (figure 1). The search strategy was developed and executed by a library informaticist in collaboration with the clinical team. All searches were performed in July 2021. Keywords were used to develop the search strategies for all databases as well as appropriate controlled vocabulary terms in MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane. The bibliographies and reference lists of key citations related to the topic were also hand-searched for additional relevant citations.

Figure 1.

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram.

Eligibility criteria

Studies were included in the systematic review if they met the following criteria: (1) paediatric or adult human studies that provided data on efficacy of ustekinumab for pCD, and (2) prospective or retrospective studies which contained two or more patients with active perianal fistula. Exclusion criteria were (1) use of ustekinumab for diseases other than CD, (2) review articles, (3) single-patient case reports, and (4) non-human studies. For studies reporting the overall efficacy of ustekinumab without clear data on pCD, the authors were individually contacted to provide information related to perianal fistula outcomes. Patients were included if they had follow-up at the designated time points within the study.

Study selection

All titles and abstracts of retrieved articles were reviewed by two independent investigators. Full-length publications of selected articles were screened for final inclusion by two independent investigators. A third investigator served to adjudicate any discrepancies at all stages of study selection.

Data collection

From each included publication, the investigators retrieved the following information: (1) methodology; (2) publication year; (3) country where the study was performed; (4) setting (single centre/multicenter); (5) years when the study was conducted; (6) number of patients with CD with active perianal fistula; (7) number of patients with active perianal fistula treated with ustekinumab; (8) comparator agent (eg, placebo); (9) number of patients with pCD with response to ustekinumab and comparator therapy; (10) study definition of response; (11) time point(s) response was assessed; (12) number of patients with pCD that achieved remission with ustekinumab and comparator therapy; (13) study definition of remission; and (14) time point(s) remission was assessed.

Risk of bias in individual studies

The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to record the information on the methodological quality of each retrospective included study and for quality assessment. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used to assess the quality of evidence for the included randomised controlled trial (RCT) study.⁸ Each study was reviewed by two blinded independent reviewers.

Outcomes

The primary outcomes were perianal fistula response and remission in patients with CD treated with ustekinumab.

Statistical analysis

R Statistical Analysis V.3.6.1 was used for analyses. Patient and disease characteristics were presented with percentages (%), means±SD and medians with IQR where appropriate.

Results

Retrospective cohort study

Patient characteristics

Thirty-one patients with a diagnosis of CD and evidence of active perianal disease were treated with ustekinumab between May 2015 and August 2019. Patient demographics of the included patients are summarised in table 1. The median age at ustekinumab induction was 36 years (IQR 27–43) and the median disease duration was 12.5 years (IQR 5.3–18.5). The majority of patients were female (n=21, 67.7%) and Caucasian (n=19, 61.3%). Colonic (L2) disease phenotype was most common (48.4%), followed by ileocolonic (L3) (35.5%) and ileal (L1) phenotype (6.5%). More than half of the patients (n=19, 61.3%) had a previous history of perianal surgery.

Table 1.

Patient demographics and clinical characteristics

Demographic variable	Frequency (%)
Gender
Female	21 (67.7)
Male	10 (32.3)
Race
Caucasian	19 (61.3)
African–American	8 (25.8)
Other	4 (12.9)
Smoking status
Never	20 (64.5)
Former	8 (25.8)
Current	3 (9.7)
BMI (mean) (SD)	25.5±5.7
Age at ustekinumab induction in years (median) (IQR)	36 (27–43)
Duration of the disease at time of induction in years (median) (IQR)	12.5 (5.3–18.5)
Montreal classification—disease location
L1—ileal	2 (6.5)
L2—colonic	15 (48.4)
L3—ileocolonic	11 (35.5)
L4—upper disease	1 (3.2)
J pouch	2 (6.5)
Montreal classification—behaviour of the disease, n (%)
B1—non-stricturing, non-penetrating	15 (48.4)
B2—stricturing	3 (9.7)
B3—penetrating	13 (41.9)
Previous history of perianal surgery	19 (61.3)
Seton placement	9 (29)
Fistulotomy	4 (12.9)
Abscess drainage	2 (6.5)
Fistulectomy	2 (6.5)
Advancement flap	1 (3.2)
Unknown	1 (3.2)
Intestinal resection prior to induction	13 (41.9)
Current seton at time of ustekinumab induction	8 (25.8)
Concurrent immunomodulators at induction	10 (32.6)
Previous use of immunomodulators
Azathioprine	17 (54.8)
Methotrexate	7 (22.6)
6-mercaptopurine	6 (19.4)
Prior biological exposure
Infliximab	25 (80.6)
Adalimumab	25 (80.6)
Vedolizumab	10 (32.3)
Certolizumab pegol	6 (19.4)
Golimumab	1 (3.2)

Twenty-three patients (74.2%) had previously used immunomodulators. All but one patient (n=30, 96.8%) had prior anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) exposure: 8 (25.8%) were exposed to one anti-TNF, 17 (54.8%) were exposed to two anti-TNF and 5 (16.1%) were exposed to three anti-TNF. Ten patients (32.3%) had previous exposure to vedolizumab.

Thirty patients (96.8%) were induced with intravenous weight-based doses of 260, 390 or 520 mg of ustekinumab, while 1 patient (3.2%) was induced with a subcutaneous dose of 270 mg. Nine patients (29%) were on steroids at the time of induction, six on prednisone and three on budesonide. Ten patients were using immunomodulators at the time of induction, 7 patients (22.6%) on azathioprine, 1 patient (3.2%) on 6-mercaptopurine and 2 patients (6.5%) on methotrexate.

Primary outcomes

Six-month follow-up was available for 27 patients with active perianal fistulising CD treated with ustekinumab. Provider-based perianal fistula response was seen in 13 patients (48.1%), whereas provider-based perianal fistula remission was not seen in any patients at 6-month follow-up (figure 2A). Thirteen (48.1%) patients demonstrated no change and 1 patient (3.7%) had worsening perianal disease. Patient-reported symptomatic response was seen in 16 patients (59.3%) with 1 patient (3.7%) achieving patient-reported symptomatic remission. Eleven patients (40.7%) had no symptomatic changes and no patients reported worsening perianal symptoms (figure 2B). Multivariable analysis of factors associated with fistula response to ustekinumab at 6 months with CIs is included in online supplemental table 1.

Figure 2.

(A) Perianal fistula improvement according to provider clinical assessment. (B) Symptomatic fistula improvement according to patient global assessment.

Twelve-month follow-up was obtained from nine patients. For provider-based outcomes, five patients (55.6%) had perianal fistula response with no patients achieving remission. For patient-reported symptomatic outcomes, all patients (n=9, 100%) had symptomatic response and two (22.2%) achieved symptomatic remission.

Secondary outcomes

CRP levels

Preinduction and 6-month follow-up CRP levels were available from 13 patients at 6-month follow-up: 61.5% had normalised CRP levels; 23% had improvement without reaching normal levels. There was a 39% mean reduction of CRP levels which corresponded with improvement of patient-reported symptomatic response of perianal pain and drainage in 6/13 (46.2%) patients.

CRP levels at 12 months were available from five patients: 3 (60%) had normalised CRP levels, 1 (20%) had improvement.

Endoscopy

Endoscopic surveillance prior to induction and at 6-month follow-up was available in nine patients. Six (66.7%) patients had rectal endoscopic response, with two of these patients achieving endoscopic remission. Two (22.2%) patients had no endoscopic change, and one patient (11.1%) had worsening rectal disease.

Endoscopic surveillance at 1 year was obtained from three patients. Two patients maintained rectal endoscopic improvement and one patient had no change.

Dose escalation

Eight patients (29.6%) required dose escalation within 6 months of ustekinumab induction due to loss of response or incomplete response of luminal and/or perianal disease. Two patients increased to every 6 weeks, and six patients were escalated to every 4 weeks. Four patients (50%) experienced perianal symptomatic improvement after dose escalation, and two patients (25%) did not experience any improvement. Follow-up data were not available in two patients to report their response to escalated dosing.

Two additional patients required dose escalation between 6 and 12 months on ustekinumab. One patient escalated to every 4 weeks but required a subsequent laparoscopic proctocolectomy with end ileostomy due to severe luminal disease and stopped ustekinumab. One patient escalated to every 6 weeks and had symptomatic improvement.

Steroid use

Of the 27 patients with 6-month follow-up, 5 (18.5%) were using prednisone and 3 (11.1%) were using budesonide at the time of induction. All five patients on prednisone and one patient on budesonide were able to taper off after initiation of ustekinumab. One patient required a new prednisone taper due to a flare of the luminal CD.

At 1-year follow-up, no further patients required new steroid therapy.

Surgery

Three patients (11.1%) required surgeries within 6 months of ustekinumab induction. Two patients required perianal abscess drainage and seton placement. A third patient underwent a loop ileostomy for abdominal abscess and sepsis. At 1-year follow-up, four additional patients (44.4%) required surgery with three related to perianal disease. Two patients had incision and drainage of perianal abscesses; one patient had a new seton placement; and one patient underwent a laparoscopic total proctocolectomy with end ileostomy due to severe luminal disease.

Hospitalisation

At 6-month follow-up, aside from hospitalisations from surgeries mentioned previously, three other patients required hospitalisations for flares of luminal CD.

Two additional patients required hospitalisations between 6 months and 1 year. One patient was hospitalised due to a haemolytic uraemic syndrome and the other patient was hospitalised for proctocolectomy with end ileostomy as mentioned earlier.

Adverse events

Six patients developed infections; two patients developed infusion/injection site reactions; and six patients developed other adverse events. The rate and type of adverse events are included in online supplemental table 2.

Five patients (18.5%) discontinued treatment within the first 6 months after induction. The reasons were hypereosinophilia, abdominal abscess requiring loop ileostomy, and lack of response in three patients. One additional patient (11.1%) stopped ustekinumab between 6 and 12 months of follow-up due to surgery (complete proctocolectomy and end ileostomy).

Patients with inactive perianal disease

There were 25 patients that had inactive perianal disease at the time of ustekinumab induction and had a mean follow-up time of 86.2±49 weeks. One of these patients developed a new perianal abscess requiring drainage 1 year after the induction of ustekinumab. None of the remaining patients developed a flare of the perianal disease during ustekinumab therapy.

Meta-analysis

Study selection

A total of 5332 studies were retrieved, of which 3078, 677, 1230, and 347 studies were identified by the searches in Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane, respectively. After excluding the duplicates, 2564 were included, of which 463 underwent full-text screening and 25 publications were included in the analysis.

Characteristics of the included studies

The main characteristics of the included studies are provided in table 2. Of the 25 included studies, 5 (20%) were abstracts and 20 (80%) were full manuscripts. Fourteen studies were multicentre (56%). The majority (n=21, 84%) of studies were retrospective, three studies were prospective observational studies (12%) and one (4%) was a post hoc pooled analysis of several RCTs. Three studies (12%) were performed with a paediatric population.

Table 2.

Selected studies for systematic review and meta-analysis

Author	Publication year	Type of study	Type of manuscript	Origin	Centres	Time frame	Patients with perianal fistula	Definition of response	Definition of remission	First time frame	Patients with response	Patients in remission	Second time frame	Patients with improvement	Patients in remission	Third time frame	Patients with improvement	Patients in remission
Harris et al11	2020	Retrospective observational	Full manuscript	UK	1	Unspecified	8	Improvement in PGA category	Unspecified	Median 14.7 weeks (IQR 5–21)	3/8	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Weaver et al20	2019	Retrospective observational	Full manuscript	USA	4	2013–2018	19	Decrease in fistula drainage	Unspecified	6 months	9/11	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chavannes et al21	2019	Retrospective observational	Full manuscript	Canada, USA, France, Australia	4	2014–2018	2	Changes in mean aPCDAI)	aPCDAI <10	6 months	0/2	0/2	12 months	0/1	0/1	N/A	N/A	N/A
Krugliack et al22	2018	Retrospective cohort	Abstract	USA	1	2013–2017	16	Clinical assessment: cessation of drainage and no abscess	Unspecified	6 months	10/16	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Satyam et al13	2018	Retrospective observational	Abstract	USA	1	2013–2017	21	Improvement in perianal symptoms as assessed by a treating physician and continuation of ustekinumab	Complete absence of perianal symptoms on history, physical exam and endoscopy if available	Mean 382 days (64–1271)	7/21	2/21	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Battat et al23	2017	Case series	Abstract	Canada	1	2013–2015	6	>50% reduction from baseline in the number of draining fistulas	Closure of all fistulas	>6 months	4/6	2/6	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tsistrakis and Oikonomou24	2017	Retrospective observational	Abstract	USA	1	2016–2017	6	Decrease in fistulous drainage or partial healing of fistulas	Complete closure of fistula	3 months	2/5	1/5	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ma et al25	2017	Retrospective cohort	Full manuscript	Canada	2	2011–2016	45	Reduction in number of draining fistulas by 50% compared with baseline as assessed by physical exam without the need for surgical interventions including exam under anesthesia, fistulotomy or seton placement	Complete absence of fistula drainage on patient history and closure of all fistulas on physical exam	12 months	22/45	12/45	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sands15	2017	Randomized prospective clinical trial	Abstract	USA, Canada, Belgium, South Africa, UK	260	2011–2015	161	>50% reduction in draining fistulas	100% fistula reduction	8 weeks	39/150	37/150	22 weeks	9/19	N/A	44 weeks	12/15	NA
Khorrami et al12	2016	Retrospective observational	Full manuscript	Spain	42	2010–2014	18	Physician judgement	Unspecified	Median 10 months (IQR 5–21)	11/18	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bishop et al10	2016	Paediatric case series	Full manuscript	USA	1	2013–2014	2	Unspecified	Unspecified	Mean 11 months±4.9	½	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Wils et al14	2018	Retrospective observational	Full manuscript	France, Switzerland	20	2011–2014	12	Significant improvement in CD-related clinical symptoms and laboratory tests assessed by the patient’s physician leading to continued ustekinumab treatment, associated with complete weaning from steroids if they were being taken at inclusion, without surgery or immunosuppressant introduction	Unspecified	Median 12 weeks (39.2±32.8)	8/12	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kopylov et al26	2014	Retrospective observational	Full manuscript	Canada	1	2011–2013	13	Improvement in the patient’s symptoms coupled with the decision to continue ustekinumab treatment Physician’s assessment	Unspecified	12 weeks	9/13	N/A	12 months	¾	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Attauabi et al27	2020	Retrospective cohort	Full manuscript	Denmark	2	2015–2020	18	Fistula response was defined as a combination of the physician’s objective assessment and the patient’s self-reported improvement in disease symptoms without the need for surgical procedures compared with baseline.	Fistula remission was defined as healing with no secretion or symptomatic activity.	8 weeks	3/18	0/18	24 weeks	6/12	0/12	52 weeks	7/11	N/A
Straatmijer et al28	2021	Prospective cohort	Full manuscript	The Netherlands	8	Unspecified	29	Clinical response (at least three points HBI reduction)	Corticosteroid-free clinical remission (HBI ≤4)	12 weeks	5/29	N/A	24 weeks	11/29	N/A	52 weeks	11/29	N/A
Plevris et al29	2020	Retrospective cohort	Full manuscript	Israel	14	2017–2019	37	Perianal response was determined by follow-up MRI (reduction in enhancement, closure or fibrosis of tract compared with baseline MRI)	Unspecified	24 weeks	3/24	N/A	52 weeks	4/7	N/A	NA	N/A	N/A
Bar-Gil Shitrit et al30	2020	Prospective cohort	Full manuscript	Israel	8	Unspecified	26	Patients were described as having or stopped having perianal fistulas, which were described as actively draining perianal fistula.	Unspecified	8 weeks	6/26	N/A	24 weeks	8/26	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tursi et al31	2021	Retrospective cohort	Full manuscript	Italy	25	Up to 2019	27	HBS <5 after 3 months of follow-up	Unspecified	8 weeks	16/27	16/27	Mean of 12 months	14/27	14/27	N/A	N/A	N/A
Miyazaki et al32	2019	Retrospective cohort	Full manuscript	Japan	1	2017–2018	9	Decrease in CDAI of >100 points from the baseline	CDA<150 points	8 weeks	2/9	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bacaksız et al33	2021	Retrospective cohort	Full manuscript	Turkey	1	2018	5	Clinical response was defined as a decrease of 70 points in CDAI score; a decrease of 3 points in the HBI was accepted as clinical response.	Clinical remission was defined as a CDAI score of <150; an HBI score of 4 was accepted as clinical remission.	8 weeks	4/5	2/5	52 weeks	2/2	2/2	N/A	N/A	N/A
Marquès-Camí et al34	2020	Retrospective cohort	Full manuscript	Spain	1	2009–2019	8	The CDAI23 was used to evaluate disease activity, and the long-term clinical remission was defined by a cut-off of less than 150 points during the 52 weeks of treatment.	The CDAI23 was used to evaluate disease activity, and the long-term clinical remission was defined by a cut-off of less than 150 points during the 52 weeks of treatment.	52 weeks	5/8	5/8	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Manlay et al35	2021	Retrospective cohort	Full manuscript	France	2	2014–2020	39	Unspecified	Deep remission (=combination of corticosteroid-free clinical remission and deep biological remission), active perianal lesions (defined as the persistence of draining, perianal pain or abscesses	14 weeks	N/A	17/36	24 weeks	N/A	15/30	54 weeks	N/A	14/21
Yokoyama et al32	2021	Retrospective cohort	Full manuscript	Japan	91	2017–2020	65	Clinical response (defined as reduction from baseline in the CDAI score of ≥100 points)	Clinical remission (defined as a CDAI score of ≤150) at week 8	8 weeks	12/65	12/65	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chapuis-Biron et al9	2020	Prospective	Full manuscript	France	18	2020	148	Clinical success at 6 months of treatment assessed by the physicians’ judgement, with (1) no need for dedicated medical treatment for perianal lesions (antibiotics and/or topics) nor (2) unscheduled surgical treatment such as abscess drainage, fistulectomy, fistulotomy, seton drainage, stricture dilatation or abdominoperineal resection	Unspecified	Median 52.1 (19.6–69.4)	57/148	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Takeuchi et al36	2020	Retrospective cohort	Full manuscript	Japan	1	By 2019	6	Weighted paediatric CD Activity Index (wPCDAI) was used to assess their disease activity. Clinical remission was defined as wPCDAI under 10, and steroid-free clinical remission was defined as clinical remission without corticosteroids. For patients who underwent ileocolonoscopy during their follow-up, the change in disease activity was assessed by using the simple endoscopic score for CD.	Clinical remission was defined as wPCDAI under 10, and steroid-free clinical remission was defined as clinical remission without corticosteroids.	26 weeks	2/6	0/6	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

aPCDAI, Abberviated Paediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index; CD, Crohn’s disease; CDAI, Crohn’s Disease Activity Index; HBI, Harvey-Bradshaw Index; N/A, not available; PCDAI, Paediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index; PGA, physician global assessment; wPCDAI, Weighted Paediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index.

The study population was composed of 538 patients with a diagnosis of CD and active perianal fistula who underwent ustekinumab induction and 71 placebo-treated patients. We included the 27 patients from our cohort study to the analysis for a total population of 565 ustekinumab-treated patients.

Risk of bias assessment

All studies used a medical record to access patient data and clinician expertise to evaluate the outcomes. Regarding assessment of outcomes, all studies reported the number of patients with active perianal disease and fistula, ustekinumab induction and perianal outcomes. NOS was used to record the information on the methodological quality for retrospective observational studies and for quality assessment (online supplemental table 3). Each study was reviewed by two blinded independent reviewers. For the RCT, we used the GRADE of evidence system; the study was reviewed (online supplemental table 4), graded and compared by two blinded independent reviewers.

The studies included demonstrated variability in the definition of perianal response and time frames selected for assessment of response/remission.

Outcomes

From the 25 studies included and the patients from our centre, a total of 774 patients with active perianal disease received ustekinumab induction and 71 received placebo. The outcomes were divided in groups of patients based on follow-up time from ustekinumab induction: 8–12 weeks, 5.5–6 months, and 12 months. Of the 348 patients who had data available 8–12 weeks after induction, 110 (31.6%) presented with perianal improvement. Of 279 patients that had information regarding remission, 69 (24.7%) had fistula remission. From the 209 patients who had 6-month follow-up after induction, 92 (44%) experienced perianal fistula response and out of the 53 patients that had data on remission, 18 (33.9%) achieved remission. At 12 months, 152 patients had a follow-up, out of which 85 (53.9%) achieved response, and out of 105 patients that had information regarding remission, 44 (41.9%) achieved it. The definitions of response and remission varied among studies and are described in table 2. Six studies used means and medians to describe time frames, so those patients were not included in the analysis: Chapuis-Biron et al included 148 patients, and after a median follow-up of 52.1 (19.6–69.4) weeks, 57 (38.5%) patients presented with fistula response defined as clinical recovery per clinician appreciation.⁹ A study by Bishop et al included two paediatric patients, and after a mean follow-up of 11±4.9 months, one (50%) patient achieved fistula response.¹⁰ Harris et al included eight patients with a median follow-up of 14.7 weeks (IQR 8.03), and three (37.5%) patients had fistula response but none achieved remission.¹¹ The study by Khorrami et al included 18 patients with a median follow-up period of 10 months (IQR 5–21) and reported 11 (61.1%) patients experienced fistula response based on physician assessment, remission was not reported.¹² Satyam et al included 21 patients, and after a mean of 382 days (IQR 64–1271), 7 (33.3%) presented with fistula response and 2 (9.5%) patients had fistula remission.¹³ Wils et al included 12 patients and after a median follow-up of 39.2±32.8 weeks, 8 patients (66.7%) presented with fistula response; remission was not reported.¹⁴

In the post hoc pooled analysis from CERTIFI, UNITI-1 and UNITI-2, 150 patients out of 161 had follow-up data. Thirty-nine (26%) of 150 patients treated with ustekinumab had fistula improvement, defined as >50% reduction in draining fistulas, at 8 weeks compared with 12/71 (16.9%) patients treated with placebo. A total of 37/150 (24.7%) showed complete fistula resolution defined as 100% reduction in draining fistulas compared with 10/71 (14.1%) in the placebo group. At 22 weeks, 9/19 (47%) had fistula improvement with ustekinumab compared with 6/20 (30%) on placebo, and at 44 weeks, 80% (12/15) of patients treated with ustekinumab achieved fistula improvement compared with 45.5% (5/11) in the placebo group.¹⁵

Discussion

Perianal fistulae are a complicated manifestation of CD. The data for efficacy of therapies in pCD remain limited. Our study evaluated the rates of response and remission of pCD to ustekinumab through a single-centre cohort study combined with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Overall, our data show a modest response rate and low complete remission rate of perianal disease with ustekinumab therapy.

The retrospective cohort portion of our study found that at 6 months, 48.1% of patients had perianal fistula response based on provider exam, and 59.3% of patients reported symptomatic improvement in fistula drainage and discomfort, with 3.7% of patients reporting complete symptomatic remission marked by complete resolution of fistula drainage and pain. In patients who did not have an initial adequate response, dose escalation was a beneficial strategy, with a 50% clinical improvement in patients whose doses were escalated to every 4 or 6 weeks. A sustained perianal fistula response based on provider exam was observed in 55.6% of patients who had 12-month follow-up without new abscesses, fistula formation or antibiotic requirements. All patients (9/9) with 12-month follow-up had symptomatic response with 22.2% achieving symptomatic remission. There was an excellent safety profile with minimal adverse events.

For the second portion of this study, we performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to have a comprehensive overview of ustekinumab’s effectiveness in perianal fistula healing. A total of 25 independent studies including ours were included in the analysis. We found that out of 209 patients with active perianal fistulas that had a 6-month follow-up, there was a 44% clinical response rate, and of 152 patients with 12-month follow-up, 53.9% achieved clinical response.

The only randomised controlled data in the systematic review are a post hoc pooled analysis of the data from CERTIFI and UNITI trials¹⁵ consisting of 150 patients treated with ustekinumab and 71 patients treated with placebo. At 8-week follow-up, fistula response was achieved in 26.0% of patients treated with ustekinumab compared with 16.9% fistula response in placebo patients (p=0.14). The rate of complete fistula resolution at 8 weeks was 24.7% in ustekinumab-treated patients compared with 14.1% in placebo patients (p=0.073). Week 22 results from the CERTIFI maintenance trial, which rerandomised intravenous responders and non-responders to subcutaneous ustekinumab or placebo, found 9/19 (47%) and 6/20 (30%) responses, respectively. IM-UNITI contained week 44 maintenance data in a small subset of patients that showed fistula response in 12/15 (80%) of ustekinumab-treated patients compared with 5/11 (45.5%) placebo-treated patients (p=0.64). Although there was a trend towards efficacy in fistula healing with ustekinumab, it did not meet clinical significance.¹⁶ The recently published 5-year extension data from the IM-UNITI trial demonstrated that at week 252, 24 of 31 (77.4%) patients with perianal fistulas had fistula response (≥50% reduction in the number of draining fistulas).¹⁷

These results are encouraging and suggest ustekinumab may be an additional option to anti-TNFs for perianal fistulising disease, but remission rates remain low. Ustekinumab dose escalation for the treatment of perianal fistulas has recently been studied with promising results, such as Glass et al, who demonstrated 50% (12/24) of patients with active perianal disease showed evidence of improvement after dose escalation.¹⁸

The results from our cohort study and systematic review and meta-analysis are in concordance with those found by Attauabi et al in their systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy of ustekinumab for active perianal fistulising CD.¹⁹ Our meta-analysis builds on theirs by including additional more recently published studies, and furthermore, we individually contacted authors of studies that did not contain full perianal fistula data.

Our cohort study has several strengths, which include the ability to report rates of fistula response based on provider exam as well as patient-reported symptoms at 6 and 12 months following ustekinumab induction due to standardised exams and templates in our IBD centre, and physical examination was performed by the same provider for each patient. Additionally, endoscopic and serological responses were able to be extracted and reported on a number of included patients to correlate with fistula response and remission. The systematic review included a large number of patients with active pCD treated with ustekinumab to better determine the efficacy of ustekinumab for the treatment of perianal fistulae.

There are several limitations to consider in our study. The cohort study was retrospective and lacked a placebo comparison group. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, there are missing data as well as a number of patients lost to follow-up. Our outcomes for response and remission included physician global assessment, which is known to be a subjective measure. Due to this limitation, we also included patient-reported symptom improvement and remission, which is collected standard at each visit. Additionally, the endoscopy data lacked formal objective endoscopy scoring. In an attempt to overcome this, we limited endoscopy findings to the rectum, which is associated with the perianal disease severity, and we reviewed the images and reports for each patient and classified as rectal response, remission or no improvement. As a tertiary referral centre, the patients in the retrospective study were largely refractory patients without any biologically naive patients. This could underestimate the efficacy of ustekinumab in fistula healing if ustekinumab would be used first line. In our systematic review, the majority of included studies were retrospective with variability in the definitions of perianal fistula response and remission as well as different time points used to evaluate the efficacy of ustekinumab. Data regarding prior biologic use, detailed disease phenotype and endoscopic and serological information were not available in the majority of studies.

In conclusion, ustekinumab is a promising medication for the treatment of pCD with an excellent safety profile. Further prospective studies with a larger patient population and long-term follow-up are needed to further establish the efficacy of ustekinumab in the treatment of pCD.

Data availability statement

No data are available. Anonymised patient level data available upon reasonable request.

Ethics statements

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.