Abstract
Aim
Several weeks of treatment with an antidepressive agent may be required before efficacy is demonstrated in patients with major depressive disorder. This study investigated the predictive value of early partial improvement with vortioxetine for treatment response and remission.
Methods
This was a post hoc analysis of an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 study of vortioxetine (10 mg or 20 mg) in Japanese patients aged 20–75 years with recurrent major depressive disorder and a Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score of at least 26. The key outcomes were the predictive value of early partial improvement (reduction in MADRS total score of ≥20% from baseline to week 2) with vortioxetine for MADRS response (≥50% decrease in score from baseline) and remission (decrease in score to ≤10) at week 8.
Results
Relevant data were available for 478 patients; 62/158 patients receiving placebo, 71/162 receiving vortioxetine 10 mg, and 66/158 receiving vortioxetine 20 mg were early improvers. Early improvers receiving vortioxetine (10 mg or 20 mg) were more likely than non-early improvers to achieve a week 8 response (71.2–73.2% vs 29.7–38.0%) or remission (50.7–51.5% vs 17.4–18.7%). Positive predictive values for response and remission with vortioxetine were ~70% and ~50%, respectively; negative predictive values were ~70% and ~80%, respectively.
Conclusion
Improvement with vortioxetine may be predicted by early partial improvement in MADRS score. Some patients may benefit from longer-term treatment even without early improvement, another finding that may aid clinical decision-making. ClinicalTrials.gov registration for primary study: NCT02389816.
Keywords: antidepressant, Japanese, major depressive disorder, vortioxetine
Introduction
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental disorder that burdens not only the affected individuals, but also their community and the public health system and economy of their country in terms of substantial direct medical costs and indirect social costs.1,2 Although numerous medications are available for the management of MDD, several weeks of treatment may be required to determine the effectiveness of most antidepressants.3 The precise mechanism leading to this delayed treatment effect remains to be elucidated; however, biophysiological changes in the brain, such as the downregulation of monoamine receptors and reconstruction of the neural network, are thought to be involved.3
It is indisputable that early achievement of treatment response or remission are the most favorable outcomes for patients with MDD.3,4 When no satisfactory response is obtained in a patient receiving antidepressant therapy, physicians are typically advised to consider alternatives to the patient’s treatment regimen to obviate unnecessary suffering and exposure to a high risk of suicide.5,6 The Japanese Society of Mood Disorders recommends that patients be switched to an alternative antidepressant when they do not respond to “a sufficient dose for a sufficient period of time”,7 which can help to avoid premature termination of an antidepressant and thereby minimize the risk of denying patients the long-term potential of that treatment. The risk of premature termination may be further minimized by predicting future treatment response; a growing body of evidence suggests that the potential efficacy of an antidepressive agent may be predicted by an early change in rating scales for depression.4 A systematic review of 17 randomized controlled trials enrolling more than 14,000 patients with MDD revealed that early improvement could predict response and remission after 5–12 weeks of treatment with high sensitivity and low-to-moderate specificity.8 Similarly, a pooled analysis demonstrated that inadequate long-term treatment outcomes may be predicted by insufficient improvements during the early phase of treatment,9 providing further evidence for the predictive value of early treatment response.
Vortioxetine is a multimodal antidepressant with a unique mechanism of action. As a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and modulator (S-RIM), vortioxetine not only inhibits serotonin reuptake in the synaptic cleft but also directly modulates serotonin release via several 5-HT receptors.10 Vortioxetine (at daily doses of 10 mg and 20 mg) has previously demonstrated significant improvement of MDD symptoms compared with placebo in eleven 6–8-week clinical trials.11 In a more recent phase 3 randomized controlled trial enrolling Japanese patients with MDD (CCT-004), a significant improvement from baseline in the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score was demonstrated at weeks 6 and 8 with vortioxetine 20 mg and at week 8 with vortioxetine 10 mg, each compared with placebo (P<0.05 for both doses).12
The robustness of data collected from the phase 3 trial was the basis for several post hoc analyses, including that discussed here. In other analyses, the authors investigated the therapeutic potential of vortioxetine for anxious depression and for anhedonia symptoms in depression in Japanese patients, the results of which have been published in this journal.
Herein we describe a post hoc analysis investigating the predictive value of early improvement in the depression scale with vortioxetine for future efficacy in Japanese patients with MDD.
Patients and Methods
Study Design
This was a post hoc analysis of CCT-004, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 3 trial investigating the safety and efficacy of vortioxetine in Japanese patients with MDD (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02389816).12 The trial was conducted from April 10, 2015 to 16 March 16, 2018. Eligible patients completed a 1–3-week screening period and a single-blind 1-week placebo run-in period to minimize the placebo response. Patients were then randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive placebo, vortioxetine 10 mg, or vortioxetine 20 mg, once daily for 8 weeks during a double-blind treatment period. Two vortioxetine doses were investigated because both 10 mg and 20 mg demonstrated nominally significant improvements in MADRS total score and response rate, and acceptable tolerability, in the secondary analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled, multinational, 8-week, Phase 2/3 trial of vortioxetine that included Japanese participants with MDD.13
After the treatment period, study drugs were withdrawn, at which point patients entered a 4-week safety follow-up period for the analysis of outcomes of adverse events. All patients provided written informed consent before study entry. Investigations were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Council on Harmonisation tripartite guideline on Good Clinical Practice.14 The clinical study protocol, the investigator’s brochure, a sample informed consent form, and other study related documents were reviewed and approved by the local or central Institutional Review Boards of all study sites (Supplemental Information S1).
Patients
Patients included in this post hoc analysis were those in the full analysis set of the primary study for whom week 2 MADRS total score data were available. Full inclusion, exclusion, and study entry criteria have been described previously.12 Briefly, patients were adults aged 20–75 years and had a primary diagnosis of recurrent MDD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition, text revision; DSM-IV-TR) criteria for 296.3x,15 corresponding to F33 in ICD-10,16 with the current major depressive episode having lasted 3–12 months (inclusive) at the time of enrollment for clear diagnostic certainty and exclusion of possible concurrent mental disorders. Patients were required to have a MADRS total score ≥26 from screening to study drug initiation, to include patients with moderate or severe MDD. Patients were excluded if they had previously not responded to two or more antidepressants prescribed for at least 6 weeks, to include suitable subjects for the evaluation of drug effect, or excluded if they tested positive in a urine drug-screening test. Patients who were diagnosed with any psychiatric disorder as defined by the DSM-IV-TR and patients who had any substance-induced mood disorder (excluding nicotine- and caffeine-related disorders) were also excluded.
Efficacy Outcomes
The key outcomes of this analysis were the predictive value of early improvement (reduction in MADRS total score of at least 20% from baseline to week 2)17 for MADRS response and remission at week 8. Patients who did not satisfy the criteria for early improvement were defined as non-early improvers. MADRS response was defined as a decrease of at least 50% in MADRS total score from baseline, and remission was defined as a decrease in MADRS total score to 10 or lower.
Statistical Analyses
Patient demographics and baseline characteristics were summarized descriptively. MADRS response rates and remission rates at week 8 (last observation carried forward) were calculated for early improvers and non-early improvers in each treatment group (placebo, vortioxetine 10 mg, and vortioxetine 20 mg). Sensitivity and specificity of early improvement for prediction of future response and remission were calculated as follows: sensitivity = [early improvers who became responders or remitters ÷ (early improvers who became responders or remitters + non-early improvers who became responders or remitters)] × 100; specificity = [non-early improvers who did not become responders or remitters ÷ (non-early improvers who did not become responders or remitters + early improvers who did not become responders or remitters)] × 100. Positive and negative predictive values were calculated as follows: positive predictive value = (early improvers who became responders or remitters ÷ all early improvers) × 100; negative predictive value = (non-early improvers who did not become responders or remitters ÷ all non-early improvers) × 100.
Results
Patients
Patient demographics and baseline characteristics, including disease severity (MADRS score), were well balanced between treatment groups in the primary study and have been described previously.12 Of the 493 patients randomly assigned to treatment, 478 were included in this post hoc analysis; of these, 158 received placebo, 162 received vortioxetine 10 mg, and 158 received vortioxetine 20 mg.
Study Assessments
In this post hoc analysis, 62 patients (39.2%) receiving placebo, 71 patients (43.8%) receiving vortioxetine 10 mg, and 66 patients (41.8%) receiving vortioxetine 20 mg met the criteria for early improvement. Compared with non-early improvers, early improvers in the vortioxetine 10 mg and 20 mg groups were observed to be more likely to achieve a week 8 response (10 mg: 29.7% vs 73.2%, 20 mg: 38.0% vs 71.2%, respectively) or remission (10 mg: 18.7% vs 50.7%, 20 mg: 17.4% vs 51.5%, respectively). A similar trend was seen for patients receiving placebo. Among non-early improvers, the future response and remission rate of patients receiving vortioxetine 20 mg was approximately twice that of patients receiving placebo (Table 1).
Table 1.
Proportion of Patients Who Achieved Early Improvement and/Or Week 8 Response or Remission
| Placebo (n=158) | Vortioxetine 10 mg (n=162) | Vortioxetine 20 mg (n=158) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early Improver | Non-Early Improver | Early Improver | Non-Early Improver | Early Improver | Non-Early Improver | |
| MADRS responder, n (%) | 39 (62.9) | 20 (20.8) | 52 (73.2) | 27 (29.7) | 47 (71.2) | 35 (38.0) |
| MADRS non-responder, n (%) | 23 (37.1) | 76 (79.2) | 19 (26.8) | 64 (70.3) | 19 (28.8) | 57 (62.0) |
| MADRS remitter, n (%) | 27 (43.5) | 7 (7.3) | 36 (50.7) | 17 (18.7) | 34 (51.5) | 16 (17.4) |
| MADRS non-remitter, n (%) | 35 (56.5) | 89 (92.7) | 35 (49.3) | 74 (81.3) | 32 (48.5) | 76 (82.6) |
| Total, n (%) | 62 (39.2) | 96 (60.8) | 71 (43.8) | 91 (56.2) | 66 (41.8) | 92 (58.2) |
Notes: Data are n (%), where % is a proportion of the larger total. Early improvement was defined as a reduction in MADRS total score of at least 20% from baseline to week 2. Patients who did not satisfy the criteria for early improvement were defined as non-early improvers. MADRS response was defined as at least a 50% decrease in MADRS total score from baseline, and remission was defined as a decrease in MADRS total score to 10 or lower.
Abbreviation: MADRS, Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale.
The sensitivity of early improvement for the prediction of future response and remission was moderate (approximately 60–80%) (Table 2). With respect to positive predictive values, an average of 72.3% of the early improvers receiving vortioxetine (10 mg or 20 mg) achieved a response at week 8 and 51.1% achieved remission, as indicated earlier. Positive predictive values for response and remission with placebo were 62.9% and 43.5%, respectively. An assessment of negative predictive values for patients who received vortioxetine (10 mg or 20 mg) who were non-early improvers showed that 66.1% did not achieve a response at week 8 and 82.0% did not achieve remission. Patients receiving vortioxetine 20 mg had lower negative predictive values for MADRS response than those receiving vortioxetine 10 mg; values for remission were similar for the vortioxetine groups (approximately 82.0%). Negative predictive values for response and remission with placebo were 79.2% and 92.7%, respectively (Table 2).
Table 2.
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Values of Early Improvement for Response and Remission at Week 8
| Placebo (n=158) | Vortioxetine 10 mg (n=162) | Vortioxetine 20 mg (n=158) | Vortioxetine 10 mg or 20 mg (n=320) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MADRS response | ||||
| Sensitivity (%) | 66.1 | 65.8 | 57.3 | 61.5 |
| Specificity (%) | 76.8 | 77.1 | 75.0 | 76.1 |
| Positive predictive value (%) | 62.9 | 73.2 | 71.2 | 72.3 |
| Negative predictive value (%) | 79.2 | 70.3 | 62.0 | 66.1 |
| MADRS remission | ||||
| Sensitivity (%) | 79.4 | 67.9 | 68.0 | 68.0 |
| Specificity (%) | 71.8 | 67.9 | 70.4 | 69.1 |
| Positive predictive value (%) | 43.5 | 50.7 | 51.5 | 51.1 |
| Negative predictive value (%) | 92.7 | 81.3 | 82.6 | 82.0 |
Note: MADRS response was defined as at least a 50% decrease in MADRS total score from baseline, and remission was defined as a decrease in MADRS total score to 10 or lower.
Abbreviation: MADRS, Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale.
Discussion
It is well recognized that several weeks of treatment are required for most antidepressants to demonstrate their effectiveness.3 Additionally, the heterogeneous nature of MDD can make it difficult for physicians to determine the most suitable treatment regimen for each patient. Emerging evidence suggests that mood disorders are not discrete categories of specific diseases, but rather, form a continuous disease spectrum.18 Furthermore, genetic, neurobiological and environmental factors may influence the pathophysiology of MDD;19 as such, “effective” treatment can vary from patient to patient. Premature termination and repeated switching of medication may lead to treatment fatigue, prolongation of suffering, newly emerging adverse events, and escalating medical costs for patients.20–22 Early improvement as a predictor of future response may guide treatment strategy by encouraging physicians to continue with treatment regimens that have led to a partial initial response. The positive predictive values reported in this post hoc analysis indicate that future response to vortioxetine may be predicted by partial improvement from baseline in MADRS total score (at least 20%) after 2 weeks of treatment. However, it should be noted that such changes in MDD severity may be difficult to distinguish in real-world practice with tools used in clinical trials.4 Development of simple, practice-friendly tools capable of identifying early partial improvement with antidepressants may be crucial for supporting clinical decision-making and encouraging potential responders to continue with treatment.
Positive predictive values of early improvement were relatively high for vortioxetine (response: 72.3%; remission: 51.1%) compared with those for antidepressants assessed in a previous systematic review, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and a selective serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (overall response: 63.0%; overall remission: 33.0%), although it should be noted that the methodology for the post hoc analysis varied from the studies reviewed.8 Antidepressants, even those with the same mechanism of action, can have variable positive predictive values: the positive predictive value of vortioxetine was similar to the SSRI fluoxetine but not paroxetine, for example.8 Negative predictive values were lower for vortioxetine (response: 66.1%; remission: 82.0%) than for other antidepressants overall (response: 77.0%; remission: 90.0%). Values for vortioxetine were again similar to those seen with some, but not all, SSRIs.8
These results could prove valuable to physicians when making treatment decisions.4,9 Moderate sensitivity and comparatively low negative predictive values of early improvement may indicate that patients with MDD who do not demonstrate improvements in MADRS score 2 weeks after treatment initiation could potentially still benefit from longer-term treatment with vortioxetine. Even if unfavorable outcomes can be predicted to some extent, physicians may lack confidence in terminating a medication regimen unless the negative predictive value of early improvement is 100%. Although not statistically assessed, the lower negative predictive value for response seen with vortioxetine 20 mg (62.0%) compared with vortioxetine 10 mg (70.3%) may reflect a greater potential for response after 2 weeks with the higher dose of vortioxetine, even if early improvement is not observed.
There are some limitations to this study. First, the results were obtained from a post hoc analysis of clinical trial data; the examination of week 8 response and remission rates in subgroups stratified by early improvement of MADRS score were not prespecified. Second, all patients included in the post hoc analysis had recurrent MDD. Although response and remission rates with vortioxetine were similar to those seen in previous trials enrolling Japanese patients experiencing their first episode of MDD,13,23 we cannot rule out the possibility that disease characteristics may have influenced the response and remission rates in this study. Third, the predictability of future response and remission was examined only in a limited population of patients with MDD treated with vortioxetine, thus the results cannot be generalized to all patients with MDD or directly compared with those of other antidepressants.
Conclusions
In conclusion, future response with vortioxetine may be predicted by a partial improvement in MADRS score as early as 2 weeks after treatment initiation, but patients could still benefit from longer-term treatment with vortioxetine even in the absence of early improvement. These findings can support physicians and patients in making treatment decisions with respect to vortioxetine.
Acknowledgments
We would like to pay our respects to Dr Yoshinori Watanabe (Himorogi Psychiatric Institute, Tokyo, Japan), who passed away in August of 2021, shortly before submission of this manuscript. We are grateful for his contributions as an investigator in the primary study and the development of this manuscript. Y.W. received speaker’s honoraria from Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp., Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Pfizer Japan Inc., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
We are grateful to current and former employees of Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd and Lundbeck Japan for their contributions to the study: Akira Nishimura and Kiyofumi Sasai (executed the primary clinical trial); Takafumi Akimoto and Aya Makita (supported the design of the analysis); and Isao Inada, Akihiro Takano, and Manami Imazaki (supported the interpretation of the results). Medical writing support was provided by Svetha Sankar, BSc, BVMS, of Oxford PharmaGenesis, Melbourne, Australia and was funded by Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
Funding Statement
This study was funded by Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
Abbreviations
DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; MADRS, Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; MDD, major depressive disorder; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
Data Sharing Statement
The data sets, including the redacted study protocol, redacted statistical analysis plan, and individual participant data supporting the results reported in this article, will be made available by the corresponding author within 3 months from initial request to researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal. The data will be provided after its de-identification, in compliance with applicable privacy laws, data protection, and requirements for consent and anonymization.
Author Contributions
All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in study conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising, or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure
T.I. served as medical officer of the primary study; has received personal fees from Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Lilly, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, MSD, Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, and Yoshitomiyakuhin; has received grants from Astellas, Eisai, Shionogi Inc., and Tsumura; has received grants and personal fees from Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp., Novartis Pharma, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Pfizer, and Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma; and is a member of the advisory boards of Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp., Novartis Pharma, and Pfizer. S.F., T.M., T.K., K.I., T.N., and K.F. are employees of Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Y.M. is an employee of Lundbeck Japan K.K. K.W. has received manuscript fees or speaker’s honoraria from Astellas, Daiichi Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry, Lilly, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp., MSD, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Pfizer, Shionogi Inc., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, and Yoshitomi; has received research and grant support from Astellas, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp., MSD, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Pfizer, and Shionogi Inc.; is a consultant for Eisai, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Pharmaceutical, Lilly, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Pfizer, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, and Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical; and is a consultant and advisory board member for Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lundbeck Japan, and Viatris, outside the submitted work.
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