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Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences)
. 2021 Jun;50(3):335–344. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2021-0183

沉默信息调节因子家族参与病理妊娠的研究进展

Advances in the role of silence information regulator family in pathological pregnancy

Yingzhou GE 12, Xinmei LIU 12, Hefeng HUANG 1,23
PMCID: PMC8710262  PMID: 34402258

Abstract

Aberrant maternal inflammation and oxidative stress are the two main mechanisms of pathological pregnancy. The silence information regulator (sirtuin) family is a highly conserved family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacylases. By regulating the post-translational modification of proteins, sirtuin is involved in various biological processes including oxidative stress and inflammation. Nowadays, emerging evidence indicates that sirtuin may be closely related to the occurrence and development of pathological pregnancy. The down-regulation of sirtuin can cause spontaneous preterm delivery by promoting uterine contraction and rupture of fetal membranes, cause gestational diabetes mellitus through promoting oxidative stress and affecting the activity of key enzymes in glucose metabolism, cause preeclampsia by reducing the proliferation and invasion ability of trophoblasts, cause intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy by promoting the production of bile acids and T helper 1 cell (Th1) cytokines, and cause intrauterine growth restriction through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, the expression and activation of sirtuin can be modulated through dietary interventions, thus sirtuin is expected to become a new target for the prevention and treatment of pregnancy complications. This article reviews the role of the sirtuin family in the occurrence and development of pathological pregnancy and its influence on the development of the offspring.

Keywords: Silence information regulator, Premature delivery, Gestational diabetes mellitus, Preeclampsia, Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, Intrauterine growth restriction, Review


妊娠糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM);沉默信息调节因子(silence information regulator,sirtuin,SIRT);烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD);妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症(intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy,ICP);核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB);白介素(interleukin,IL);超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD);叉头框蛋白O(forkhead box-containing protein O,FoxO);核因子E2相关因子(nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor,Nrf);肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF);基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP);微RNA(microRNA,miR);受体相互作用的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase,RIPK);

妊娠是成熟卵子受精形成胚胎,并最终发育为胎儿从母体排出的过程,这一过程受到多种因素的精细调控。由于胎儿对于母体而言是同种异型物质,故正常妊娠过程离不开母胎之间免疫耐受的建立与维持 [1] 。同时,随着妊娠的进展,能量需求增加,胎盘线粒体活性增强,所产生的活性氧自由基也相应增多,需要依赖强大的抗氧化机制清除过剩的活性氧,避免氧化应激 [2] 。上述任何环节的异常均有可能打破平衡,通过诱发氧化应激及母体炎症反应,导致病理妊娠的发生。病理妊娠包括胎儿异常(胎儿生长受限、胎儿畸形等)、胎儿附属物异常(前置胎盘、胎盘早剥、羊水量异常等)及其他产科并发疾病(流产、早产、GDM、妊娠高血压等)。

sirtuin家族是一类高度保守的NAD依赖性脱酰基酶,根据酶活性及功能的不同分为7种类型(SIRT1~7),其中SIRT1、SIRT6、SIRT7主要位于细胞核,SIRT2分布在细胞质,而SIRT3、SIRT4、SIRT5定位于线粒体 [ 3- 4] 。SIRT1~7均具有高度保守的NAD依赖性核心催化结构域,可介导组蛋白或非组蛋白部位赖氨酸残基的可逆性共价修饰,如经典的去乙酰化修饰及去琥珀酰化、去丙二酰化、去巴豆酰化等新型蛋白翻译后修饰 [3] 。sirtuin可通过此类可逆性共价修饰广泛参与多种细胞内生理活动的调节,包括基因转录、炎症反应、能量代谢、氧化应激、DNA损伤修复、细胞凋亡等 [ 3- 5] 。由于sirtuin家族参与包括氧化应激及炎症反应在内的多种生理过程,故其可能在病理妊娠的发生发展中起到重要作用。此外,研究发现sirtuin缺乏可导致胚胎的发育障碍,因此,其还可能与病理妊娠中的胚胎发育异常及子代疾病易感性增加等结局密切相关 [ 6- 7] 。本文就sirtuin家族参与炎症反应和氧化应激的机制,及其与自发性早产、GDM、子痫前期、ICP及胎儿生长受限这五种常见病理妊娠的相关研究进展进行综述。

1sirtuin家族参与炎症反应和氧化应激的机制

NF-κB信号通路在细胞内炎症反应中起到重要作用,可受多种sirtuin的调控。SIRT1可通过使NF-κB的P65亚基K310位点去乙酰化,显著降低NF-κB的转录活性 [8] ;而SIRT6可通过使NF-κB目标基因启动子中的组蛋白H3K9去乙酰化,阻止P65亚基与启动子的结合,从而诱导NF-κB目标基因的沉默 [9] ;此外,SIRT4可通过阻断NF-κB的P65亚基的核位移抑制其转录活性,发挥抗炎作用 [10] 。除经典的NF-κB信号通路外,sirtuin还可通过其他途径调节炎症反应,如SIRT5可通过介导M2型丙酮酸激酶的去琥珀酰化促进其入核,干扰IL-1β的转录,降低炎症因子的水平 [11] ;而SIRT1可通过抑制p53的活化激活Nrf2,从而抑制核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3炎症小体的活化及炎症反应的发生 [ 12- 13]

线粒体是细胞能量代谢的中心,也是产生活性氧的主要场所。SIRT3、SIRT4、SIRT5主要定位于线粒体,可直接参与活性氧的调节,影响细胞内氧化应激水平。已有研究证实,敲除 SIRT5可通过下调SOD2的表达增加细胞内活性氧水平 [14] 。细胞内NAD/还原型NAD比值增加可直接诱导SIRT3活性增加,并通过其去乙酰化酶功能直接调控电子传递链中多种复合物的活性,抑制氧化应激反应 [15] 。SIRT3还可通过介导FoxO3a的去乙酰化,调控依赖FoxO3a的线粒体抗氧化酶锰SOD及过氧化氢酶的表达,SIRT1也可见类似机制 [16] 。此外,SIRT6可修复氧化应激所致的DNA损伤,并通过与转录因子Nrf2的协同作用,激活抗氧化基因的表达 [17]

2sirtuin蛋白表达下降可通过促进子宫收缩及胎膜破裂引起自发性早产

自发性早产包括特发性早产(胎膜完整)和未足月胎膜早破后早产,是造成围产儿预后不良的重要因素之一。分娩的启动涉及子宫肌层收缩力增加、宫颈成熟和胎膜破裂。足月分娩是由该途径的生理性激活引起的,而子宫内感染及炎症等因素也可通过调控体内炎症信号通路病理性地触发这一途径,导致自发性早产的发生 [18] 。在脂多糖等促炎介质的作用下,NF-κB通路被激活,致使胎膜、子宫肌层、羊水等妊娠组织中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF、前列腺素内过氧化物合成酶2等促炎细胞因子水平升高 [19] ,这一过程是子宫肌层由静止状态切换为收缩状态所必需的 [ 1820] 。同时,NF-κB通路的激活还可介导MMP的产生 [21] ,诱导胎膜主要成分细胞外基质降解,导致胎膜张力减弱及胎膜破裂。而如前文所述,这一信号通路受sirtuin的负性调控 [ 8- 10] ,因此,sirtuin表达水平下降可导致其对NF-κB信号通路的抑制作用减弱,可能通过诱发子宫收缩及胎膜破裂引起自发性早产的发生。此外,Lim等 [22] 研究发现,相较于经剖宫产早产(未经历产程)者,自发性早产患者胎膜中SIRT6的转录和表达水平显著下降,提示SIRT6可能在自发性早产中发挥重要作用。该研究团队另一项关于子宫肌层细胞的研究也证实了SIRT3对NF-κB转录活性的影响及其在早产治疗中的潜在作用 [23]

sirtuin表达水平的下降不仅可以通过NF-κB途径介导MMP的生成,还可直接参与胎膜破裂的过程,诱导分娩的启动。自孕中期末起,子宫的生长速率大于胎膜的生长速率,故随着妊娠进展,胎膜呈现越来越薄的趋势。羊膜上皮细胞受压拉伸后,在前B细胞集落生长因子的介导下,SIRT1表达增加,p53表达下降,使细胞凋亡减少 [24] ,故sirtuin对于胎膜的强度及完整性的维持具有重要意义。SIRT2还具有微管蛋白脱乙酰基酶活性,可增强微管的稳定性,维持细胞骨架 [25] 。尽管目前尚无研究在早产人群中证实其与胎膜破裂的直接关系,但Lappas等 [18] 对足月人群的研究发现,在产程开始前,覆盖于宫颈上方的胎膜中SIRT2表达水平明显降低,这一变化可能导致其细胞骨架减弱,更易发生破损,而此处恰为分娩时胎膜破裂的主要发生部位 [26] 。鉴于sirtuin可能参与自发性早产的启动及调控,其有望成为早产治疗的新靶点。

3sirtuin蛋白表达下降可通过干扰糖代谢关键酶活性及促进氧化应激诱发GDM

GDM是妊娠期常见的并发症,在亚洲人群中的发病率约为11.7% [27] ,其主要特征包括糖耐量异常和全身炎症反应状态。sirtuin家族在2型糖尿病的发病中起重要作用,但目前有关sirtuin与GDM的研究相对较少。sirtuin可通过其脱酰基化作用调节糖酵解及三羧酸循环中多种酶的活性,直接影响糖代谢过程 [28] ,这可能是GDM发生的重要机制之一。此外,氧化应激也是GDM的致病机制之一,而sirtuin可直接参与氧化应激反应的调控,氧化应激也可通过SIRT1依赖性机制减少葡萄糖转运蛋白1的表达及胎盘葡萄糖的摄取,导致血糖水平升高,已有研究证实GDM患者的胎盘中SIRT1水平显著下调 [29] 。还有研究发现, SIRT3敲除小鼠体内氧化应激水平增加,其通过加速代谢综合征的发展促使胰岛β细胞功能受损 [30] ,从而导致GDM的发生。除参与GDM的致病机制外,sirtuin也与GDM患者及其子代远期2型糖尿病的发生发展密切相关。研究发现,GDM患者在分娩后外周血SIRT3和SOD2的信使RNA水平仍显著下降,其子代细胞中存在SIRT3转录水平的下调和氧化应激的增加,提示GDM患者及其子代2型糖尿病的易感性增加 [ 31- 32] 。动物实验已证实,烟酰胺、白藜芦醇等SIRT激动剂可通过增加细胞内sirtuin的转录及表达水平,显著降低GDM大鼠的血糖水平 [ 3133] 。因此,对sirtuin的调控可作为GDM防治的新思路。

GDM是导致出生缺陷的重要危险因素 [34] ,而sirtuin广泛参与多种生物学过程,在胚胎发育过程中发挥关键作用。目前研究已证实孕期暴露于高糖环境可引起胚胎内sirtuin表达下降 [35] ,这可能是糖尿病性胚胎疾病的致病机制之一。神经管闭合和大脑皮层形成是胚胎期中枢神经系统发育的两个关键阶段,其过程复杂,更易受血糖水平变化的影响。研究发现,sirtuin抑制剂Ex-527可诱发脊椎动物胚胎神经管畸形 [6] 。在孕期高糖小鼠模型中也观察到胚胎中SIRT2和SIRT6表达下降,胚胎神经管畸形的发生率增加,而减轻氧化应激、过表达SIRT2和SIRT6或使用SIRT激活剂(SRT1720等)均可降低高糖诱导的胚胎神经管畸形的发生风险 [35] 。此外,神经管闭合过程所需的豆蔻酰化的富含丙氨酸的蛋白激酶C的底物也受sirtuin表观遗传学修饰 [36] 。sirtuin还可通过调控组蛋白乙酰化修饰参与胚胎期大脑皮层的形成。研究发现,GDM可诱发神经干细胞内SIRT1的表达下降,通过增加组蛋白H3K14的乙酰化水平上调神经元素1、神经细胞分化因子2的表达,导致大脑皮层新生神经元的数量及分布异常 [37]

除神经系统外,GDM也可通过sirtuin影响子代心脏发育。sirtuin参与血管内皮细胞功能的调节,在心血管疾病中起保护作用 [38] 。在高血糖作用下,细胞内氧化应激增强、SIRT1的表达及活性下降,导致内皮祖细胞数量减少 [39] ,同时,SIRT1-Akt信号通路的下调可促进自噬,诱发胎儿心脏缺血敏感表型的形成 [7] 。这与人群中GDM导致子代成年后心血管疾病的风险增加相符 [ 40- 41] ,而逆转SIRT1的下调可改善子代心脏对缺血的耐受 [7] 。综上所述,增加体内sirtuin的表达可改善糖耐量,可能有助于GDM及远期2型糖尿病的防治; 同时,在胚胎发育早期使用白藜芦醇等SIRT激动剂可改善高糖诱导的胚胎异常发育,但此类药物在孕妇体内的安全性及有效性有待进一步证实。

4sirtuin蛋白表达下降可通过降低滋养细胞增殖及侵袭能力导致子痫前期

子痫前期在妊娠期的发病率为3%~8% [42] ,可严重影响母婴健康。目前普遍认为,滋养细胞功能障碍所致子宫螺旋动脉重铸不足可导致子痫前期的发生 [43] ,但具体致病机制尚不明确。有研究发现,子痫前期患者胎盘中SIRT1、SIRT2、SIRT3表达下调 [ 44- 46] ,且随着子痫前期严重程度增加,SIRT1表达继续下调 [46] 。不仅子痫前期患者血浆SIRT1水平低于健康孕妇和GDM患者,而且未来发展为子痫前期的孕妇的血浆SIRT1水平也显著下降 [47] ,提示sirtuin表达下调可能与子痫前期的发生发展密切相关。

在生理情况下,位于合体滋养层细胞中的SIRT2通过促进p65去乙酰化下调miR-146a的表达,从而上调非典型趋化因子受体2,并增强人滋养层细胞系HTR8/SVneo细胞的侵袭和增殖能力,这一机制在滋养细胞对子宫肌层的侵袭过程中发挥重要作用 [48] 。SIRT2还可以通过介导RIPK1去乙酰化,促进程序性坏死关键物质RIPK1-RIPK3复合物的形成及后续细胞死亡的发生,从而维持正常胎盘功能。而SIRT2的表达下降可导致滋养细胞侵袭能力减弱及胎盘功能障碍,进而诱发子痫前期,这与子痫前期患者胎盘中SIRT2的下调相吻合 [44] 。SIRT3的表达下调也可引起HTR8/SVneo细胞内能量合成减少、MMP2表达减少、IL-1β等炎症因子增加及细胞凋亡显著增加,同样会导致细胞侵袭能力减弱及子痫前期的发生 [45] 。此外,高速泳动族蛋白1释放至细胞外后可与晚期糖基化终产物受体及Toll样受体4结合,促进炎症反应发生及内皮通透性改变,这是导致子痫前期发生及患者出现水肿、蛋白尿症状的机制之一 [ 49- 50] 。另有研究发现,SIRT1可通过去乙酰化作用抑制高速泳动族蛋白1的释放,且其介导的自噬作用可保护滋养细胞免受氧化应激损伤,提示SIRT1可能是治疗子痫前期的潜在靶点 [ 51- 52]

HELLP综合征是子痫前期最严重的并发症之一,常导致胎儿缺氧,与胎儿及脐静脉内皮细胞中脂肪酸氧化功能障碍有关 [53] 。SIRT4具有调节脂肪酸代谢的功能,可通过抑制丙二酰辅酶A脱羧酶来抑制脂肪酸氧化 [54] 。研究发现,在缺氧条件下,HELLP综合征患者脐静脉内皮细胞中SIRT4的蛋白含量高于健康孕妇,提示SIRT4在HELLP综合征致病机制中的作用 [53]

综上所述,sirtuin表达水平下降可通过降低滋养细胞侵袭能力及诱导细胞内氧化应激、炎症反应等方式引发胎盘功能障碍,从而导致子痫前期的发生,而部分具有调节脂肪代谢功能的sirtuin(如SIRT4)也可能参与HELLP综合征的发生发展,提示激活sirtuin的活性或提高其表达水平可能对疾病的治疗有利。然而,在一项体外实验中发现,使用反式白藜芦醇激活SIRT1无法降低子痫前期模型的活性氧水平,其抗氧化能力的改善仅能通过抑制SIRT1实现 [55] 。此外,Lee等 [56] 研究发现,使用小干扰RNA特异性敲低滋养细胞Swan71中的 SIRT1反而导致其侵袭和迁移能力增强,这与既往有关SIRT2及SIRT3的研究结果不符 [ 4548] 。由于目前关于sirtuin在子痫前期中作用的研究相对较少,且不同研究的实验设计存在较大差异,故未来在进行相关研究时,可考虑在相同的实验条件下比较分析不同种类sirtuin水平改变所致细胞侵袭能力及抗氧化能力的变化,从而进一步探索sirtuin在子痫前期致病机制中的作用。

5sirtuin蛋白表达下降可通过促进辅助性T细胞1型细胞因子及胆汁酸的生成引起ICP

ICP是妊娠中晚期特有的并发症,以皮肤瘙痒、血清胆汁酸水平升高为主要表现。由于孕妇体内雌激素水平异常,胆汁酸在肝小叶中央毛细血管异常淤积,导致大量胆汁酸释放入血并沉积于胎盘绒毛间隙 [57] ,造成胎盘功能受损,氧和营养物质的转运受阻可引起胎儿窘迫,甚至胎儿宫内突然死亡 [58] 。赵健等 [59] 研究发现,ICP患者胎儿窘迫及新生儿窒息高发可能与胎盘中miR-34a的高表达有关。miR-34a通过负调控SIRT1的表达,参与氧化应激反应及ICP的致病,且其表达水平与胎儿缺氧的发生率及严重程度正相关。

雌激素代谢异常相关的免疫功能紊乱也是ICP的重要发病机制之一 [60] 。辅助性T细胞1/2型细胞因子水平的平衡有助于妊娠的维持,而在ICP孕妇中,IL-4等辅助性T细胞2型细胞因子表达下降,TNF-α、IL-18等辅助性T细胞1型细胞因子的表达显著增高 [61] 。此类增多的促炎细胞因子可直接损害肝细胞,并可同时激活NF-κB通路,引起炎性因子表达进一步增加 [62] 。因此,通过sirtuin的激活抑制NF-κB介导的炎症反应可能有助于肝功能的改善。同时,sirtuin可通过多种机制直接影响胆汁酸代谢。研究发现,SIRT1通过上调FoxO1及孤儿核受体异源二聚体小分子伴侣的表达,抑制胆固醇7-α羟化酶的表达,从而抑制胆汁酸的生成 [ 63- 64] 。此外,SIRT1还可通过去乙酰化作用激活法尼酯衍生物X受体,改善胆汁淤积情况,减轻肝脏损伤 [65]

另有研究证实,ICP患者胎盘中SIRT1表达下降、NF-κB表达增加 [66] ,而在使用熊去氧胆酸或SIRT1激动剂白藜芦醇增加SIRT1的表达后,NF-κB和TNF-α等炎症因子的表达相应下降,同时伴有ICP症状的改善,提示SIRT1可能是ICP治疗的新靶点 [ 66- 67] 。但其他sirtuin是否参与ICP的致病及在ICP患者中表达水平是否改变目前尚无研究证实。

6sirtuin蛋白表达下降可通过诱发线粒体功能障碍导致胎儿生长受限

胎儿生长受限通常被定义为胎儿未能达到其应有生长潜能,且出生体重在同胎龄正常体重的第10百分位数以下。据报道,我国胎儿生长受限的发病率为8.77% [68] 。胎盘是为胎儿提供氧气和营养物质的重要器官,线粒体功能障碍会引起胎盘功能不全,从而导致胎儿生长受限的发生 [69] 。Guitart-Mampel等 [70] 在胎儿生长受限患者的胎盘中观察到线粒体功能障碍,其主要表现为线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ的酶活性下降,同时还发现胎盘中SIRT3表达水平增加。SIRT3可在营养受限的情况下调节线粒体代谢、应激等多种反应,发挥保护作用。此外,研究发现胎儿生长受限患儿的出生体重与胎盘线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ的酶活性呈正相关,而与SIRT3水平呈负相关,提示SIRT3上调是胎儿生长受限的适应机制 [70]

胎儿生长受限也会导致胎儿生长发育异常,现已在人群中证实胎儿生长受限患儿罹患神经系统、心血管系统等疾病的远期风险增加 [ 71- 73] 。在胎儿生长受限大鼠海马中发现具有促进脂肪生成功能的SIRT1表达增加 [74] ,可作为对低营养状态的反应性保护 [ 75- 76] ,而在胎儿生长受限的兔心脏中发现与胎儿生长受限孕妇胎盘中类似的线粒体酶活性的改变以及SIRT3表达增加 [77] ,这些均证实了sirtuin表达上调对胎儿生长受限及其所致靶器官功能损伤的保护作用。

7结语

sirtuin家族主要通过对底物蛋白进行去酰基化修饰调节其活性。生理状态下,sirtuin通过调节SOD1、SOD2等抗氧化酶的酰基化/去酰基化过程调控活性氧的生成和清除,也可通过相同机制调节线粒体呼吸链复合物等代谢关键酶的活性以及NF-κB、Akt等信号通路的激活和抑制,进而调控腺苷三磷酸、炎症因子的生成,从而参与细胞内基因转录、能量代谢、抗氧化防御等重要生理过程,对维持细胞内环境稳定及正常妊娠过程具有重要意义。当sirtuin表达下调时,其保护作用也随之减弱,可诱发氧化应激、过度炎症反应、能量代谢障碍等异常,从而导致GDM、子痫前期、ICP等病理妊娠的发生。除了与上述提及的自发性早产、GDM、子痫前期、ICP及胎儿生长受限这五种病理妊娠密切相关外,sirtuin家族在孕期抑郁、妊娠剧吐等其他病理妊娠中也有改变 [ 78- 79] 。而在使用白藜芦醇等sirtuin激动剂类药物纠正后,血糖水平、胆汁淤积及子代发育异常等均可显著改善。尽管目前此类药物的有效性及安全性已在动物实验及离体实验中证实,但其临床试验相对不足,尚待后续临床转化研究。

值得注意的是,目前研究已发现SIRT1在体内的表达及活化可通过饮食来调节 [80] 。多酚类物质在蔬菜水果中普遍存在。其中葡萄籽中富含白藜芦醇,橄榄及橄榄油中富含羟基酪醇,可可富含表儿茶素,而槲皮素广泛存在于诸多蔬菜水果中。研究证实,摄入上述富含多酚类物质的食物可增加体内SIRT1的表达及活性 [ 80- 81] 。这种饮食干预方式在产科中具有强大的治疗前景,值得进一步研究。

目前,sirtuin家族在围产医学中的研究主要集中于SIRT1、SIRT2、SIRT3和SIRT6,并且仅涉及GDM、子痫前期等常见妊娠并发症。sirtuin在病理妊娠中的作用有待进一步挖掘,从而为临床诊疗提供更多的参考。

COMPETING INTERESTS

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

Funding Statement

国家重点研发计划(2017YFC1001300);国家自然科学基金(81661128010);中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2019-I2M-5-064);申康三年行动计划(16CR3003A)

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