Table 2.

Traditional uses of C. sativum in different countries.

Traditional Uses	Area	Plant Parts Used	Reference
Rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation, and joint pain	India	Seeds/seeds aqueous extract	[26,38,39]
For measles, diabetes, aerophagy, gastroenteritis	China	The whole plant parts	[40]
Antiviral and neuro-energizer	Pakistani herbal drugs (Intellan)	Aerial parts of the plant
Some liver diseases	-	Aqueous extract of the roasted seeds
Carminative, diuretic, dyspeptic complaints, loss of appetite, convulsion, insomnia, and anxiety and in medical purposes	Iranian traditional medicine	Powdered seeds or dry extract	[38]
Diaphoretic, diuretic, carminative, and stimulant activity	Iranian traditional medicine	The whole plant parts	[37,41]
Diuretic and for some renal diseases	Morocco	Oral administration of plant parts	[42]
Mouth ulcer and eye redness	-	leaves decoction	[27]
Grounded as an ingredient of curry powder and gingerbread, also a component of liquesces and spirits. Aromatic ingredient of tobacco and perfumes. In Unani medicine to quench thirst and for melancholia.	India	Seeds and aqueous infusion of leaves	[39]
Stimulant and carminative; stomachic, antibilious, digestive stimulant	India	Leaves	[29]
Lower blood glucose levels	Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Morocco	Fruits, decoction of leaves and seeds	[30,31,32]
Aphrodisiac, analgesic, antimicrobial properties	-	The volatile oil	[33]
Appetizer, Digestive, Carminative	Turkey	Infusion of the seeds	[34]
For anxiety, sedative and muscle relaxant effect	-	The aqueous extract	[35,36]
Treats Influenza, bad breath, unpleasant odor from genitalia	Traditional Chinese Medicine	Seeds	[43]
Against worm and to treat rheumatism	The European pharmacopeia	Fruits
Stimulates gastric secretion, treats gastric ulcers and mouth infections	Asian region	Essential oils