Abstract
Background
Ferroptosis is a type of cell death driven by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation, which is involved in the pathogenesis of various tumors. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-specific protease 1 (SENP1) is a critical SUMO-specific protease, which controls multiple cellular signaling processes. However, the roles and mechanisms of SENP1-mediated protein SUMOylation in the regulation of cell death and ferroptosis remain unexplored.
Methods
The gene expression of SENP1 and ferroptosis-related genes in samples of lung cancer patient and cells were determined by immunohistochemical staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. The association of gene expression with the survival rate of lung cancer patients was analyzed from public database. The erastin and cisplatin was used to induce ferroptosis, and cell ferroptosis were determined by evaluated lipid-reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell viability and electron microscopy. The protein interaction was determined by immunoprecipitation (IP) and shotgun proteomics analysis. An in vivo tumor transplantation model of immunodeficient mice was used to evaluate the effect of SENP1 on tumor growth in vivo.
Results
SENP1 is aberrantly overexpressed in lung cancer cells and is associated with the low survival rate of patients. SENP1 inhibition by short hairpin RNA transduction or a specific inhibitor suppressed the proliferation and growth of lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. SENP1 overexpression protected lung cancer cells from ferroptosis induced by erastin or cisplatin. Transcriptome and proteomics profiles revealed the involvement of SUMOylation regulation of the inflammation signal A20 in SENP1 inhibition-induced ferroptosis. Functional studies proved that A20 functions as a positive inducer and enhances the ferroptosis of A549 cells. A20 was shown to interact with ACSL4 and SLC7A11 to regulate the ferroptosis of lung cancer cells.
Conclusions
SENP1 was identified as a suppressor of ferroptosis through a novel network of A20 SUMOylation links ACSL4 and SLC7A11 in lung cancer cells. SENP1 inhibition promotes ferroptosis and apoptosis and represents a novel therapeutic target for lung cancer therapy.
Keywords: Lung cancer, SENP1, A20, ferroptosis, target therapy
Introduction
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death among both men and women (1). Current therapeutics, such as surgery, chemotherapeutic agents, and targeting and immune therapies, have significantly improved the survival rate of patients with lung cancer. However, most patients diagnosed in the advanced metastatic stage still have a very low overall survival rate (2). Thus, developing novel effective targeted treatments is a crucial step in lung cancer therapy (3). Moreover, exploring the extensive molecular mechanisms in the pathology of lung cancer can provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for lung cancer targeted therapy.
Cell death is the underlying mechanism of targeted therapy (4). Many types of cell death, such as pyroptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and apoptosis, have been well studied, and their regulatory mechanisms have been extensively explored (5-8). Apoptosis is considered as the major process that mediates target therapies to effectively eliminate cancer cells (9,10). Pyroptosis, an inflammatory cell death triggered by certain inflammasomes, may affect all stages of carcinogenesis and involve in cancer target therapy (11,12). Autophagy been shown to be implicated in resistance to both cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapy (13). Integrative signal pathways of various types of cell death and their interaction have become a new topic in cancer therapy. Ferroptosis is a recognized form of regulated cell death caused by iron-dependent accumulation and lipid-based reactive oxygen species (ROS) (14,15). Several signal molecules and regulatory pathways controlling ferroptosis, such as SLC7A11/xCT, GPX4, and AcylCoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), have been developed as targets in cancer therapy (16-18). Effective chemotherapeutic agents could achieve therapeutic outcomes by inducing ferroptosis in cancer (19,20). Emerging evidence has suggested that ferroptosis induction can serve as a new therapeutic method for cancer therapy. However, the lack of effective targets remains a major obstacle hindering the efficacy of this approach. Identifying novel ferroptosis regulators might significantly improve cancer targeted therapy.
SUMOylation involves reversible post-transcriptional protein modification characterized by binding small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) to target proteins in eukaryotic cells. SUMOylation modification regulates the activities of multiple signal proteins, which play critical roles in various cellular processes, including DNA replication and repair, nuclear transport, genome integrity, cell proliferation, and signal transduction (21-23). Protein SUMOylation regulates a certain cellular death including apoptosis and necrosis depending on attached SUMO isoforms, specific substrate proteins and cell types (24,25). SUMO Specific Peptidase 1 (SENP1) has been an extensively studied SUMO-specific protease that deconjugates SUMO from SUMOylated proteins (26). Aberrant SENP1 expression and activation are associated with various malignant diseases, including colon cancer, multiple myeloma, lung cancer, and prostate cancer (27-30). SENP1 is overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and predicts chemo-sensitivity and patient survival (28,31). Although SENP1-mediated protein DeSUMOylation has shown the protective effect against ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes (32), its roles and mechanisms in the regulation of ferroptosis and its contribution to lung cancer therapy remain unexplored.
Inflammation is considered a protective response of cells to pathogens, infection, or tissue damage (33), and has recently been linked to several diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer (34,35). The growing evidence indicates that ferroptosis plays an important role in inflammation (36,37). Several ferroptosis inhibitors with antioxidant activity exert anti-inflammatory effects in vitro experiments and animal models of certain inflammatory diseases (36,37). However, the functional roles of inflammation regulators in ferroptosis have less been explored. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) regulates inflammatory responses and is considered to be a major inflammatory mediator (38). TNFAIP3, also known as A20, is a ubiquitin-editing enzyme and functions as an endogenous suppressor of NF-κB, which activates inflammation (39). A20 restricts NF-κB signals through its deubiquitinase activity. A20 is regulated by microRNA (miRNA) and acts as a regulator of endothelial cell ferroptosis (40). However, the functional roles of A20 in lung cancer and its detailed regulatory mechanisms have not been elucidated. The present study investigates whether aberrant SENP1 regulates the A20 inflammation signal network and their roles in the ferroptosis of lung cancer cells.
We present the following article in accordance with the ARRIVE reporting checklist (available at https://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/atm-21-6909/rc).
Methods
Patient samples and immunohistochemical staining
A total of 35 patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were recruited from the Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). This joint study was approved by the ethics committee of the Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital and informed consent was taken from all individual participants. All tissue specimens were dissected and examined with routine histopathology after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining by a blinded pathologist. The tissues were embedded in paraffin and fixed, and the expression level of SENP1 was detected after antibody labeling. The tissue information on the tissue slice was scanned using the section scanner model Pannoramic MIDI [3D HISTECH (Wuhan, China)].
Analysis of gene expression and its association with the survival rate of lung cancer patients
The expression data of SENP1, A20, ACSL4, SLC7A11, and GPX4 genes in lung cancer were derived from GEPIA2 (GeneExpression Profiling Interactive Analysis). The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data of SENP1 and patients with lung cancer were derived from the Oncomine (Kaplan-Meier) website. A20, ACSL4, SLC7A11, and other ferroptosis gene regulatory networks were derived from the FerrDb (http://www.zhounan.org/ferrdb/) database.
Transcriptome sequencing
Total RNA was used to construct RNA-sequencing libraries, and finally, the average insert size for the final cDNA (complementary DNA) library was 350 bp (±50 bp). We performed paired-end sequencing on an Illumina Hiseq X-Ten (LC Bio, China) according to the manufacturer’s recommended protocol. The transcriptomes from all samples were merged to reconstruct a comprehensive transcriptome using perl scripts. After the final transcriptome was generated, StringTie and Ballgown were used to estimate the expression levels of all transcripts. The differentially-expressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were selected with log2 (fold change) >1 or log2 (fold change) <−1 and with statistical significance by R package edgeR. Traditional singular enrichment analysis (SEA) was used for the enrichment analysis of gene ontology (GO) terms and pathways. The enrichment P-value calculation was performed using the Fisher’s exact test. RNA sequencing and analysis in this study was completed by Biomarker Technology Company (Beijing, China).
Cell culture
Human A549 cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with penicillin (100 U/mL) and 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco, USA) at 37 °C in 5% CO2.
Lentivirus transduction
The vector targeting SENP1 lentivirus short hairpin RNA (PLKO. 1-shSENP1) was constructed according to the PLKO.1 vector (AddGene, Cambridge, MA, USA) protocol. The positive and reverse oligonucleotides were as follows:
Forward: Oligo1,5'GCGCCAGATTGAAGAAGAGAACTCGAGTTCTGTTCTTCAATCTGGCGCTT3’; Reverse: Oligo1,5'CAAAAAGCGCCAGATTGAAGAACAGAACTCGAGTTCTGTTCTTCAATCTG3’; Forward: Oligo2,5'CAAAAAGCGCCAGATTGAAGAACAGAACTCGAGTTCTGTTCTTCAATCTG3'; Reverse: Oligo2,5'CAAAAACCTAAGGTTAAGTCGCCCTCGCTCGAGCGAGGGCGACTTAACCT3'.
To produce lentivirus, 293T cells were co-transfected with PLKO.1-shSENP1 or PLKO.1-CON, packing plasmid psPAX2, and enveloping plasmid pMD2.
Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay for cell proliferation
A549 cells were seeded into a 96-well (5×103 or 1×104 cells/well) and were treated with inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and erastin at different concentrations. After 24 h of culturing, CCK8 (Dojindo Laboratories, Kumamoto, Japan) was used to detect cell viability. The absorbance at 450 nm was measured by enzyme plate analyzer (Thermo Fisher, USA). Proliferation assays were performed independently and repeated at least three times.
Apoptosis analysis
Cell apoptosis was determined by Annexin-V staining. A549 cells were seeded into six-well plates at a density of 2.0×105 cells/well (without serum culture). PLKO.1-shSENP1 or PLKO.1-CON had a multiplicity of infection of 10. 48 hours later, Annexin-V and Propidium Iodide (PI) (Sungene Biotech Co. Ltd, Tianjin, China) were labeled with APC conjugate. Annexin V cells were also detected on FACS Calibur (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA, USA).
Colony-forming assay
A549 cells were treated with 5 µm Momordin, PLKO.1-shSENP1, or PLKO.1-CON. Five hundred cells/well were added to the 24-well plate. After incubation in a humidified incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 1 week, the number of cell colonies was counted under an inverted microscope (Leica, Germany).
ROS staining assay
The cells were washed with phosphate buffer salt (PBS), collected by centrifugation, and resuspended with Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS). Cell suspensions were treated with C11-BIODPY solution and incubated at 37 °C for 10 min in the dark. Cells labeling were stopped by adding HBSS and the cells were detected using FACS Calibur.
Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
The SENP1, A20, SLC7A11, GPX4, and ACSL4 mRNA levels in A549 cells were determined by Real-time-PCR. The total RNA of each sample was reverse transcribed using the superscript first strand cDNA synthesis kit, and real-time PCR was then performed. The data were analyzed using the CT comparison method and normalized by β-actin expression in each sample. The PCR primer sequences are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction primer sequences.
| Name | Sequence | |
|---|---|---|
| ACSL4 | F | 5'-GAATGGATGATTGCAGCACAGA-3' |
| R | 5'-CCTCAGATTCATTTAGCCCATGAAC-3' | |
| GPX4 | F | 5'-CGCTGTGGAAGTGGATGAAG-3' |
| R | 5'-GAGCTAGAAATAGTGGGGCAGGT-3' | |
| A20 | F | 5'-TGCTGCCCTAGAAGTACAATAGGAA-3' |
| R | 5'-GCAGCTGGTTGAGTTTATGCAAG-3' | |
| β-actin | F | 5'-CATCCTCACCCTGAAGTACCC-3' |
| R | 5'-AGCCTGGATAGCAACGTACATG-3' | |
| SENP1 | F | 5'-AAACGGCTGGTTATCAGGCA-3' |
| R | 5'-ACACCAGTGTACTCCCAGGT-3' | |
| SLC7A11 | F | 5'-GCTGGGCTGATTTATCTTCG-3' |
| R | 5'-GAAAGCTGGGATGAACAGT-3' | |
Western blot assay
Cell samples were collected and processed, lysed with radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer containing protease inhibitors (1× PBS, 1% Nonidet NP-40, 0.1% SDS) and then extracted proteins. The Pierce protein quantification kit (Thermo, USA) was used to determine the protein concentration. Electrophoresis was carried out on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel, and then transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride film. The film was imprinted in trondhjem biological station (TBS) Tween 20 with 5% milk, and finally exposed for detection. The primary antibodies were as follows: anti-SENP1 (ab108981), anti-SUMO1 (ab133352), anti-GPX4 (ab125066), anti-ACSL4 (ab155282), anti-A20 (ab13597), anti-SLC7A11 (ab175186), and anti-GAPDH (ab181602).
Immunoprecipitation (IP) and shotgun proteomics analysis
The cells were lysed with an IP lysis buffer (Thermo, USA). The cell lysates were centrifuged at 12,000 RPM for 5 min to remove the cell fragments. The resulting lysate was incubated with protein G agarose beads on the end-to-end rotor at 4 °C for 1 h, and then centrifuged to remove the beads and non-specific binding proteins. The pre-cleaned lysates and their respective antibodies were immunoprecipitated at 4 °C overnight. The Pierce BCA protein detection kit was used to detect and normalize the protein concentration. Immunoglobulin G (IgGs) were used as the isotype control. Antibody binding proteins were captured by protein G agar-agar beads, washed five times with the IP lysis buffer, and then heated at 100 °C in Laemmli buffer for 10 min. Finally, the samples were visualized through western blot and proteomics analyses as described above. The shotgun proteome analysis was performed by Kikai, China.
Electron microscopy
The cells were cultured in 10 cm dishes, to which erastin, cisplatin, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (1 µm) were added. After 12 h, the cells were treated in accordance with the requirements of electron microscopy.
Xenograft model
A protocol was prepared before the study without registration. The experimental animal protocol was approved by Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine (No. IACUC-AMMS-13-2017-027), in compliance with the relevant laws and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals.
An in vivo tumor transplantation model of immunodeficient mice was used to evaluate the effect of SENP1 on tumor growth in vivo. There were six mice in each group. A total of 2×106 cells were seeded subcutaneously into 6-week-old BALB/ C-Nu Male mice. Tumor width (W) and length (L) at different experimental time points were measured with calipers, and tumor growth was monitored. Tumor volume (V) calculation formula: V = 0.52 (ellipsoid) × L × W2. Cisplatin therapy was performed when the tumor volume reached 250 mm3. At the end of the experiment, all the mice were sacrificed after anesthesia, the tumors were removed, weighed, and stored for further immunohistochemical analysis.
Statistical analysis
The significance levels were determined by Student’s t-test and ANOVA analysis. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM).
Results
Aberrant overexpression of SENP1 is associated with the low survival rate of lung cancer patients treated with platinum chemotherapy
The GEPIA database was searched to analyze the overall gene expression in lung cancer. Multiple genes, including SENP1, were shown to be highly expressed (red boxplot) (Figure 1A). The GEPIA database analysis revealed that SENP1 was highly expressed in lung cancer (Figure 1B). Furthermore, its expression in the tumor samples from SCLC patients was validated by immunostaining. The immunohistochemical (IHC) test and H-score analysis of the immunohistochemical staining data comprising 35 pairs of lung cancer samples validated the SENP1 upregulation in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues (Figure 1C). The comprehensive TCGA dataset (Oncomine online representation tool) was used to analyze overall survival in relation to the prognostic role of SENP1. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that elevated SENP1 expression in lung cancer patients was associated with lower overall survival, and free progression was significantly better in the SENP1 downregulated group compared to the SENP1 upregulated group (Figure 1D). Platinum is essential in chemotherapy regimens for lung cancer. The survival periods of patients with lung cancer after platinum chemotherapy were further analyzed. Patients in the SENP1 overexpression group had significantly lower survival and free progression rates than those in the downregulated group (Figure 1E). It was demonstrated that SENP1 is aberrantly upregulated in lung cancer and was associated with the lower survival rate of patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy.
Figure 1.
SENP1 expression in lung cancer and its correlation with the survival of lung cancer patients. (A) The Gene Expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA) database analyzed the overall gene expression in lung cancer (with partial results). (B) The GEPIA database analysis showed that SENP1 was highly expressed in lung cancer (the red boxplot is tumor, and the black boxplot is normal). (C) Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for SENP1 in 35 pairs of lung cancer samples (left), and the H-score statistical analysis was conducted for SENP1 (right). (D) Oncomine analyzed the association of SENP1 expression with overall survival (OS) and free progress (FP) in patients with lung cancer (n=1,145). (E) Oncomine analyzed the association of SENP1 expression with OS and FP in patients with lung cancer after cisplatin chemotherapy (n=478).
SENP1 silencing promotes apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of lung cancer cells in vitro
The effect of SENP1 knockdown on the biological characteristics of lung cancer cells was investigated. A549 cells were transduced with SENP1 shRNA by lentivirus-mediated gene transduction and assayed for knockdown efficiency. Figures 2A and 2B show the SENP1 knockdown efficiency in A549 cells at the mRNA and protein levels. SENP1 silencing significantly promoted apoptosis (Figure 2C) and inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells (Figure 2D). The effect of SENP1 inhibition on A549 cells was further validated using the SENP1 specific inhibitor, Momordin (41). Treatment of A549 cells with Momordin at different concentrations results in evident cell death, and Fer-1 as unable to resist the action of Momordin (Figure 2E). Both SENP1-shRNA transduction and Momordin suppress the colony formation of A549 cells (Figure 2F). The phenotypic results revealed that SENP1 affected the proliferation and apoptosis of lung cancer cells.
Figure 2.
Effects of silencing SENP1 on the biological characteristics of lung cancer cells in vitro. (A,B) The mRNA and protein levels of SENP1 of A549 cells transduced with SENP1-shRNA or a control vector were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (A) and western blotting (B). (C) The apoptotic cells were stained with Annexin V and detected by flow cytometry. (D) The proliferation of A549 cells transduced with SENP1-shRNA or a control vector were detected by CCK8 assay. (E) The cell viability of A549 cells treated with Momordin at concentrations indicated was detected by CCK8 assay; 0.5 µm Fer-1 was unable to resist the action of Momordin. (F) The clonal formation (×20) of A549 cells transduced with SENP1-shRNA or treated with 5 µm Momordin. *, P<0.05 vs. control; **, P<0.01 vs. control; ***, P<0.001 vs. control.
SENP1 overexpression promotes the growth and cisplatin resistance of lung cancer cells in vivo
SENP1 was overexpressed in A549 cells by lentivirus-mediated gene transduction (Figure 3A). SENP1-overexpressed A549 cells were injected under the skin of the abdomen of nude mice. The growth of tumors and survival rates of mice were monitored. The mice grafted with SENP1-overexpressed A549 cells had significantly lower survival rates compared with those in the control group (Figure 3B). The tumor growth of nude mice with high SENP1 expression was significantly faster than the control group mice (Figure 3C). Cisplatin treatment was performed when the tumor reached a size of 250 mm3. There were no significant differences in the growth of SENP1 overexpressed tumors between saline control and cisplatin treatment. However, cisplatin treatment significantly suppressed the tumor growth of A549 cells in nude mice (Figure 3D).
Figure 3.
SENP1 affects the growth and cisplatin resistance of lung cancer cells in vivo. (A) SENP1-overexpression in A549 cells was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (B) The survival rate of nude mice grafted with SENP1-overexpressed A549 cells. (C) The tumor volume of nude mice grafted with SENP1-overexpressed A549 cells. (D) The tumor volume of nude mice grafted with SENP1-overexpressed A549 cells with or without cisplatin treatment. (E) The body weight of nude mice grafted with SENP1-overexpressed A549 cells with or without cisplatin treatment. (F,G) Comparison of tumor weight (F) and representative volume (G) in each group. *, P<0.05 vs. control; **, P<0.01 vs. control; ***, P<0.001 vs. control.
Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference in the body weight between the groups before cisplatin treatment, whereas the body weight of the cisplatin group decreased markedly after cisplatin treatment, particularly for the normal control group (Figure 3E). Mice were euthanized after completing the experiment, and tumor analysis in vivo showed that the weight of the SENP1-overexpressed group was higher than that of the normal control group (Figure 3F). Figure 3G shows the representation of SENP1-overepxressed tumors after cisplatin treatment. These results indicated that SENP1-overexpression promoted the growth and cisplatin resistance of lung cancer cells in vivo.
The survival experiment was divided into experimental and control groups (with six animals in each group), and the cisplatin administration experiment was divided into four groups, i.e., CON (Control) + NS (normal saline), CON + Cisplatin, SENP1 + NS, SENP1 + Cisplatin. All 36 mice used in the survival and cisplatin administration treatment were included in the corresponding experimental procedures.
SENP1 inhibition enhances erastin-induced ferroptosis of lung cancer cells
The effect of SENP1 inhibition on ferroptosis of A549 cells was further studied. Erastin-induced cell death was considered to be the typical ferroptosis model. Treatment of A549 cells with erastin resulted in ferroptosis, which could be reversed by Fer-1 (Figure 4A). SENP1 silencing promoted the killing effect of erastin on A549 cells (Figure 4B). Erastin treatment enhanced the ROS generation of A549 cells (Figure 4C). The level of ROS in the SENP1-silenced group was significantly higher than that in the control group (Figure 4D).
Figure 4.
SENP1 silencing enhances the erastin-induced ferroptosis of A549 cells. (A) The cell viability of A549 cells treated with erastin at different concentrations for 24 hours. The concentration of Fer-1 was 0.5 µm. (B) The cell viability of SENP1-silenced A549 cells treated with erastin at different concentrations for 24 hours. (C) The ROS production in A549 cells treated with erastin in the presence or absence of 0.5 µm Fer-1. (D) The ROS production in SENP1-silenced A549 cells treated with erastin. (E) The cell viability of SENP1-silenced A549 cells treated with ACSL4 and GPX4 inhibitors (SENP1-silenced A549 cells treated with 5 µm erastin). (F) Morphological observation of SENP1-silenced A549 cells treated with erastin (2.5 µm) or H2O2 (1 µm) in the presence or absence of 0.5 µm Fer-1, magnification ×40. *, P<0.05 vs. control; **, P<0.01 vs. control; ***, P<0.001 vs. control.
Cell viability was assayed in A549 cells treated with erastin (at a concentration of 5 µm) in the presence of ACSL4 and GPX4 inhibitors. The ACSL4 inhibitor protected the A549 cells from erastin-induced cell death, whereas the GPX4 inhibitor did not show a protective effect (Figure 4E). SENP1-silenced A549 cells were treated with 5 µm erastin or 1 µm H2O2 and in the presence of Fer-1. Morphological observation after Giemsa staining showed that 0.5 µm Fer-1 could resist the toxicity activity of erastin on A549 cells (Figure 4F). It was demonstrated that SENP1 inhibition enhances the erastin-induced ferroptosis of lung cancer cells.
SENP1 suppresses cisplatin-induced ferroptosis of lung cancer cells
The CCK8 assay revealed that pelitinib and the chemotherapy drug, cisplatin, are the ferroptosis inducers of A549 cells (Figure S1). Cisplatin was further shown to reduce the cell viability of A549 cells, which could be rescued by Fer-1 (Figure 5A). Subsequently, A549 cells treated with erastin and cisplatin were measured for morphology observation under a transmission electron microscope. Their cytoplasm mitochondria exhibited a typical morphology and structure, with mitochondrial shrinkage and tight structures. However, cell death induced by H2O2 mainly showed cytoplasmic oxidation necrosis vacuoles (Figure 5B). Simultaneously, SENP1 inhibition promoted the killing effect of cisplatin on A549 cells (Figure 5C,5D), while SENP1-transduced A549 cells resisted the killing effect of cisplatin (Figure 5E,5F). These results revealed that ferroptosis might occur in patients with lung cancer undergoing cisplatin chemotherapy and SENP1 functions as a suppressor of cisplatin-induced ferroptosis of lung cancer cells.
Figure 5.
SENP1 suppresses cisplatin-induced ferroptosis of lung cancer cells. (A) The cell viability of A549 cells treated with cisplatin in the presence or absence of 0.5 µm Fer-1. (B) A549 cells were treated with 5 µm erastin and 5 µm cisplatin for 24 h. Observation under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at 500 nm and ×40,000. (C,D) The cell viability of SENP1-silenced A549 cells treated with cisplatin at different concentrations in the absence (C) or presence (D) of 0.5 µm Fer-1. (E,F) The cell viability of SENP1-overexpressed A549 cells treated with cisplatin at different concentrations in the absence (E) or presence (F) of 0.5 µm Fer-1. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001.
SENP1 inhibition upregulates A20 and ferroptosis-associated gene expression in A549 cells
We performed transcriptome sequencing and profile analysis in SENP1-silenced A549 cells. The differential expression screening revealed that A20, ACSL4, SLC7A11, GPX4, and other ferroptosis-related genes were differentially expressed in SENP1-silenced cells (Figure 6A). The changes of these molecules at the protein level were further validated by western blotting. A20 and ACSL4 proteins were significantly upregulated in SENP1 shRNA-transduced A549 cells treated with erastin or cisplatin, whereas GPX4 and SLC7A11 proteins were down-regulated (Figure 6B,6C).
Figure 6.
Silencing SENP1 upregulates the expression of A20 and ferroptosis-related genes in A549 cells. Transcriptomic profile of SENP1-silenced A549 cells compared to control cells (A). (B) Western blot was used to detect the ferroptosis-related proteins ACSL4, GPX4, A20 and P53 in SENP1-silenced A549 cells or control cells treated with 5 µM erastin for 24 h. (C) Western blot was used to detect the ferroptosis-related proteins ACSL4, GPX4, A20, and P53 in SENP1-silenced A549 cells treated with cisplatin for 24 h. (D) Immunohistochemical staining assay (×100): the tissues were blocked and incubated with the primary antibody, second antibody and several staining steps. the expression of ACSL4, GPX4, A20, and SLC7A11 in tumor tissues of nude mice grafted with SENP1 overexpressed A549 cells treated with cisplatin.
To detect if these ferroptosis-related genes are regulated by SENP1 in lung cancer cells during chemotherapy, their protein level in the tumor tissues of mice grafted with SENP1-overexpressed A549 cells treated with cisplatin was detected by immune staining. The results showed that the expressions of A20 and ACSL4 were inhibited, while the expressions of GPX4 and SLC7A11 were upregulated after cisplatin treatment in mice with SENP1-overexpressed tumors (Figure 6D). This suggested that SENP1 upregulates A20 and regulates ferroptosis-associated gene expression in lung cancer cells.
Differential expression of A20 and ferroptosis-related gene expression in samples from lung cancer patients
The GEPIA database analysis showed differential expression of A20, ACSL4, GPX4, and SLC7A11 in lung cancer (Figure 7A), which was further elucidated by immune staining. The H-score analysis from the immunohistochemical staining data of 20 pairs of lung cancer samples showed that, compared to normal tissues, the expressions of A20 and ACSL4 were downregulated (Figure 7B,7C), whereas those of GPX4 and SLC7A11 were upregulated in tumor tissues (Figure 7D,7E). Consistent with the SNEP1 expression, the ferroptosis suppressor genes, GPX4 and SLC7A11, were overexpressed in tumor samples from NSCLC patients, while the ferroptosis promoting genes, A20 and ACSL4, were downregulated. The differential expression of these ferroptosis-associated genes in lung cancer samples was consistent with their expression pattern in the ferroptosis of lung cancer cells.
Figure 7.
Expression of A20 and ferroptosis-related genes in lung cancer specimens. (A) The expression data of TNFAIP3 (A20), ACSL4, GPX4, and SLC7A11 expression in the GEPIA database. (B-E) Expressions of A20, ACLSL4, GPX4, and SLC7A11 were detected by immunohistochemical staining in 20 pairs of lung cancer samples. The H-score statistical analysis was conducted for A20, ACSL4, GPX4, and SLC7A11 after immunohistochemical (IHC) detection.
A20 is SUMOylation-regulated in SENP1-shRNA-transduced cell death
The relationship between SUMOylation and A20 in the process of ferroptosis of A549 cells was further investigated. In SENP1-silenced and A20-overexpressed A549 cells, western blot analysis showed that both A20 protein and SUMO1 were upregulated (Figure 8A,8B). The SUMO1-mediated modification of A20 protein was confirmed by IP (Figure 8C). Furthermore, the CCK8 assay revealed that A20 overexpression reduced the proliferation of A549 cells (Figure 8D). A20 overexpression also increased the ROS generation in erastin-treated A549 cells (Figure 8E). Simultaneously, A549 cells were treated with erastin at different concentrations, and A20 overexpression reduced the survival of A549 cells (Figure 8F). This demonstrated that A20 is regulated by SENP1-mediated SUMOylation and acts as a positive regulator in the ferroptosis of lung cancer cells.
Figure 8.
A20 SUMOylation and its effect on growth of lung cancer cells. (A) A20 and SUMO-1 in SENP1-silenced A549 cells were detected by western blotting. (B) A20 and SUMO-1 in A20-overexpressed A549 cells were detected by western blotting. (C) A20 immunoprecipitation of A549 cells was detected for SUMO1 by western blotting. (D) The proliferation of A549 cells transduced with A20 or a control vector was detected by CCK8 assay. (E) The ROS generation of A549 cells transduced with A20 or a control vector treated with erastin and 0.5 µm Fer-1. (F) The cell viability of A549 cells transduced with A20 or a control vector treated with erastin was detected by CCK8 assay. *, P<0.05 vs. control vector; **, P<0.01 vs. control vector.
A20 interacts with ACSL4 and SLC7A11 in lung cancer cells
The A20 associated proteins were further verified in A549 cells. The A549 cells were treated with 10 µm elastin for immune co-precipitation and shotgun proteomics analysis, and ACSL4 and SLC7A11 were verified in immune co-precipitation proteins using the A20 antibody. Their levels were differently changed in erastin-treated A549 cells (Figure 9A). Using the FerrDb database, we found that these genes are involved in the regulatory network associated with ferroptosis (Figure 9B). Subsequently, western blotting verified that A20 and ACSL4 expressions were upregulated during ferroptosis, while SLC7A11 was downregulated (Figure 9C). Moreover, ACSL4 was upregulated and SLC7A11 was downregulated in the A20-overexpressed A549 cells (Figure 9D). Thus, a novel network of SENP1-mediated A20 SUMOylation links ACSL4 and SLC7A11 to regulate the ferroptosis of lung cancer cells was elucidated (Figure 10).
Figure 9.
A20 interacts with ACSL4 and SLC7A11. (A) Immune co-precipitation A20 and shotgun proteomics was used to detect ferroptosis-related proteins. (B) A gene regulatory network (A20, ACSL4 and SLC7A11 marked as Red) associated with ferroptosis. (C) A20 immunoprecipitation was used to detect ACSL4 and SLC7A11 by western blotting. (D) The ACSL4 and SLC7A11 levels in A20-overexpressed A549 cells were detected by western blot. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01.
Figure 10.
Schematic model showing that SENP1 regulates A20 by deSUMOylation to inhibit ferroptosis by affecting the interaction of A20 with ACSL4 and SLC7A11.
Discussion
Ferroptosis is associated with resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and the anti-tumor efficacy of targeted therapy. Targeting ferroptosis regulators represents a novel therapeutic approach to treat cancers such as lung cancer. The SENP1-mediated protein SUMOylation regulates ferroptosis and is conducive to therapeutic efficacy in patients with lung cancer. Immunochemistry staining showed aberrant overexpression of SENP1 in SCLC tissues. A comprehensive TCGA dataset analysis revealed that high levels of SENP1 in NSCLC were correlated with a short overall survival rate. Several signal molecules, such as GPX4, SLC7A11, ACSL4, and FSP1, have been identified as ferroptosis regulators (42,43). Among them, GPX4 functions as an oncogene and inhibits ferroptosis in cancer cells (43), and its expression is similar to that of SENP1 in lung cancer samples. Meanwhile, A20, ACSL4, and SLC7A11 were downregulated in lung cancer cells. These data suggest that the aberrant expression of SENP1 and ferroptosis-related gene overexpression might contribute to tumor progression and become a worse prognosis target of lung cancer.
The functional roles of SENP1-regulating lung cancer cells were assayed using lentivirus-mediated shRNA transduction and a specific inhibitor. SENP1 inhibition resulted in a suppressive effect on the growth of A549 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Several consistent phenotypes, including a lower proliferation rate, reduced colony-forming ability, and increased apoptosis, were observed in SENP1-shRNA-transduced A549 cells and SENP1 inhibitor-treated cells. Cell death is believed to have contributed to the toxic effect of SENP1 inhibitors on A549 cells. Several types of regulated cell death, such as apoptosis, necrosis, and ferroptosis, have been well elucidated. Ferroptosis in lung cancer cells was further investigated in this study. Erastin-induced cell death, which can be reversed by Fer-1, is considered to be an ideal model for ferroptosis. Overexpression of SENP1 protects lung cancer cells from erastin-induced ferroptosis, while SENP1-shRNA transduction enhances erastin-induced cell death in A549 cells. These data suggest that SENP1 acts as a ferroptosis suppressor in lung cancer cells.
Effective compound and chemical agents induce ferroptosis activity and have a strong inhibitory effect on tumor growth. EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the major targeted therapy agents in NSCLC; however, acquired resistance limits their clinical application. We further analyzed EGFR-TKI-induced ferroptosis in lung cancer cells. Several EGFR-TKIs inhibitors, such as BIBW552, Mubritinib, VP-TAE684, and Pelitinib, induce cell arrest without a ferroptosis pathway. Cisplatin is a common chemotherapeutic agent used in lung cancer, and induces ferroptosis in lung cancer cells. SENP1 overexpression protected lung cancer cells from cisplatin-induced ferroptosis, which may explain that SENP1 overexpression is associated with a low overall survival rate in patients treated with cisplatin therapy.
SUMOylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that is responsible for regulating many cellular processes, including cell death. Thus far, there have been no reports on the involvement of SUMOylation in ferroptosis regulation. Multiple ferroptosis regulators are predicted to have protein SUMO sites. An analysis of the transcriptome profiles of SENP1-shRNA-transduced cells indicated the involvement of 20,259 genes in the ferroptosis of lung cancer cells. Proteomics analysis of SUMO-conjugated proteins revealed that the A20 protein is upregulated in SENP1-transduced cells. A20, which is a zinc finger protein and ubiquitin-editing enzyme, inhibits NF-κB activation and TNF-mediated apoptosis (44,45). We previously reported that A20 is a positive regulator in endothelial cell ferroptosis; however, its detailed mechanisms in cancer cell ferroptosis were not explored (40). Modifications, such as O-linked β-N-Acetylglucosamine, influence A20 activity and inhibition of NF-κB activation (46). Although the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective functions of A20 largely depend on its ubiquitin-binding properties, its protein level and SUMOylation might affect its activity (47). This study indicated that SENP1-mediated A20 SUMOylation affect its activity and is involved in lung cancer cell ferroptosis.
Growing evidence has revealed that inflammatory signals are critical regulators in survival and cell death (39,48). However, inflammatory signals in the regulation of ferroptosis remain unclear. A20 triggers abundant inflammatory cytokines in ferroptosis signaling and functions as an inflammation suppressor. Several ferroptosis regulators were found in the A20 interaction protein profiles. including ACLS4, SLA7A11, FSP1, NRF2, and HSPA9. SLC7A11 is a component of the cystine/glutamate transporter. It can absorb cystine, exude glutamic acid, and perform glutathione synthesis, thus inhibiting ferroptosis molecules (49). Suppression of the SLC7A11/glutathione axis causes synthetic lethality in KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (50). SLC7A11 inactivation might be useful in novel therapeutics in lung cancer therapy (51). ACSL4 is a positive-activating enzyme of ferroptosis and a viable therapeutic target for ferroptosis-related diseases in cancer radiation therapy and chemotherapy (52,53). ACSL4 is also a viable therapeutic target for ferroptosis-related diseases (18,54). Although the detailed mechanisms through which A20 interacts with and regulates the SLC7A11 and ACSL4 protein levels remain unclear, this network links SENP1-mediated protein SUMOylation to the ferroptosis of lung cancer cells by affecting inflammation signals.
In conclusion, SENP1 is aberrantly overexpressed in lung cancer cells. SENP1 could regulate the inflammation signal, A20, which interact with ACSL4 and SLC7A11 to regulate the ferroptosis of lung cancer cells. These findings demonstrate that targeting SENP1 represents a novel therapeutic approach for lung cancer therapy by suppressing ferroptosis.
Conclusions
SENP1 is aberrantly overexpressed in lung cancer and is associated with the overall survival rate. A novel network of SENP1-mediated A20 SUMOylation links ACSL4 and SLC7A11 in the regulation of ferroptosis. SENP1 inhibition promotes ferroptosis and apoptosis, and represents a novel targeted therapeutic method for lung cancer treatment.
Supplementary
The article’s supplementary files as
Acknowledgments
Funding: This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81760529), the Hebei Key Research and Development Program (19272405D), and Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation (ZR2020MH327).
Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). This joint study was approved by the ethics committee of the Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital and informed consent was taken from all individual participants. A protocol was prepared before the study without registration. The experimental animal protocol was approved by Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine (No. IACUC-AMMS-13-2017-027), in compliance with the relevant laws and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals.
Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the ARRIVE reporting checklist. Available at https://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/atm-21-6909/rc
Data Sharing Statement: Available at https://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/atm-21-6909/dss
Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/atm-21-6909/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
(English Language Editor: A. Kassem)
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