Abstract
目的
验证类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)纤维肌痛(fibromyalgia,FM)简易分类标准(Pollard标准)在中国RA合并FM患者中诊断的敏感度和特异度,评估RA合并FM的临床特点。
方法
选择2018年12月—2019年6月在北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科门诊就诊的RA患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析,共入选病例202例,按照1990年美国风湿病学会(American College of Rheumatolgy, ACR)的FM分类标准诊断为FM的42例,将入组患者分为RA合并FM组(RA-FM组)42例和单纯RA组(RA组)160例。
结果
两组患者在一般人口学方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Pollard标准的敏感度为95.2%,特异度为52.6%。伴有FM的RA患者(RA-FM组)DAS28评分(5.95 vs. 4.38, P=0.011)较不伴FM的患者高,疼痛关节数(tender joint counts,TJC)(16.5 vs. 4.5, P < 0.01)更多。RA-FM组患者功能状态HAQ评分(1.24 vs. 0.66,P < 0.001)及生活质量SF36评分(28.63 vs. 58.22,P < 0.001)更差, 疲劳症状较RA组常见(88.1% vs. 50.6%, P < 0.001), 焦虑(10 vs. 4, P < 0.01)及抑郁评分(12 vs. 6, P < 0.001)更高。两组ESR、CRP、晨僵时间、肿胀关节数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
结论
Pollard标准在临床应用时敏感度较高,对于特异度还需要结合多方面因素综合考虑; RA-FM组患者功能状态更差,该组患者的DAS28评分可能会被高估; 长时间未缓解的RA疾病活动应考虑合并FM的可能。
Keywords: 类风湿关节炎, 纤维肌痛, 分类标准
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Pollard' s classification criteria(2010) for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients withfibromyalgia (FM) in Chinese patients, and to assess the clinical features and psychological status of RA-FM patients in a real-world observational setting.
Methods
Two hundred and two patients with rheumatoid arthritis were enrolled from the outpatients in Rheumatology and Immunology Department in Peking University People' s Hospital. All the patients were evaluated whether incorporating fibromyalgia translation occured using the 1990 American College of Rheumatolgy (ACR)-FM classification criteria. Forty two RA patients were concomitant with FM, while the other one hundred and sixty RA patients without FM were set as the control group.
Results
There was no significant difference in general demography between the two groups (P>0.05). In this study, the Pollard' s classification criteria (2010) for RA-FM in Chinese patients had a high sensitivity of 95.2% and relatively low specificity of 52.6%. Compared with those patients without FM, RA patients with FM (RA-FM patients) had higher Disease Activity Scale in 28 joints (DAS-28) score (5.95 vs. 4.38, P=0.011) and much more 28-tender joint counts (TJC) (16.5 vs.4.5, P < 0.001).RA-FM patients had worse Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score (1.24 vs. 0.66, P < 0.001) and lower SF-36 (28.63 vs. 58.22, P < 0.001). Fatigue was more common in RA-FM patients (88. 1% vs. 50.6%, P < 0.001) and the degree of fatigue was significantly increased in RA-FM patients (fatigue VAS 5.55 vs. 3.55, P < 0.001). RA-FM patients also had higher anxiety (10 vs.4, P < 0.001) and depression scores (12 vs.6, P < 0.001). erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), morning stiffness time and 28-swollen joint counts (SJC) showed no difference between these two groups.
Conclusion
The Pollard' s classification criteria (2010) for RA-FM are feasible in Chinese rheumatoid arthritis patients. The Pollard' s classification criteria is highly sensitive in clinical application, while the relativelylow specificity indicates that various factors need to be considered in combination. RA patients with FM result in higher disease activity, worse function aland psychological status. RA patients with FM also have poorer quality of life. DAS-28 scores may be overestimated in RA patients with FM. In a RA patient thatdoes not reach remission, the possibility of fibromyalgia should be con-sidered.
Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, Fibromyalgia, Classification
类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一种慢性进行性炎症性疾病,其特点是滑膜炎、软骨和骨破坏,造成功能受损及生活质量下降。纤维肌痛(fibromyalgia,FM)在一般人群中的发病率为2%~8%[1],在类风湿关节炎患者中发病率为12%~48%[2-7]。疼痛是RA和FM最常见的临床表现,RA合并FM的可能性很大[8],FM是RA患者发生非炎性疼痛的潜在原因之一,这会导致对RA的过度检查和治疗。Pollard等[9]提出一个对RA是否合并FM的判断标准(Pollard标准),即RA患者若压痛关节计数(tender joint counts,TJC)-肿胀关节计数(swollen joint counts,SJC)≥7即可判定为RA合并FM(敏感度为83%,特异度为80%),但这一标准在中国RA患者中是否适用目前尚未见报道,因此,本研究在中国RA人群中,对该标准临床诊断的敏感度和特异度做临床验证。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 研究对象
选择2018年12月—2019年6月在北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科门诊就诊的RA患者病例资料进行回顾性分析,共入选病例202例,按照1990年美国风湿病学会(American College of Rheumatology, ACR)的FM分类标准[10],将本研究人群分为RA合并FM组(RA-FM组)和单纯RA组(RA组)。
1.1.1. 纳入标准
符合1987年ACR制定的类风湿关节炎诊断标准。
1.1.2. 排除标准
(1) 意识障碍、耳聋、精神疾病等不能正常交流的患者; (2)合并其他自身免疫性疾病患者。
1.2. 观察指标
1.2.1. 患者一般资料
包括人口学及社会学资料。
1.2.2. 专科评估
按压18个肌肉压痛点,进行压痛关节计数(ACR 68个触痛关节)和肿胀关节计数(ACR的66个肿胀关节),对28个关节进行疾病活动度评分(disease activity scale in 28 joints, DAS28)。
1.2.3. 相关评估量表
包括生活质量SF-36、医院焦虑抑郁量表(hospital anxiety and depression scale, HADS)、健康评定量表(health assessment questionnaire, HAQ)、疼痛评分(visual analogue score,VAS)、疲劳评定量表(fatigue assessment instrument, FAI)。
1.2.4. 实验室指标
记录C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)和动态红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)。
1.3. 统计学分析
使用SPSS 24.0软件,连续变量符合正态分布者以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用t检验,连续变量非正态分布者以M(P25, P75)表示,组间比较采用Mann-whitney U检验。计数资料使用频数(构成比)表示,理论频数大于1小于5者采用连续校正检验,理论频数小于1采用fisher确切概率法,理论频数大于5采用Pearson卡方检验。敏感度为该项条目的真阳性百分数,特异度为该项条目的真阴性百分数。
2. 结果
2.1. 两组一般资料的比较
纳入符合标准的患者共计202例,其中单纯类风湿关节炎患者(RA组)160例,合并纤维肌痛患者(RA-FM组)42例。两组患者的一般资料进行比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表 1)。
表 1.
两组患者社会人口学特点比较
Demographic characteristics of RA patients with FM vs. those without FM
Feature | RA (n=160) | RA-FM (n=42) | P |
Age/years, M(P25, P75) | 64 (56, 71) | 62.5 (56, 71.5) | 0.779 |
Disease duration/years, M(P25, P75) | 9 (4, 17.8) | 11.5 (2, 21) | 0.617 |
Gender, n(%) | 0.567 | ||
Male | 33 (20.6) | 7 (16.7) | |
Female | 127 (79.4) | 35 (83.3) | |
Smoking, n(%) | 144/160 (90.0) | 37/42 (88.1) | 0.939 |
Education, n(%) | 0.584 | ||
Primary | 26 (16.3) | 9 (21.4) | |
Junior | 47 (29.4) | 11 (26.2) | |
Senior | 41 (25.6) | 14 (33.3) | |
Higher education | 46 (28.8) | 8 (19.0) | |
Race, n(%) | 0.755 | ||
Han | 152 (95.0) | 41 (97.6) | |
Others | 8 (5.0) | 1 (2.4) | |
Marital status, n(%) | 0.536 | ||
Married | 155 (96.9) | 42 (100.0) | |
Unmarried | 5 (3.1) | 0 (0) | |
Occupation, n(%) | 0.792 | ||
Employed | 16 (10.0) | 2 (4.8) | |
Retired | 113 (70.6) | 30 (71.4) | |
Other | 31 (19.4) | 10 (23.8) |
2.2. 患者中Pollard标准的敏感度和特异度
RA患者202例中,全身肌肉压痛点≥11个符合1990年ACR FM分类标准的有42例,压痛关节计数-肿胀关节计数≥7个的有76例,二者同时具备的患者有40例。本研究中Pollard标准的诊断敏感度为95.2%,特异度为52.6%。
2.3. RA合并FM的临床特点
2.3.1. 疾病活动度的比较
RA-FM组的DAS28评分(5.95±1.21 vs. 4.38±1.37, P=0.011)较单纯RA组明显升高,RA-FM组的疼痛关节数(16.5 vs. 4.5, P < 0.01)更多。两组患者肿胀关节数、晨僵时间,以及ESR、CRP结果组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表 2)。
表 2.
两组患者临床和免疫特征比较
Clinical and immunological characteristics of RA patients with FM vs. those without FM
Feature | RA (n=160) | RA-FM (n=42) | P |
DAS28, disease activity score in 28 joints; TJC, tender joint counts; SJC, swollen joint counts; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate. | |||
DAS28, x±s | 4.38±1.37 | 5.95±1.21 | 0.011 |
TJC, M(P25, P25) | 4.5 (1,8) | 16.5 (10,24) | < 0.001 |
SJC, M(P25, P25) | 1 (0,3.75) | 2 (0.75,4) | 0.470 |
Morning stiffness/min, M(P25, P25) | 15 (0,60) | 25 (3.75,99) | 0.062 |
CRP/(mg/dL), M(P25, P25) | 14.89 (4.10,36.14) | 27.86 (2.95,54.68) | 0.152 |
ESR/(mm/h), M(P25, P25) | 43.50 (17.00,70.75) | 50.50 (16.75,76.50) | 0.518 |
2.3.2. 生活质量的比较
两组患者功能状况差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),RA-FM组较RA组HAQ评分高,功能状况更差; RA-FM组较RA组疼痛评分VAS高,生活质量SF36评分更差,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05,表 3)。
表 3.
两组患者生活质量和功能状况比较
Quality of life and functional status of RA patients with FM vs. those without FM
Feature | RA (n=160) | RA-FM (n=42) | P |
HAQ, health assessment questionnaire; VAS, visual analogue score. | |||
HAQ, M(P25, P25) | 0.66 (0.20,0.90) | 1.24 (0.26,1.50) | < 0.001 |
VAS/cm, M(P25, P25) | 3 (2,5) | 5 (3,7) | 0.01 |
SF36, M(P25, P25) | 58.22 (47.26,73.17) | 28.63 (19.80,39.97) | < 0.001 |
2.3.3. 心理情绪的比较
两组患者精神心理状态差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),RA-FM组较RA组焦虑、抑郁评分高,患者疲劳发生比例、疲劳程度明显增高,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05,表 4)。
表 4.
两组患者心理和疲劳状况比较
Psychological and fatigue characteristics of RA patients with FM vs. those without FM
Feature | RA (n=160) | RA-FM (n=42) | P-value |
VAS, visual analogue score. | |||
Anxiety | 4 (1,7) | 10 (8,12) | < 0.001 |
Depressed | 6 (3,8) | 12 (10,15) | < 0.001 |
Fatigue | 81/160 | 37/42 | < 0.001 |
Fatigue VAS | 3.55 (1.00,4.73) | 5.55 (4.61,5.91) | < 0.001 |
3. 讨论
当不明原因出现全身多部位慢性疼痛,伴有疲劳、睡眠障碍、心理、精神障碍等,经实验室检查或查体无明确器质性疾病的客观证据时,需考虑纤维肌痛综合征的可能[11]。临床上由于缺乏客观临床指标给纤维肌痛综合征诊断的准确性带来困难,国外有研究显示纤维肌痛综合征患者被明确诊断用时一般需达5年[12],且其诊断方法多次调整更新。1990年ACR首次发布纤维肌痛综合征诊断分类标准,是通过全身18个已确定的解剖位点压痛体格检查(至少11个部位存在压痛)来客观评价患者疼痛症状; 2010年版通过弥漫疼痛指数、症状严重程度评分取代压痛点数量的体格检查,同时纳入除疼痛外其他特征性临床表现[13]; 2016年分类标准再次进行修订[14],划分5个全身疼痛区域,以疼痛涉及的区域替代疼痛部位作为广泛疼痛诊断条件(5个区域内至少4个出现疼痛),强调全身疼痛症状。综上3版诊断方法,各有优劣,2016版有待临床进一步验证,尚未被推荐广泛用于临床诊断; 2010版是对疼痛部位进行评价,不易区分纤维肌痛综合征与局部疼痛综合征; 1990版将疼痛作为核心症状,未包括特征性临床表现,虽有局限性,但RA最常见的临床表现也为关节的疼痛,从此角度考虑,作为RA与FM的关键诊断标准使用,一直被风湿科认为是最经典、应用最为娴熟和接受度最高的方法,因此,本研究在纳入FM样本量也采用该版本作为诊断标准。
Pollard等[9]提出的判断方法可考虑作为RA合并FM的筛查标准。首先是将1987年ACR制定的RA诊断标准、1990年ACR提出的FM判断标准作为纳入标准,将压痛关节计数-肿胀关节计数≥7判断为RA合并FM,临床操作简便易行,使用高压痛关节计数作为RA合并FM高压痛点计数的替代物,通过减去肿胀关节的数量来矫正活动性滑膜炎的影响,其敏感度为83%、特异度为80%。该标准在本研究中的验证结果敏感度为95.2%,特异度52.6%,分析其可能原因:其一,与患者心理因素有关,患者看到肿胀的关节就会有疼痛的感知,造成疼痛关节数被高估了,其二,样本中约有48%合并骨关节炎,这类患者多有关节压痛而无肿胀,造成符合Pollard标准的患者数量增加。经剔除骨关节炎患者,单独进行RA分析后得出敏感度为94.7%、特异度为51.4%。
RA合并FM的概率比通常认识的更多,一般FM在RA患病者中患病率约20%[3-4],本研究按照1990年FM分类标准有20.8%(n=42)患者合并FM,按照Pollard标准有37.6% (n=76) 患者合并FM。伴随FM的RA患者及其症状出现严重程度是RA患者功能状态恶化的独立预测因素[15]。本研究合并FM的患者显示出较差的SF-36评分,心理健康方面出现负面情绪,这一发现与过去的研究结果一致[6, 16]。因此,当出现DAS28评分较高,但CRP、ESR无明显升高,与滑膜炎症无关的疼痛评分较高,疼痛关节较肿胀关节明显增加,则需要警惕RA合并FM,在护理治疗上不能仅仅强调慢作用抗风湿药物,需要关注非药物性干预,如有氧和力量训练、认知行为疗法、物理治疗或心理干预等[17-18]。
本研究的局限性在于样本量相对偏少,会有一定的偏倚。另外,在今后大样本研究中可以排除骨关节炎患者,单独进行RA分析,进一步明确Pollard标准的适用性。
综上所述,Pollard标准操作简单易行,可考虑应用于RA合并FM患者的临床诊断。对于长期不能缓解的RA患者,需考虑合并FM的可能性; 合并FM的RA患者其功能状态更差,该组患者的DAS28评分可能会被高估,在治疗上对此类患者要重视非药物干预措施。
Contributor Information
陈 立红 (Li-hong CHEN), Email: 13901007280@163.com.
刘 田 (Tian LIU), Email: mikle317@163.com.
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