Abstract
Background: Skin care is the maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin toward optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort and includes skin cleansing, skin product use, and photoprotection.
Aim: This study aimed to assess skincare knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Saudi populations.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi Arabia from February to April 2022. Data were collected using a survey distributed through social media to participants of both genders aged 12 years and above.
Results: A total of 710 subjects participated in this study. More than half were aged between 18 and 30 years (54.8%), had a bachelor’s degree (56.2%), had no income (55.8%), and resided in the Western region (58.0%). Females represented most respondents (77.3%). Skin disease was prevalent among 19.9% of the population. The combined skin type was most frequently reported for the face (52.1%), while for the body, the dry skin type predominated (42.8%). Using skincare products was significantly associated with the female gender (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: The knowledge and practices concerning of skin care are acceptable within the Saudi population. Being a female and having oily facial skin influenced skincare behavior the most among the Saudi population.
Keywords: skin care, saudi arabia, practices, attitudes, knowledge, behaviors, skincare
Introduction
Skin care involves the maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin toward optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Therefore, it is the range of practices that support skin integrity, enhance its appearance, and relieve any adverse symptoms, particularly regarding the skin of the face, as this reflects the health of the body. Skin care is a routine procedure performed daily in many settings, dependent on whether the skin is either too dry or too moist. Cosmetic products are generally synthetic or natural compounds or mixtures of both that contain a wide range of chemicals to which we are exposed every day, including skincare ointments, lotions, and powders [1-4].
In Saudi Arabia, income does not influence attitudes toward cosmetic products. Specifically, women in Saudi Arabia spend an average of Saudi riyal (SR) 14,256 on cosmetics yearly, representing the highest percentage in the Gulf Cooperation Council (42%) [5]. A study conducted in France by Ficheux et al. analyzing the consumption patterns of 106 products found that adult women used an average of 27 cosmetic products per year compared to 12 products used by adult men [6]. Sabharwal et al. conducted a study regarding the usage pattern and brand saliency of cosmetics in women, especially facial skin care. This study showed that moisturizers were the most common cosmetic products used among all age groups [7]. Some evidence suggests that the tangible quality of cosmetic products impacts their purchase. Furthermore, consumers prefer to purchase famous brand names [4].
Many studies have investigated the use patterns, influential factors, and basic skincare practices among women across different age intervals and economic statuses. A study at Najran University by Amar focused on women’s knowledge and attitudes toward cosmetics usage, their behavior toward cosmetics, and its effect on their budget. The authors concluded that women’s educational level greatly impacts their purchasing behavior in response to advertisements. Most women read products’ ingredient lists before purchase, indicating that most are well-informed regarding what their skin is being exposed to and whether these are harmful to them. Some do not examine the product to determine whether it is approved by the Ministry of Health in its country of origin [4].
A study conducted in Thailand concluded that gender and education level significantly influence knowledge of and practice in skin care among adolescents. They stated that most adolescents knew the effects of sunlight, but only a minority of them applied sunscreen regularly. Persons, social media, print media, and television/radio accounted for 88.5%, 77.5%, 30.7%, and 26.1%, respectively, of their sources of knowledge. Female teenagers use moisturizers, cosmetics, and sunscreen significantly more than males, while high school-aged teenagers use cosmetics more than those in junior high school [8].
Yinuo in his study explains that women buy cosmetics either because of the brand, price, friends’ recommendations, or the packaging design [9]. Since this area remains largely unexplored among the Saudi population, this study aimed to assess skincare knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Saudis to fill this knowledge gap.
Materials and methods
Study design and population
This cross-sectional, survey-based study was conducted between February and April 2022. The survey was distributed electronically via social media to men and women in all regions of Saudi Arabia aged 12 years and above.
This study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of Umm Al-Qura University's Research Ethics Committee (approval number: HAPO-02-K-012-2022-03-1036).
Study procedure and questionnaire structure
An online questionnaire was designed using Google Forms (Google, Mountain View, CA) and distributed electronically via social media platforms for approximately one month. All data were entered automatically into an Excel sheet (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) and then into RStudio statistical programming software (RStudio, Boston, MA) for analysis. The questionnaire was composed of three sections with a total of 30 questions. The first section covered the sociodemographic information of the participants, which included age, gender, education level, pre-existing skin diseases, and personal monthly monetary allowance. The second section evaluated knowledge about, attitudes toward, and practices in skin care. Questions in this section focused on the benefits of cleansing, cleansing frequency, cleansing duration, the effect of moisturizer, reasons for skin product use, appropriate timing of moisturizer application, skincare products currently being used, effects of sunlight, sun protection practices, proper sun protection factor (SPF), and where to apply sunscreen. The third section inquired about the sources of skincare information and which of these they felt they could trust.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed in RStudio (R version 4.1.1). Frequencies and percentages were used to present the variables. When applicable, the factors associated with using skin products were assessed using univariate tests, including Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test. The independently associated factors were further investigated by incorporating the significant elements in a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis. Results were presented as odds ratios (ORs) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05.
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics
In the current study, we analyzed the responses of 710 participants. More than half of the respondents were aged between 18 and 30 years (54.8%), had a bachelor’s degree (56.2%), had no income (55.8%), and were residing in the Western region (58.0%). Females represented most respondents (77.3%). Skin disease was prevalent among 19.9% of the sample. Regarding skin type, the most common type of face skin was the combined type (52.1%), whereas the most frequently reported skin type of the body was the dry type (42.8%, Table 1).
Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics.
* The variable has five missing values.
| Parameter | Category | N (%) |
| Region | Western | 412 (58.0%) |
| Central | 101 (14.2%) | |
| Eastern | 37 (5.2%) | |
| Northern | 25 (3.5%) | |
| Southern | 135 (19.0%) | |
| Age* | <18 | 50 (7.1%) |
| 18 to <30 | 386 (54.8%) | |
| 30 to <45 | 174 (24.7%) | |
| 45 to <60 | 91 (12.9%) | |
| 60 or more | 4 (0.6%) | |
| Gender | Male | 161 (22.7%) |
| Female | 549 (77.3%) | |
| Education | None | 6 (0.8%) |
| Primary | 2 (0.3%) | |
| Middle school | 24 (3.4%) | |
| Secondary | 197 (27.7%) | |
| Diploma | 56 (7.9%) | |
| Bachelor | 399 (56.2%) | |
| Postgraduate | 26 (3.7%) | |
| Income (Saudi riyal) | No income | 396 (55.8%) |
| <3,000 | 0 (0.0%) | |
| 3,000 to 5,000 | 101 (14.2%) | |
| 5,000 to 8,000 | 80 (11.3%) | |
| >10,000 | 133 (18.7%) | |
| Suffer from dermal diseases | Yes | 141 (19.9%) |
| Face skin type | Do not know | 76 (10.7%) |
| Oily | 176 (24.8%) | |
| Normal | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Dry | 88 (12.4%) | |
| Combination | 370 (52.1%) | |
| Body skin type | Do not know | 153 (21.5%) |
| Oily | 59 (8.3%) | |
| Normal | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Dry | 304 (42.8%) | |
| Combination | 194 (27.3%) |
Characteristics of body and face cleaning
More than half of the respondents (59.9%) said they washed their faces more than three times daily. Based on participants’ responses, the most commonly perceived benefits of taking a shower were getting rid of body smell (90.0%), skin cleaning (89.9%), and getting rid of sweat (81.4%). Half of the respondents indicated that they take a shower more than three times daily, and the shower duration was more than 20 minutes among 30.7% of the sample. Most participants (69.2%) preferred warm water while taking a shower (Table 2).
Table 2. Characteristics of body and face cleaning.
* An item with multiple response answers.
| Parameter | Category | N (%) |
| Benefits of taking a shower* | Clean the skin | 638 (89.9%) |
| Get rid of micro-organisms | 550 (77.5%) | |
| Get rid of sweat | 578 (81.4%) | |
| Get rid of body smell | 639 (90.0%) | |
| Moisturize the skin | 233 (32.8%) | |
| Skin whitening | 196 (27.6%) | |
| No useful | 1 (0.1%) | |
| Do not know | 3 (0.4%) | |
| Frequency of taking a shower per week | Once | 14 (2.0%) |
| Twice | 83 (11.7%) | |
| Three times | 258 (36.3%) | |
| More than three times | 355 (50.0%) | |
| Frequency of washing the face per day | Once | 73 (10.3%) |
| Twice | 146 (20.6%) | |
| Three times | 66 (9.3%) | |
| More than three times | 425 (59.9%) | |
| Shower duration | <3 minutes | 4 (0.6%) |
| 5 to 10 minutes | 120 (16.9%) | |
| 10 to 15 minutes | 177 (24.9%) | |
| 15 to 20 minutes | 191 (26.9%) | |
| >20 minutes | 218 (30.7%) | |
| Shower water temperature | Do not know | 8 (1.1%) |
| Room temperature | 57 (8.0%) | |
| Warm water | 491 (69.2%) | |
| Cold water | 27 (3.8%) | |
| Hot water | 127 (17.9%) |
The perceived benefits and patterns of using the skin products
The most frequently reported benefits of skin products included skin moisturization (82.0%), skin cleansing (79.4%), and reducing skin rashes (55.2%). About two-thirds of the sample under study indicated that they used skin products (68.3%, Table 3).
Table 3. The perceived benefits and patterns of using the skin products.
| Parameter | Category | N (%) |
| Benefits of skin products | Clean the skin | 564 (79.4%) |
| Moisturize the skin | 582 (82.0%) | |
| Reduce rashes | 392 (55.2%) | |
| Reduce oily secretions | 361 (50.8%) | |
| Skin whitening | 370 (52.1%) | |
| Wash out the sweat | 156 (22.0%) | |
| Has a cosmetic effect | 373 (52.5%) | |
| Reduce dark circles | 268 (37.7%) | |
| Reduce scars | 197 (27.7%) | |
| Not useful | 11 (1.5%) | |
| Do not know | 35 (4.9%) | |
| Use of skin products | Yes | 485 (68.3%) |
| No | 225 (31.7%) |
Using skin products was significantly associated with the female gender (74.7% among females vs. 46.6% among males, p < 0.001). Additionally, skin product use increased with age in which higher proportions of participants aged between 30 and 45 years (73.0%) and between 45 and 60 years (73.6%) indicated the use of skin products compared to those aged <18 years (60.0%) and 18 to <30 years (66.8%, p = 0.012). There were also significant differences based on the face skin types, in which the use of skin products was significantly higher among participants with a combined skin type (75.9%) and the dry type (64.8%) compared to those with the oily type (58.0%, Table 4).
Table 4. Factors associated with using the skin products.
| Parameter | Category | Using skin products | ||
| No, N = 225 | Yes, N = 485 | P-value | ||
| Region | Western | 132 (32.0%) | 280 (68.0%) | 0.533 |
| Central | 28 (27.7%) | 73 (72.3%) | ||
| Eastern | 16 (43.2%) | 21 (56.8%) | ||
| Northern | 8 (32.0%) | 17 (68.0%) | ||
| Southern | 41 (30.4%) | 94 (69.6%) | ||
| Age | <18 | 20 (40.0%) | 30 (60.0%) | 0.012 |
| 18 to <30 | 128 (33.2%) | 258 (66.8%) | ||
| 30 to <45 | 47 (27.0%) | 127 (73.0%) | ||
| 45 to <60 | 24 (26.4%) | 67 (73.6%) | ||
| 60 or more | 4 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Gender | Male | 86 (53.4%) | 75 (46.6%) | <0.001 |
| Female | 139 (25.3%) | 410 (74.7%) | ||
| Education | None | 4 (66.7%) | 2 (33.3%) | 0.181 |
| Primary | 1 (50.0%) | 1 (50.0%) | ||
| Middle school | 10 (41.7%) | 14 (58.3%) | ||
| Secondary | 70 (35.5%) | 127 (64.5%) | ||
| Diploma | 18 (32.1%) | 38 (67.9%) | ||
| Bachelor | 116 (29.1%) | 283 (70.9%) | ||
| Postgraduate | 6 (23.1%) | 20 (76.9%) | ||
| Income | None | 124 (31.3%) | 272 (68.7%) | 0.518 |
| <3,000 | 0 (NA) | 0 (NA) | ||
| 3,000 to 5,000 | 37 (36.6%) | 64 (63.4%) | ||
| 5,000 to 8,000 | 21 (26.2%) | 59 (73.8%) | ||
| >10,000 | 43 (32.3%) | 90 (67.7%) | ||
| Suffer from dermal diseases | Yes | 44 (31.2%) | 97 (68.8%) | 0.890 |
| Face skin type | Do not know | 31 (40.8%) | 45 (59.2%) | <0.001 |
| Oily | 74 (42.0%) | 102 (58.0%) | ||
| Normal | 0 (NA) | 0 (NA) | ||
| Dry | 31 (35.2%) | 57 (64.8%) | ||
| Combination | 89 (24.1%) | 281 (75.9%) | ||
| Body skin type | Do not know | 59 (38.6%) | 94 (61.4%) | 0.174 |
| Oily | 18 (30.5%) | 41 (69.5%) | ||
| Normal | 0 (NA) | 0 (NA) | ||
| Dry | 86 (28.3%) | 218 (71.7%) | ||
| Combination | 62 (32.0%) | 132 (68.0%) | ||
To identify any independently associated variables, we constructed a multivariate logistic regression model with the significantly associated variables from the univariate analysis. Results showed that only gender was an independent predictor of using skin products, where females will be more likely to use skin products (OR = 3.16, 2.08 to 4.82, p < 0.001, Table 5).
Table 5. Predictors of skin product use.
* The records are not available because the variable has one arm with a zero value.
| Parameter | Category | OR | 95% CI | P-value |
| Age | <18 | |||
| 18 to <30 | 1.89 | 0.99, 3.55 | 0.050 | |
| 30 to <45 | 1.79 | 0.90, 3.52 | 0.093 | |
| 45 to <60 | 1.97 | 0.91, 4.28 | 0.084 | |
| 60 or more | NA* | NA | 0.971 | |
| Gender | Male | |||
| Female | 3.16 | 2.08, 4.82 | <0.001 | |
| Face skin type | Do not know | |||
| Oily | 0.9 | 0.50, 1.60 | 0.724 | |
| Dry | 0.78 | 0.39, 1.55 | 0.481 | |
| Combination | 1.4 | 0.78, 2.46 | 0.252 |
Characteristics of using skin products
Focusing on skin product users (n = 485), the most commonly used types of skin products included facial cleansers (82.3%), face lotion (81.4%), and body lotion (80.0%, Figure 1A). The most common reasons for using these products were skin moisturization (81.6%), skin cleansing (73.2%), and skin whitening (48.4%, Figure 1B). Most respondents selected skin products because they achieved good results (78.7%) and their skin looked better with product application (65.2%, Figure 1C). The best times for product application were before sleep (71.3%), in the morning (46.2%), and immediately after cleaning (40.2%, Figure 1D).
Figure 1. Participants’ responses regarding the characteristics of using skin products, including the types of skin products (A), causes of using the products (B), causes of selecting the products (C), and the best time of applying a moisturizing cream (D).
The responses were retrieved from participants who indicated the use of skin products (n = 485).
Participants’ perceptions regarding the effects of the sun on the skin and the utility of sunscreen
Most participants indicated that skin darkening and sunburns were the most common undesirable effects of the sun on the skin (85.4% and 60.4%, respectively) and that it is necessary to use sun protection preparations (86.2%). The most commonly perceived means of protecting against the undesirable effects of the sun were to apply sunscreen (86.3%), wear sunglasses (53.1%), and stay in the shade (50.7%). The most common areas to apply sunscreen were the face (78.3%), hands (67.3%), and areas exposed to the sun (52.4%, Table 6).
Table 6. Participants’ perceptions regarding the effects of the sun on the skin and the utility of sunscreen preparations.
* Items with multiple response answers.
| Parameter | Category | N (%) |
| Effects of the sun on skin* | Skin darkening | 606 (85.4%) |
| Skin burn | 429 (60.4%) | |
| Vitamin synthesis | 252 (35.5%) | |
| Skin cancer | 204 (28.7%) | |
| Freckles | 255 (35.9%) | |
| Early aging | 232 (32.7%) | |
| Body health | 141 (19.9%) | |
| Bone strength | 161 (22.7%) | |
| No effect | 2 (0.3%) | |
| Do not know | 45 (6.3%) | |
| The necessity of sun protection | Do not know | 61 (8.6%) |
| Not necessary | 37 (5.2%) | |
| Necessary | 612 (86.2%) | |
| The right method for sun protection* | Apply sunscreen protectors | 613 (86.3%) |
| Stay in darkness | 360 (50.7%) | |
| Using umbrellas | 183 (25.8%) | |
| Wearing protective clothes | 153 (21.5%) | |
| Wearing hats | 169 (23.8%) | |
| Wearing sunglasses | 377 (53.1%) | |
| Suitable sun protection factor for daily use | Do not know | 321 (45.2%) |
| <15 | 73 (10.3%) | |
| 15 to 30 | 85 (12.0%) | |
| 30 to 50 | 153 (21.5%) | |
| >50 | 78 (11.0%) | |
| Suitable areas to apply sunscreen* | Face | 556 (78.3%) |
| Hands | 478 (67.3%) | |
| Legs | 93 (13.1%) | |
| Neck | 329 (46.3%) | |
| Chest and abdomen | 50 (7.0%) | |
| Entire body | 49 (6.9%) | |
| Areas exposed to the sun | 372 (52.4%) | |
| Lips | 75 (10.6%) | |
| Do not know | 71 (10.0%) |
The practice of using sunscreen
Among the participants, 270 respondents (38.0%) indicated that they did not use sunscreen, while around half of the participants used sunscreen irregularly, and 120 used them regularly (every two hours while exposed to the sun, 16.9%). Among the users, the most common reasons for using sunscreen were to prevent skin darkness (70.5%), to spend time outdoors (48.4%), and avoid developing freckles (32.0%, Figure 2A). Focusing on non-users, the most frequently reported reasons for not using sunscreen were going outside infrequently (27.3%), high price (21.9%), and not having time to apply sunscreen before going outdoors (20.4%, Figure 2B).
Figure 2. Participants’ responses regarding the causes of using sunscreen protectors (A) and not using sunscreen protectors (B).
Sources of information about skin care
Physicians were the most common source of information regarding skincare products (64.1%). These were followed by pharmacists (40.1%), friends (31.8%), and personal information (31.4%, Figure 3).
Figure 3. Participants’ responses regarding the sources of information about skin care.
Discussion
The skin is the largest organ in the human body. It is frequently exposed to different physical and chemical substances daily [10]. Skincare practices are vital in keeping and endorsing healthy skin conditions. Frequent skincare practices include cleansing, moisturizer application, and photoprotection [11,12]. Many factors, including stress, inflammations, medication, and chemicals, may affect the skin’s barrier function, namely, its ability to maintain integrity [13]. Consequently, optimizing the person's general healthy practices can help to sustain or protect normal skin integrity.
The current study aimed to assess skincare knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Saudi people. More than half of the respondents had a combined facial skin type, while less than half had a body dry skin type. Only one-fifth of the study participants suffered from skin disease. It also showed that the vast majority of the study participants knew that showering cleans skin and removes body smell, sweat, and microorganisms. Regarding shower practice, nearly half of the respondents reported showering more than three times a week, and about two-thirds washed their faces more than three times per day. Showering for more than 30 minutes was reported by less than one-third of the respondents and two-thirds used warm water to shower. The hot climate may impact these behaviors.
In most countries, people do not shampoo their hair every time they shower. On the contrary, Mexicans and Japanese people come closest to fully sanitizing their hair each time [14]. A literature review revealed that only 7% of Brazilians take a bath, and 99% report taking weekly showers. On average, Brazilians take two showers a day or 14 showers a week while 83% of the UK population report taking weekly showers. In Germany, 92% of residents take showers, whereas only 20% choose to take baths. While 85% of Chinese people prefer using showers over bathtubs to bathe, only 11% do so. Showering is undoubtedly the most convenient and economical way to bathe, especially given China's acknowledged population difficulties [15].
The current study revealed that more than two-thirds of the study participants used skincare products. The most reported benefits, according to our study participants, were moisturizing, cleaning, and reducing rashes. Higher skin product utilization was associated with increased age and the female gender due to cosmetic issues. Similar results were obtained by Alrayyes et al. [16], who reported that 65% of Saudis use topical skin-lightening products, and 32.7% had previously used these products. A study by Al-Aojan et al. [17] found that topical corticosteroids (TCS) were used by 43.1% of respondents. Being female was the only identified risk factor for using TCS without a prescription. The most reported reasons for using TCS were for treating pruritus without skin disease (23.7%) and cosmetic reasons (19.9%). In Nigeria, Egbi et al. [18] found that 40.9% of the females used skin products, with facial cleansers being the most common product used (51.1%). The removal of discoloration/dark spots (40%) and "cosmetic reasons" (37.8%) were the most reported reasons for the use of skincare products. More than 80% of participants knew skin-lightening products could cause adverse effects, with "skin irritation" being the most known (64.5%).
Concerning participants’ perception of the effects of the sun on the skin, our study showed that most of the participants believed that skin darkening and sunburn were the most common harmful effects of the sun on the skin and that it is necessary to use sun protection. The most commonly perceived methods for protection against the undesirable effects of the sun were to apply sun protectors, wear sunglasses, and stay in the shade. The most common areas to apply sunscreen were the face (78.3%), hands (67.3%), and areas exposed to the sun. In Saudi Arabia, another study showed concordant results where 94.8% agreed that sun exposure could cause sunburns, and the majority knew the association between sun exposure and skin cancer. About two-thirds of the participants in that study knew about the association between sun exposure and skin aging and hyperpigmentation. Also, more than 80% of participants knew that the period of exposure to sunlight that causes the most harm is between 10:00 am and 2:00 pm [19]. Also, Agarwal et al. [20] found that the majority of their participants were aware that sun exposure could cause darkening, but awareness of the other effects of sun exposure, such as wrinkling, melasma, allergy, and skin cancer, was less common. About 68% of their upper-class respondents knew about sunscreen, while most of the respondents from the lower-middle class did not know about sunscreens.
The present study has some limitations. Because no descriptions of the skin types were included in the survey, some participants might have misjudged their skin type. Another limitation is that the electronic questionnaire was distributed on social media, which reduces the credibility of the participants' answers. Moreover, the number of females who answered the questionnaire exceeded the number of males, which may lead to a gender bias.
Conclusions
This study offers baseline data on skincare knowledge, attitudes, and practices among the Saudi population across a range of several sociodemographic strata. The female gender and oily skin type of the face were the two significant factors that affect skincare behavior in our study. Although knowledge and practice of skin care are at a good level according to our study. However, an accurate and comprehensive awareness campaign seems necessary to promote the level of this knowledge and practices.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the College of Medicine Research Center, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Human Ethics
Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Umm Al-Qura University Ethical Committee issued approval HAPO-02-K-012-2022-03-1036. The Umm Al-Qura University Ethical Committee has granted the principal investigator final approval concerning the ethics of scientific research.
Animal Ethics
Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue.
References
- 1.Definitions for skin care. [ Oct; 2022 ]. 2022. https://www.definitions.net/definition/SKIN+CARE https://www.definitions.net/definition/SKIN+CARE
- 2.Longman. Skin care. [ Oct; 2022 ]. 2020. https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/skincare https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/skincare
- 3.Wikipedia. Skin care. [ Oct; 2022 ]. 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_care https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_care
- 4.Knowledge, attitude and practice concerning using cosmetic among females at Najran University, Saudi Arabia. Helali RGM, Abdelrahman NAY, Elhussein AB, Babikr WG. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amar-Elhussein-2/publication/311571876_Knowledge_Attitude_and_Practice_Concerning_Using_Cosmetic_among_Females_at_Najran_University_Saudi_Arabia/links/584dbef308aeb98925264469/Knowledge-Attitude-and-Practice-Concerning-Using-Cosmetic-among-Females-at-Najran-University-Saudi-Arabia.pdf J Pharm Biol Sci. 2016;11:46–50. [Google Scholar]
- 5.The buying attitudes of consumers of cosmetic products in Saudi Arabia. Poranki KR, Perwej A. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-buying-Attitudes-of-Consumers-of-Cosmetic-in-Poranki-Perwej/736104f61b57ea96cbef516b0322d8df4359361b Res J Soc Sci Manag. 2014;4:138–145. [Google Scholar]
- 6.Consumption of cosmetic products by the French population second part: amount data. Ficheux AS, Chevillotte G, Wesolek N, et al. Food Chem Toxicol. 2016;90:130–141. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.02.008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Women buying behaviour and consumption pattern of facial skin care products. Sabharwal V, Maan S, Kumar S. https://docplayer.net/32447371-Women-buying-behaviour-and-consumption-pattern-of-facial-skin-care-products.html J Int Soc Res. 2014;3:1–13. [Google Scholar]
- 8.Knowledge about, attitude toward, and practices in skin care among Thai adolescents. Nitiyarom R, Banomyong N, Wisuthsarewong W. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21:1539–1546. doi: 10.1111/jocd.14309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.How packaging designs of cosmetics affect female consumers’ purchasing behavior? [ Oct; 2022 ]. 2011. https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/32247 https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/32247
- 10.McGrath JA, Uitto J. Rook's Textbook of Dermatology. New York, NY: Wiley; 2008. Anatomy and organization of human skin. [Google Scholar]
- 11.A consistent skin care regimen leads to objective and subjective improvements in dry human skin: investigator-blinded randomized clinical trial. Kim S, Ly BK, Ha JH, Carson KA, Hawkins S, Kang S, Chien AL. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022;33:300–305. doi: 10.1080/09546634.2020.1751037. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Evidence-based skin care: a systematic literature review and the development of a basic skin care algorithm. Lichterfeld A, Hauss A, Surber C, Peters T, Blume-Peytavi U, Kottner J. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2015;42:501–524. doi: 10.1097/WON.0000000000000162. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.The epidermal skin barrier: implications for the wound care practitioner, part I. Fore-Pfliger J. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2004;17:417–425. doi: 10.1097/00129334-200410000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.How often people in various countries shower. [ Oct; 2022 ]. 2015. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/02/how-often-people-in-various-countries-shower/385470/ https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/02/how-often-people-in-various-countries-shower/385470/
- 15.Bathing habits by country 2022. [ Oct; 2022 ]. 2022. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/bathing-habits-by-country https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/bathing-habits-by-country
- 16.Skin-lightening patterns among female students: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. Alrayyes SF, Alrayyes SF, Farooq UD. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2019;5:246–250. doi: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2019.04.026. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Prevalence of topical corticosteroid use without prescription in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Al-Aojan S, Al-Marzoug A, Alaujan A, Abanmi S, AlJasser MI. https://www.jddsjournal.org/article.asp?issn=2352-2410;year=2021;volume=25;issue=2;spage=76;epage=79;aulast=Al-Aojan J Dermatol Dermatol Surg. 2021;25:76–79. [Google Scholar]
- 18.Prevalence, determinants and perception of use of skin lightening products among female medical undergraduates in Nigeria. Egbi OG, Kasia B. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ski2.46. Skin Health Dis. 2021;1:0. doi: 10.1002/ski2.46. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Knowledge, attitude, and practices toward sun exposure and use of sun protection among non-medical, female, university students in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Almuqati RR, Alamri AS, Almuqati NR. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2019;5:105–109. doi: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2018.11.005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Knowledge and attitude of general population toward effects of sun exposure and use of sunscreens. Agarwal SB, Godse K, Patil S, Nadkarni N. Indian J Dermatol. 2018;63:285–291. doi: 10.4103/ijd.IJD_609_17. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]