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. 2022 Jul 26;91:151–168. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.91.87841

Cladosporium spp. (Cladosporiaceae) isolated from Eucommiaulmoides in China

Si-Yao Wang 1,2, Yong Wang 2,✉, Yan Li 1,2
PMCID: PMC9849062  PMID: 36760889

Abstract

Eucommiaulmoides is a rare tree species in China with high medicinal and gum value. Nine strains of hyphomycetous fungi were isolated from the leaf litter of E.ulmoides in Guizhou Province. Preliminary identifications based on ITS indicated that they belong to the genus Cladosporium. Morphology and phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of the nrDNA, the partial translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) gene and partial of actin (act) gene confirmed that the strains represent four species, including two novel taxa, viz., Cladosporiumeucommiae and C.guizhouense and two new substrate records for known species.

Keywords: Asexual morphs, new species, phylogeny, taxonomy

Introduction

Eucommiaulmoides Oliver (‘du-zhong’ in Chinese), the single extant species of Eucommiaceae (related to Ulmaceae), is a dioecious, wind-pollinated tree evenly distributed in mixed mesophytic forest habitats of valleys, hills, and low mountains in central and eastern China (Cronquist 1981; Zhang 2016). E.ulmoides is widely cultivated in China and other countries owing to its high medicinal and gum value.

The fungal genus Cladosporium was established by Link (1816). Cladosporium (Cladosporiaceae) is a ubiquitous genus in Dothideomycetes (Abdollahzadeh et al. 2020). This genus is widely distributed throughout the world and isolated from various sources such as air, soil, plants, food, debris, cloth, paint and other organic materials (Ellis 1977; Bensch et al. 2010, 2012, 2018; Temperini et al. 2018; Chung et al. 2019). Most Cladosporium species are saprobic (Bensch et al. 2010), and they occur on various senescing and dead leaves and stems of herbaceous and woody plants (Brown et al. 1998; El-Morsy 2000). The morphology of Cladosporium is mainly characterized by its asexual morph, which comprises differentiated conidiophores producing acropetal chains of conidia from mono- or polyblastic conidiogenous cells (Isabel et al. 2021). Both the conidiogenous cells and conidia show conidiogenous loci (scars) with a distinctive coronal structure, which is composed of a central convex dome surrounded by a raised periphery, usually thickened, refractive and dark (David 1997; Isabel et al. 2021). A molecular approach combined with morphological features has recognized more than 230 species in Cladosporium, which are grouped into three species complexes, i.e., the C.cladosporioides, C.herbarum and C.sphaerospermum complex (Schubert et al. 2007; Bensch et al. 2010, 2012, 2015, 2018; Sandoval-Denis et al. 2016; Marin-Felix et al. 2017).

In a recent research program, we have carried out a survey of micro-fungi associated with E.ulmoides in a forest in China. In this study, four Cladosporium taxa were isolated from fallen leaves of this plant species in Guizhou Province, including two new species, namely C.eucommiae and C.guizhouense spp. nov., which are introduced based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses. Newly generated molecular data, descriptions and illustrations of C.tenuissimum and C.perangustum are also provided herein.

Materials and methods

Sample collection and fungal strains isolation

Fallen leaves of E.ulmoides were collected in a forest plantation of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China, in January 2021. The samples were stored in envelopes and several topsoil samples from the forest were stored in self-sealing bags, then taken back to the laboratory and photographed. Before isolation, collected leaves samples were sprayed two to three times with 75% ethanol to disinfect the leaf surface. Pure cultures of the fungi were obtained by single spore isolation (Chomnunti et al. 2014). Fungi in the soil samples were isolated by the dilution plate method (Zhang et al. 2015). A small amount of soil (1 g) per sample was collected and added to 9 mL of sterile water in a 15 mL sterile glass test tube. It was manually mixed and then the suspension was diluted to a series of concentrations (10–1, 10–2, 10–3, 10–4, 10–5 and 10–6), and 100 µL from each concentration was spread onto 90-mm-diam Petri dishes containing Synthesis of low nutrient Agar (SNA), Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Malt Extract Agar (MEA) and Oatmeal Agar (OA) (Zhang et al. 2017). These SNA, PDA, MEA and OA plates were incubated at constant temperature (25 °C) in a controlled temperature light incubator. Holotype specimens of the new species were conserved in the Herbarium of the Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Guizhou University (HGUP). Ex-type cultures were conserved in the Culture Collection at the Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture College, Guizhou University, P.R. China (GUCC).

Morphological description

Pure cultures were grown on SNA, PDA, MEA and OA media in a constant temperature incubator (25 °C). Culture characteristics were recorded and examined using a dissecting microscope (LEICA S9i, Germany). The morphological observations and measurements on SNA were made using a Zeiss Scope 5 compound microscope (Axioscope 5, China) with an attached camera AxioCam 208 color (ZEN 3.0) and measurements were made using ZEN 3.0. Taxonomic information for the two new taxa were deposited in MycoBank (www.mycobank.org).

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing

Fresh mycelia were scraped from the PDA plates with a sterilized scalpel. Genomic DNA was extracted using Fungal gDNA Kit (Biomiga #GD2416, San Diego, California, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. PCR amplification was performed in a 25 μL reaction volume following Liang et al. (2018). Primer pairs ITS4/ITS5 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999) and ACT-512F/ACT-783R (Carbone and Kohn 1999) were used for ITS, tef1 and act, respectively. The amplification procedures were performed using the method described by Halo et al. (2019). Purification and sequencing of these three gene loci were carried out by the SinoGenoMax company (Beijing, China).

Phylogeny

Sequences used in this study (Table 1) were assembled based on the closest matches from the BLASTn search results (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) and previous publications (Sandoval-Denis et al. 2016; Bensch et al. 2018; Halo et al. 2019). Alignments were conducted with the online version of MAFFT v. 7.307 (Katoh and Standley 2016), checked visually and improved manually where necessary using BioEdit v. 7.1.3.0 (Hall 1999). SequenceMatrix v. 1.7.8 (Vaidya et al. 2011) was used to concatenate the aligned sequences of the different loci. Ambiguous areas were excluded from the analysis using AliView (Larsson 2014) and gaps were coded as missing data.

Table 1.

Taxa used for molecular phylogenetic analyses and their GenBank accession numbers. Newly generated sequences are in bold. (T) = ex-holotype strain, (ET) = ex-epitype strain, (NT) = ex-neotype strain.

Species Strain number Host Country GenBank Accession number
ITS tef1 act
Cladosporiumangulosum CBS 140692T Man, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid USA LN834425 LN834521 LN834609
C.angulosum CPC 11526 Acacia mangium Thailand HM148127 HM148371 HM148616
C.anthropophilum CBS 140685T Man, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid USA LN834437 LN834533 LN834621
C.anthropophilum CBS 117483 – USA HM148007 HM148248 HM148494
C.anthropophilum CPC 22272 Indoor air sample, ship USA MF574171 MF574173 MF574175
C.cladosporioides CBS 101367 Soil Brazil HM148002 HM148243 HM148489
C.cladosporioides CBS 112388 Air, indoor environment Germany HM148003 HM148244 HM148490
C.cladosporioides CBS 113738 Grape bud USA HM148004 HM148245 HM148491
C.colocasiae CBS 386.64T Colocasiaesculenta Taiwan HM148067 HM148310 HM148555
C.colocasiae CBS 119542 Colocasiaesculenta Japan HM148066 HM148309 HM148554
C.eucommiae sp. nov. GUCC 401.1T Fallen leaves of Eucommiaulmoides China OL587465 OL504966 OL519775
C.eucommiae sp. nov. GUCC 401.9 Fallen leaves of Eucommiaulmoides China ON334729 – ON383337
C.guizhouense sp. nov. GUCC 401.7T Fallen leaves of Eucommiaulmoides China OL579741 OL504965 OL519780
C.guizhouense sp. nov. GUCC 401.8 Fallen leaves of Eucommiaulmoides China ON334728 ON383470 ON383338
C.magnoliigena MFLUCC 18-1559T Magnoliagrandiflora China MK347813 MK340864 –
C.magnoliigena MFLUCC 18-1557 Magnoliagrandiflora China MK347811 MK340862 –
C.oxysporum CBS 125991T Soil, near the terracotta army China HM148118 HM148362 HM148607
C.oxysporum CBS 126351 Indoor air Venezuela HM148119 HM148363 HM148608
C.perangustum GUCC 401.6 Fallen leaves of Eucommiaulmoides China OL579742 OL581726 OL519779
C.perangustum CBS 125996T Cussonia sp. South Africa HM148121 HM148365 HM148610
C.perangustum CPC 12216 Morusrubra Germany HM148135 HM148379 HM148624
C.perangustum CPC 14247 Magnolia sp. USA HM148145 HM148389 HM148634
C.perangustum CPC 13870 Teratosphaeriafibrillosa South Africa HM148142 HM148386 HM148631
C.perangustum DTO 323-E4 Indoor air China MF473180 MF473602 MF474028
C.perangustum CPC 22297 Indoor air sample USA MF473172 MF473595 MF474020
C.rectoides CBS 125994T Vitisflexuosa South Korea HM148193 HM148438 HM148683
C.tenuissimum GUCC 401.2 Fallen leaves of Eucommiaulmoides China OL579746 OL504967 OL519776
C.tenuissimum GUCC 401.3 Fallen leaves of Eucommiaulmoides China OL579745 OL505077 –
C.tenuissimum GUCC 401.4 Fallen leaves of Eucommiaulmoides China OL579744 OL581724 OL519777
C.tenuissimum GUCC 401.5 Fallen leaves of Eucommiaulmoides China OL579743 OL581725 OL519778
C.tenuissimum CBS 125995ET Lagerstroemia sp. USA HM148197 HM148442 HM148687
C.tenuissimum CPC 12795 Musa sp. Polynesia HM148209 HM148454 HM148699
C.tenuissimum CBS 126359 Musa sp. USA HM148198 HM148443 HM148688
C.tenuissimum CPC 10882 Gnaphaliumaffine South Korea HM148204 HM148449 HM148694
C.tenuissimum CPC 10538 Musa sp. Mozambique HM148202 HM148447 HM148692
C.tenuissimum DTO 323-C5 Indoor air China MF473289 MF473712 MF474139
C.tenuissimum CPC 13252 Rock Australia HM148216 HM148461 HM148706
C.tenuissimum CPC 13732 Shoreasiamensis Laos HM148217 HM148462 HM148707
C.tenuissimum CPC 14196 Basellaalba, leaves Laos HM148218 HM148463 HM148708
C.xanthochromaticum CPC 11609T Man, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid USA EF679356 EF679431 EF679508
C.xanthochromaticum CBS 126364 Erythrophleumchlorostachys Australia HM148122 HM148366 HM148611
C.xylophilum CBS 125997T Piceaabies, dead wood Russia HM148230 HM148476 HM148721
C.langeronii CBS 189.54T Man, mycosis Brazil DQ780379 JN906990 EF101357
C.neolangeronii CBS 797.97T Indoor environment Netherlands MF473143 MF473576 MF473992
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The Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses were carried out at the CIPRES web portal (Miller et al. 2010) using RAxML (Stamatakis 2006). The tree search included 1,000 non-parametric bootstrap replicates and the best scoring tree was selected from suboptimal trees under the GTRGAMMA substitution model. The resulting replicates were plotted on to the best scoring tree obtained previously. Non-parametric bootstrap analysis was implemented with 1,000 duplicates. Maximum Parsimony (MP) analyses were performed with PAUP v. 4.0a (Swofford 2003), using the heuristic search option with 1,000 random sequence addition replicates and tree bisection-reconnection (TBR) with reconnection limit (=8) as the branch swapping algorithm. Maxtrees was set at 5,000. Branches collapsed (creating polytomies) if maximum branch length is zero. The Tree Length (TL), Consistency Indices (CI), Retention Indices (RI), Rescaled Consistency Indices (RC) and Homoplasy Index (HI) were calculated for each tree generated. Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses were performed in MrBayes v. 3.2.7a (Ronquist et al. 2012). Six Markov chain Monte Carlo runs were started, and the random start trees were calculated for 50,000,000 generations and sampled every 1,000 generations. 25% of the trees initially produced were discarded as burn-in. ML bootstrap support (MLBS) and MP bootstrap support (PBS) equal or greater than 70% (Hillis and Bull 1993) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) equal or greater than 0.95 (Hespanhol et al. 2019) are displayed on the edited phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic tree was drawn with FigTree v. 1.4.4 (Rambaut 2009).

Genealogical Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR) analysis

Morphological and phylogenetically related species were analyzed using the genealogical consistency phylogenetic species identification (GCPSR) model as described by Taylor et al. (2000) by pin-pair homogeneity index test (PHI) (Bruen et al. 2006). The PHI tests were performed in SplitsTree v. 4.17.1 (Huson 1998; Huson and Bryant 2006) as described by Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) to determine the level of recombination within phylogenetically closely related species. The results can be visualized by constructing a split graph using LogDet conversion and the Splits options. The hypothesis of this analysis is if the PHI value is below 0.05 (Фw < 0.05), there is significant evidence for the presence of recombination.

Results

Phylogenetic analysis

DNA sequences used in this study (Table 1) were selected to obtain phylogenetic trees based on the closest matches by the BLASTn search with strain GUCC 401.6 and eight strains (GUCC 401.1–401.5 to GUCC 401.7–401.9), respectively, with outgroup C.neolangeronii (CBS 797.97) and C.langeronii (CBS 189.54). The final alignment (GUCC 401.6) of ITS, tef1 and act comprised 1,033 characters, viz. ITS: 1–543, act: 544–770 and tef1: 771–1033, which included 843 constant characters, 38 variable characters and 152 parsimony-informative characters, and the alignment (GUCC 401.1–GUCC 401.9 except for GUCC 401.6) comprised 1,040 characters, viz., ITS: 1–544, act: 545–780 and tef1: 781–1040; which included 813 constant characters, 46 variable characters and 181 parsimony-informative characters. The RAxML results were selected to show the topology (Fig. 1 for GUCC 401.6 and Fig. 2 for GUCC 401.1–GUCC 401.9 except for GUCC 401.6), because the MP and Bayesian analyses resulted in similar topologies. The parameter settings that were used are shown in Table 3.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Maximum Likelihood (RAxML) tree from the combined analysis of ITS, tef1 and act sequences of Cladosporium, which includes our strain GUCC 401.6. The tree was rooted with C.neolangeronii (CBS 797.97) and C.langeronii (CBS 189.54). ML and MP bootstrap values (≥ 70%) and Bayesian posterior probability (≥ 0.95) are indicated along branches (ML/MP/PP). Our species is highlighted with a yellow background. T = ex-holotype strain.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Maximum Likelihood (RAxML) tree from the combined analysis of ITS, tef1 and act sequences of Cladosporium, which includes our strains GUCC 401.1–GUCC 401.9 (except for GUCC 401.6). The tree was rooted with C.neolangeronii (CBS 797.97) and C.langeronii (CBS 189.54). ML and MP bootstrap values (≥ 70%) and Bayesian posterior probability (≥ 0.95) are indicated along branches (ML/MP/PP). Our species are emphasized with a yellow background. T = ex-holotype strain, ET = ex-epitype strain, NT = ex-neotype strain.

Table 3.

The parameters of MP and Bayesian methods in this study.

Strain number MP Bayesian
TL PT CI RI RC HI Model Unique site patterns ASDSF
GUCC 401.1 –GUCC 401.9 (except for GUCC 401.6) 400 300 0.7475 0.8648 0.6464 0.2525 ITS: JC+I; tef1: GTR+G; act: HKY+G Division 1 = 54 Division 2 = 99 Division 3 = 154 0.009875
GUCC 401.6 281 2 0.8505 0.8817 0.7499 0.1495 ITS: SYM; tef1: GTR+G; act: GTR+G Division 1 = 30 Division 2 = 75 Division 3 = 128 0.009961
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TL: Tree length; PT: Parsimonious tree; CI: Consistency Indices; RI: Retention Indices; RC: Rescaled Consistency Indices HI: Homoplasy Index; Model: the models used for the different partitions; ASDSF: average standard deviation of split frequencies.

GUCC 401.6 clustered very close to C.perangustum (CBS 125996 = ex-holotype strain) with relatively high statistical support (79% MLBS/1 PP) (Fig. 1). Strains GUCC 401.2, GUCC 401.3, GUCC 401.4 and GUCC 401.5 had a very close relationship to C.tenuissimum (CBS 125995), variedly supported by MLBS (93%), PBS (70%) and PP (1) (Fig. 2). The comparison of DNA bases (Table 2) showed that our strains cluster with the ex-type strain of C.tenuissimum (CBS 125995, ex-epitype strain) with only one base pair difference in the ITS, two to fifteen base pair difference in the tef1, and one to five base pair difference in the act. Cladosporiumeucommiae (GUCC 401.1) is a sister to C.magnoliigena (MFLUCC 18-1559) and C.cladosporioides (CBS 101367) with high statistical support (75% MLBS / 87% MPBS)/(99 MLBS / 87% MPBS / 1 PP) (Fig. 2). The comparison of DNA bases composition (Table 2) indicated that, between C.eucommiae (GUCC 401.1) and C.magnoliigena, there were identical sequences in the ITS region, but 29 bases different in the tef1 region. Unfortunately, Cladosporiummagnoliigena did not have act sequence data for comparison. The comparison of DNA bases composition (Table 2) indicated that, between C.eucommiae (GUCC 401.1) and C.cladosporioides (CBS 112388, ex-neotype strain), there were 18 bp differences in the tef1 region, and 13 in the act region, but without difference in the ITS sequences. GUCC 401.7 was closer to C.cladosporioides (CBS 112388, ex-neotype strain) with high support in their respective branches (100% MLBS / 99% MPBS / 1 PP)/(100% MLBS / 100% MPBS / 1 PP) (Fig. 2). The comparison of DNA bases (Table 2) reveals 29 bp difference on tef1 and 14 bp difference in act between C.guizhouense and C.cladosporioides (CBS 112388, ex-neotype strain), but only 1 bp difference in ITS sequences.

Table 2.

The DNA base differences between our strains and related taxa in the three gene regions. Asterisks (*) denote our material.

Species Strain number Gene region and alignment positions
ITS (1–489 characters) tef1 (490–718 characters) act (719–1008 characters)
C.eucommiae sp. nov.* GUCC 401.1T – – –
C.eucommiae sp. nov.* GUCC 401.9 0 3 0
C.magnoliigena MFLUCC 18-1559T 0 29 n/a
C.magnoliigena MFLUCC 18-1557 0 29 n/a
C.cladosporioides CBS 112388 0 18 13
C.cladosporioides CBS 113738 0 16 13
C.cladosporioides CBS 101367 1 16 13
ITS (1–542 characters) tef1 (543–796 characters) act (797–1029 characters)
C.tenuissimum CBS 125995ET – – –
C.tenuissimum* GUCC 401.2 0 3 5
C.tenuissimum* GUCC 401.3 0 15 n/a
C.tenuissimum* GUCC 401.4 0 2 1
C.tenuissimum* GUCC 401.5 1 9 3
ITS (1–507 characters) tef1 (508–743 characters) act (744–948 characters)
C.perangustum* GUCC 401.6 – – –
C.perangustum CBS 125996T 0 26 7
C.perangustum CPC 13870 0 22 7
C.perangustum DTO 323-E4 0 13 5
C.perangustum CPC 12216 0 2 5
C.perangustum CPC 14247 0 2 5
ITS (1–480 characters) tef1 (481–728 characters) act (729–933 characters)
C.guizhouense sp. nov.* GUCC 401.7T – – –
C.guizhouense sp. nov.* GUCC 401.8 0 3 2
C.cladosporioides CBS 112388 1 29 14
C.cladosporioides CBS 113738 1 27 14
C.cladosporioides CBS 101367 2 27 14
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The pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test revealed that there was no significant recombination (Фw = 0.4589) between C.eucommiae (GUCC 401.1 and GUCC 401.9) and the related taxa C.magnoliigena, C.cladosporioides, C.guizhouense (GUCC 401.7 and GUCC 401.8). The PHI test did not find any statistically significant evidence for recombination (Фw = 0.02487) between our four strains (GUCC 401.2, GUCC 401.3, GUCC 401.4 and GUCC 401.5) and the related taxon C.tenuissimum (CBS 126359, ex-epitype strain, CPC 12795, CPC 10882, CPC 10538, DTO 323-C5, CBS 125995, CPC 13732, CPC 14196 and CPC 13252). Based on the PHI test, there was a statistically significant recombination (Фw = 0.0104) between GUCC 401.6 and the related taxon C.perangustum (CBS 125996, = ex-holotype strain, CPC 13870, DTO 323-E4, CPC 12216, CPC 14247 and CPC 22297).

Taxonomy

In this section, we introduced two new species and report two new substrate records.

. Cladosporium eucommiae

S.Y. Wang, Yong Wang bis & Y. Li sp. nov.

0FD1C97D-4727-5963-8B7F-95861C669119

842406

Fig. 3a–h

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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Cladosporiumeucommiae (GUCC 401.1, ex holotype strain). a–d colonies on SNA, PDA, MEA and OA (left: above, right: reverse) e branching conidiophore, secondary ramoconidia and conidia on SNAf–h conidiogenous cells, secondary ramoconidia and conidia on SNA. Scale bars: 10 µm (e–h).

Etymology.

eucommiae, in reference to the genus name of the host plant (Eucommiaulmoides), from which the fungus was isolated.

Type.

China, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Huaxi district, plantation forest of E.ulmoides, Guizhou University (26°24'16"N, 106°40'29"E), on fallen leaves of E.ulmoides, S.Y. Wang, Y. Wang & Y. Li, 13 January 2021 (HGUP 401.1, holotype; ex-type living culture GUCC 401.1; additional living culture GUCC 401.9).

Description.

Saprobic on fallen leaves of Eucommiaulmoides. Sexual morph: Not developed. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium abundant, superficially and submerged, overgrowing whole culture dishes, thin to dense, hyphae straight to slightly sinuous, branched, light olive-green to olive-brown, 1.5–5 µm wide, thin-walled, smooth. Conidiophores (7–)22–198 × 2.5–4.5 µm (x̄= 77.2 × 3.3 µm; n = 20), erect, branching, slightly attenuated towards the apex, light olive-green, smooth and thick-walled. Conidia 3–9 × 2.5–4.5 µm (x̄= 5.6 × 3.3 µm; n = 30), in simple and branched acropetal chains, mostly light olive, aseptate, smooth-walled and thin-walled, variable in size and shape, subglobose, ellipsoid-ovoid, obovoid, fusiform, subcylindrical. Secondary ramoconidia 5–25 × 2.5–4.0 µm (x̄= 11.9 × 3.4 µm; n = 30), olive-green, ellipsoid-ovoid, obovoid, fusiform, subcylindrical, aseptate, smooth-walled and thin-walled, rarely thick-walled.

Culture characteristics.

Colonies on SNA 35–45 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, pale olive, flat, velvety, with a regular edge, reverse light olive. Colonies on PDA 30–45 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, olive-brown to gray-olive to iron-gray, with a regular white edge, irregularly folded, slightly depressed at the center, thatched, and often forming a bulge in the colony kernel, reverse olive to dark olive, with a whitish final edge. Colonies on MEA 35–45 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, gray-green to olive, less radially furrowed, velvety, with an even gray white edge, reverse olive to dark olive, with an even gray-green final edge. Colonies on OA 35–40 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, olive to gray-green, white at the final edge, flat, velvety, margin regular; reverse dark green to black, with a whitish final edge.

GenBank numbers.

ITS: OL587465, tef1: OL504966, act: OL519775 (GUCC 401.1); ITS: ON334729, act: ON383337 (GUCC 401.9).

. Cladosporium guizhouense

S.Y. Wang, Yong Wang bis & Y. Li sp. nov.

8EBF93ED-34A6-56FE-9E6A-CC9FF9BC8BE3

842407

Fig. 4a–h

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

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Cladosporiumguizhouense (GUCC 401.7). a–d colony on SNA, PDA, MEA and OA (left: above, right: reverse) e–h conidiogenous cells, secondary ramoconidia and conidia on SNA. Scale bars: 10 µm (e–h).

Etymology.

guizhouense , in reference to the type location (Guizhou Province), where the fungus was isolated.

Type.

China, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Huaxi district, plantation forest of Eucommiaulmoides, Guizhou University (26°24'16"N, 106°40'29"E), on fallen leaves of E.ulmoides, S.Y. Wang, Y. Wang & Y. Li, 13 January 2021 (HGUP 401.6, holotype; living culture GUCC 401.7; additional living culture GUCC 401.8).

Description.

Saprobic on fallen leaves of Eucommiaulmoides. Sexual morph: Not developed. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium abundant, submerged, overgrowing whole culture dishes, hyphae straight to slightly sinuous, septate, branching, light olive-green to olive-brown, mostly smooth- and thin-walled, 1.5–6 µm wide. Conidiophores 13–100 × 3–4.5 µm (x̄= 60.8 × 3.5 µm; n = 10), erect, branching, light olive-green, smooth- and thin-walled. Conidia 3–7.5 × 2.5–4 µm (x̄= 4.8 × 3.1 µm; n = 30), in simple and branched acropetal chains, mostly light olive, aseptate, mostly smooth- and thin-walled, variable in size and shape, ellipsoid-ovoid, obovoid, fusiform. Secondary ramoconidia 6.5–23 × 3–5.5 µm (x̄= 11.3 × 4.1 µm; n = 30), pale olive-green, narrowly ellipsoid to cylindrical-oblong, subcylindrical, aseptate, smooth- and thin-walled.

Culture characteristics:

Colonies on SNA 45–55 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, pale olive, flat, velvety, margin regularly, reverse light olive. Colonies on PDA 40–50 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, smoke-gray to light olive-gray, reverse leaden-gray, gray-olive at edge both surface and reverse, woolly or felty, broad edge, regular, growth low convex, without protuberant exudates, reverse formed cracks in the middle small circle. Colonies on MEA 30–40 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, smoke-gray to light olive-gray, woolly or felty, fluffy, with a whitish narrow final edge; reverse olive-yellow or olive-brown, radially furrowed, irregularly folded, with a whitish narrow final edge. Colonies on OA 30–45 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, gray-green or olive, granular and fluffy mycelium, woolly and felty edge, with an irregularly folded whitish and olive final edge; reverse olive-yellow or olive-brown, with a whitish narrow final edge.

GenBank numbers.

ITS: OL579741, tef1: OL504965, act: OL519780 (GUCC 401.7); ITS: ON334728, tef1: ON383470, act: ON383338 (GUCC 401.8).

. Cladosporium perangustum

Bensch, Crous & U. Braun, Studies in Mycology 67: 65 (2010)

73121E75-2E1E-5644-BC97-A4D9ABDAC581

517085

Fig. 5a–h

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

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Cladosporiumperangustum (GUCC 401.6, new substrate record from Guizhou Province). a–d colonies on SNA, PDA, MEA and OA (left: above, right: reverse) e branching conidiophore, secondary ramoconidia and conidia on SNAf–h conidiogenous cells, secondary ramoconidia and conidia on SNA. Scale bars: 50 µm (e); 10 µm (f–h).

Material examined.

China, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Huaxi district, plantation forest of E.ulmoides, Guizhou University (26°24'16"N, 106°40'29"E), on fallen leaves of E.ulmoides, S.Y. Wang, Y. Wang & Y. Li, 13 January 2021 (HGUP 401.6, living culture GUCC 401.6) (new substrate record).

Description.

Saprobic on fallen leaves of Eucommiaulmoides. Sexual morph: Not developed. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium superficial, hyphae branched, hyaline to subhyaline, 2.5–5 μm wide, usually slightly constricted at the septa and somewhat swollen, smooth to somewhat verruculose or irregularly rough-walled. Conidiophores macro- and micronematous, 14–167 × 2.5–4.5 µm (x̄= 65.4 × 3.4 µm; n = 20), erect, branched, slightly attenuated towards the apex, light olive-green, smooth and thick-walled. Conidia in acropetal chains, 2–9.5 × 2–4 µm (x̄= 5.6 × 3.3 µm; n = 30) mostly light olive-green, aseptate, mostly smooth-walled and thin-walled, variable in size and shape, subglobose, ellipsoid-ovoid, obovoid, fusiform. Secondary ramoconidia 6–24 × 2–5.5 µm (x̄= 11.2 × 3.3 µm; n = 30), olive-green, narrowly ellipsoid to cylindrical-oblong, subcylindrical, aseptate, rarely 1-septate, mostly smooth-walled and thick-walled.

Culture characteristics.

Colonies on SNA 30–40 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, pale olive to pale whitish, flat, velvety, with a regular edge, reverse light olive to light white. Colonies on PDA 30–40 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, olive-gray to olive-green or olive-brown, powdery or flocculent, fluffy, regular, radially furrowed, lacerated or feathery, and often forming a gray-white or olive bulge in the colony kernel; reverse dark olive or dull green to black. Colonies on MEA 35–45 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, gray-green to white or gray-white, fluffy, radially furrowed, with a whitish final edge; reverse olive-yellow to olive-gray to olive-green, with a whitish final edge. Colonies on OA 35–45 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25°C, white to olive-green, with a pale gray final edge, velvety or fluffy, margins colorless or pale gray, glabrous, regular; reverse olive-green to dark green.

GenBank numbers.

ITS: OL579742, tef1: OL581726, act: OL519779.

. Cladosporium tenuissimum

Cooke, Grevillea 6: 140 (1878)

A62A7F1E-3CA4-5C0B-A9FB-E5D431BEF725

145672

Fig. 6a–i

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

Open in a new tab

Cladosporiumtenuissimum (GUCC 401.2, new substrate record from Guizhou Province). a–d colonies on SNA, PDA, MEA and OA (left: above, right: reverse) e–h secondary ramoconidia and conidia on SNAi conidia on SNA. Scale bars: 10 µm (e–i).

Materials examined.

China, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Huaxi district, plantation forest of E.ulmoides, Guizhou University (26°24'16"N, 106°40'29"E), on fallen leaves of E.ulmoides, S.Y. Wang, Y. Wang & Y. Li, 13 January 2021, (HGUP 401.1; HGUP 401.2; HGUP 401.3 and HGUP 401.4, living cultures GUCC 401.2; GUCC 401.3; GUCC 401.4 and GUCC 401.5) (new substrate record).

Description.

Saprobic on fallen leaves of Eucommiaulmoides. Sexual morph: Not developed. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium abundant, superficial and submerged, overgrowing whole culture dishes, hyphae straight to slightly sinuous, septate, branching, light olive-green to olive-brown, smooth-walled, 1.5–6 µm wide. Conidiophores 13–100 × 2.5–4.5 µm (x̄= 60.8 × 3.6 µm; n = 10), erect, branching, light olive-green, smooth and thin walled. Conidia 2.5–7.5 × 2–4 µm (x̄= 4.9 × 3.2 µm; n = 30), in simple and branched acropetal chains, mostly light olive-green, aseptate, mostly smooth- and thin-walled, variable in size and shape, subglobose, ellipsoid-ovoid, obovoid, fusiform. Secondary ramoconidia 5.5–23 × 2.5–5.5 µm (x̄= 0.9 × 3.8 µm; n = 30), pale olive-green, narrowly ellipsoid to cylindrical-oblong or subcylindrical, sometimes septate and sometimes aspetate (1-septate appear at maturity), smooth- and thin-walled.

Culture characteristics:

Colonies on SNA 50–55 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, pale olive to pale white, flat, velvety, with a regular edge, reverse light olive to light white. Colonies on PDA 40–55 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, smoke-gray to light olive-gray or olive to light olive-gray, reverse leaden-gray, gray-olive at edge both surface and reverse, woolly or felty, broad edge, regular, growth low convex, without protuberant exudates, occasionally reverse formed a sunflower like shape in the middle. Colonies on MEA 40–50 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, olive-gray or gray, fluffy; reverse olive-green to dark olive, with an olive-yellow to gray-white edge, radially furrowed. Colonies on OA 40–60 mm diam, after 2 weeks at 25 °C, gray-white or iron-gray to gray-olive, fluffy to felty; reverse olive-brown to olive.

GenBank numbers.

ITS: OL579746, tef1: OL504967, act: OL519776 (GUCC 401.2); ITS: OL579745, tef1: OL505077 (GUCC 401.3); ITS: OL579744, tef1: OL581724, act: OL519777 (GUCC 401.4); ITS: OL579743, tef1: OL581725, act: OL519778 (GUCC 401.5).

Discussion

In this paper, we revealed four Cladosporium taxa on fallen leaves of E.ulmoides, two of which are described here as new to science. Phylogenetic analyses showed that C.eucommiae is different from C.magnoliigena (Jayasiri et al. 2019), although act sequences are not available for the latter species. Conidia of C.eucommiae (3–9 × 2.5–4.5 µm) are usually narrower and longer than those of C.magnoliigena (4.2–5.5 × 2–5 µm), while secondary ramoconidia of C.eucommiae are usually aseptate and longer than those of C.magnoliigena (5–25 × 2.5–4.0 µm vs 9.5–18 × 2.7–4.2 µm and 0–3-septate). Thus, the two species are clearly distinct in morphology as well as DNA sequence data. Phylogenetic analyses showed that sequences retrieved from GUCC 401.7 and GUCC 401.8 are different from those obtained from C.cladosporioides (CBS 112388, ex-neotype strain) (Bensch et al. 2010) by phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 2). Conidia of GUCC 401.7 and C.cladosporioides show no significant differences in size, color and shape, but secondary ramoconidia of GUCC 401.7 were usually shorter than those of C.cladosporioides (6.5–23 × 3–5.5 µm vs 15–50 × (2.5–)3–5 µm), and conidiophores of GUCC 401.7 (13–100 × 3–4.5 µm) were shorter than in C.cladosporioides (40–300(–350) × (2.5–)3–4(–5.5) µm). Therefore, there are significant differences in the morphology and DNA sequence data between the two species. The combination of morphology, phylogenetic analyses, comparison of DNA base composition and GCPSR analysis support our proposal that C.eucommiae and C.guizhouense represent two novel taxa.

Sequences retrieved from GUCC 401.6 clustered among six sequences obtained from C.perangustum strains (Fig. 1), but conidia of GUCC 401.6 (2–9.5 × 2–4 µm) were usually somewhat narrower and longer than CBS 125996 (Bensch et al. 2010) (2–4(–5) × (1.5–)2–2.5 µm), and secondary ramoconidia of GUCC 401.6 (6–24 × 2–5.5 µm) were wider than those of C.perangustum (6–30(–34) × 2–3(–3.5) µm). In addition, GUCC 401.6 can be well distinguished from C.perangustum by its slower growing colonies in PDA, MEA and OA (30–40, 35–45 and 35–45 mm diam/14 d), whereas CBS 125996 grew 33–76, 40–72 and 40–75 mm diam/14 d. Although morphology and phylogeny showed minor differences, GCPSR analysis supported statistically significant recombination, after careful consideration, GUCC 401.6 was identified as C.perangustum. The differences may be caused by different substrates or geographical regions, which needs further investigation. Conidiophores of GUCC 401.2–GUCC 401.5 were shorter than in CBS 125995 (13–100 × 2.5–4.5 µm vs 49–542(–800) × (3–)4–7 µm), but secondary ramoconidia and conidia (5.5–23 × 2.5–5.5 µm; 2.5–7.5 × 2–4 µm) were similar to those of C.tenuissimum (15–31 × 4–5 µm; 3–13 × 2–6 µm) (Cooke 1878). Sequences retrieved from our four strains cluster with sequences obtained from C.tenuissimum strains (Fig. 2) with minor DNA base differences. Thus, our four strains were identified as C.tenuissimum.

Our five strains pertain to two known species, viz., C.perangustum and C.tenuissimum, but with E.ulmoides as new substrate records for these species. The main focus of this study was the exploration of the diversity of microfungi associated with a E.ulmoides plantation forest. In previous studies, Cladosporiumparapenidielloides was found on Eucalyptus sp. in Australia, C.perangustum on Magnolia sp. in the USA, and C.pini-ponderosae on Pinusponderosa in Argentina. So far, Cladosporium species have never been isolated from fallen leaves of E.ulmoides, the only species of the genus Eucommia.

Supplementary Material

XML Treatment for Cladosporium eucommiae
XML Treatment for Cladosporium guizhouense
XML Treatment for Cladosporium perangustum
XML Treatment for Cladosporium tenuissimum

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the following sources: The Open Project of Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education) (MOELP-201801), and Postgraduate Education Innovation Program in Guizhou Province (YJSKYJJ [2021] 058). We thank Profs. Mohammed Amin Uddin Mridha and Eric HC McKenzie for improving the quality of our manuscript.

Citation

Wang S-Y, Wang Y, Li Y (2022) Cladosporium spp. (Cladosporiaceae) isolated from Eucommiaulmoides in China. MycoKeys 91: 151–168. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.91.87841

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

XML Treatment for Cladosporium eucommiae
mycokeys.91.87841-treatment1.xml (11.5KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Cladosporium guizhouense
mycokeys.91.87841-treatment2.xml (11.2KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Cladosporium perangustum
mycokeys.91.87841-treatment3.xml (9.9KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Cladosporium tenuissimum
mycokeys.91.87841-treatment4.xml (13.5KB, xml)

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